不同钙源高钙日粮对青年蛋鸡肾损伤及p53蛋白表达的影响

将120羽40日龄伊沙蛋鸡随机分成3组,每组40羽,分别为：对照组（根据禽类营养需求饲喂正常日粮,含钙0.9%）,试验组1（石粉高钙日粮组,含钙3.78%）,试验组2（磷酸氢钙高钙日粮组,含钙3.78%）,进行为期65d的饲养试验。试验后65d,对各组鸡作血清中钙、磷、尿酸、肌酐和尿素氮的测定,并用免疫组织化学方法检测肾脏中p53蛋白的表达情况。结果表明,高钙组鸡肾脏都有一定程度的损伤,与对照组相比,试验组1中血清尿酸、尿素氮,肌酐显著升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,血清磷极显著降低（P〈0.01）;试验组2中血清尿素氮极显著升高（P〈0.01）,血清磷极显著下降（P〈0.01）,血清钙、尿酸差异不显著（P〉0.05）;与试验组1相比较,试验组2血清磷极显著升高（P〈0.01）,血清钙、尿素氮、尿酸、肌酐差异不显著（P〉0.05）。试验组1鸡肾小管上皮细胞（LLC-PK1）中黄色颗粒很多,p53呈强阳性;试验组2鸡LLC-PK1中黄色颗粒较多,p53呈中等阳性。结果提示,不同钙源高钙日粮能致青年蛋鸡肾损伤,并能够促进肾小管上皮细胞p53蛋白的高表达。     

高钙高钠日粮致蛋仔鸡代谢障碍的研究

以蛋小鸡配合饲料为基础日粮，添加石粉、食盐分别配制成含钙５．５８％、１０．２０％；含食盐２．３３％；含钙和食盐５．５５％、２．２９％；１０．１７％、４．２３％的高钙、高钠和高钙钠饲料分别饲喂３日龄蛋仔鸡，于１５、３０、４５和６０日龄进行血液化学成份测定。结果表明：各试验组鸡采食量、增重和存活率明显低于对照组（ｐ＜０．０５或ｐ＜０．０１）；试验日粮抑制磷、锌的吸收并损害肾功能而致血磷、锌降低，血钙、尿酸升高。据此提出血浆钙、磷、锌和血液尿酸的变化可作为诊断掺假高钙和高钙钠饲料所致蛋仔鸡代谢障碍的临床生化指标。     

高钙日粮致青年蛋鸡肾脏损伤及细胞凋亡

35日龄100羽伊沙蛋鸡随机均分为对照组(含钙1.00%)和高钙组(含钙3.78%)。试验第17天,对2组鸡作血清中尿酸、钙、磷、肌酐和尿素氮的测定,并各组剖检5只鸡,用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL法)对肾小管细胞凋亡细胞进行染色和计数,计算凋亡细胞百分率。结果表明,与对照组相比,高钙组血清无机磷显著降低,血清钙、尿酸、肌酐和尿素氮显著升高。与对照组相比,高钙组肾小管凋亡细胞百分率显著升高。     

不同来源高钙日粮对青年蛋鸡血清和肾脏线粒体自由基代谢的影响

以海蓝褐蛋鸡为试验对象,通过检测蛋鸡血清和肾脏线粒体自由基代谢的变化,研究不同来源高钙日粮对青年蛋鸡血清和肾脏线粒体自由基代谢的影响。选40日龄海蓝褐蛋鸡120羽,随机分成3组,每组40羽,分别饲喂正常钙日粮（以磷酸氢钙形式含钙0.9%,对照组）、石粉高钙日粮（含钙3.78%,试验组1）、磷酸氢钙高钙日粮（含钙3.78%,试验组2）,试验期65d。于试验65d,每组随机选取蛋鸡12羽,观察其病理学变化,并分离血清和肾脏线粒体,检测自由基代谢变化。结果显示：试验期间,高钙日粮组均出现青年蛋鸡的异常死亡。试验65d时,与正常对照组相比,石粉高钙组和磷酸氢钙高钙组的左肾重、右肾重、两侧肾总重及肾/体质量比均升高显著或极显著（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,并导致肾脏出现不同程度的病理学损伤;高钙日粮组可导致蛋鸡血清及肾线粒体MDA、NO含量及XOD活性升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,T-AOC、GSH-PX及SOD活性下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;高钙组组间比较,石粉高钙组表现更严重的组织损伤,血清T-AOC活性降低,与磷酸氢钙高钙组比较差异显著（P〈0.05）。结果提示：高钙日粮可导致青年蛋鸡生长发育的缓慢,肾脏肿大,血清及肾线粒体的自由基生成增多及抗氧化功能的下降。     

高钙钠日粮对蛋用仔鸡骨骼代谢的影响

以惠丰牌蛋用仔鸡配合饲料为基础日粮，添加石粉、食盐制成高钙或/和高钠饲料。I、Ⅱ组含钙分别为55.8、102.0g/kg；Ⅲ组含食盐为23.3g/kg；Ⅳ组含钙和食盐分别为55.5和29.9g/kg；V组含钙和食盐分别为101.7和42.3g/kg；Ⅵ组为正常饲料对照组。于试验后15、30、45和60d分别测定血浆钙、锌、磷及AKP值。结果表明：试验用日粮均抑制各组鸡对磷、锌的吸收而导致血磷、锌降低，血钙升高；血浆碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性升高；蛋用仔鸡骨骼发育异常。     

围生前期日粮中不同DCAD及钙水平对奶牛钙代谢和泌乳量的影响

选择24头干奶后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机配对分为3组,每组8头牛,分别在围生前期饲喂基础日粮(对照组)、阴离子型日粮(试验1组)和阴离子型高钙日粮(试验2组),以研究围生前期日粮中不同日粮阴阳离子差(DCAD)与钙水平对奶牛钙代谢和泌乳量的影响。结果表明:与对照组奶牛相比,试验1组和试验2组奶牛分娩后24h血清中的钙离子质量浓度及产后1～60d的日平均泌乳量都有极显著的提高,且试验2组奶牛极显著高于试验1组奶牛;试验1组奶牛分娩后24h血清中的甲状旁腺素和维生素D3质量浓度有极显著提高;试验2组奶牛分娩后24h血清中维生素D3的质量浓度有显著提高,降钙素的质量浓度则显著降低。试验结果表明:围生前期饲喂阴离子型高钙日粮可更好的维持奶牛的钙代谢并提高日平均泌乳量。     

阴离子型日粮及补Ca对围产期奶牛代谢与健康及其生产性能的影响

将36头干奶后期中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组（每组12头）．分别饲喂常规日粮、阴离子型日粮及在此基础上朴Ca日粮，探讨其对奶牛体内代谢状况、健康状况及生产性能的影响。与饲喂常规日粮相比，饲喂阴离子型日粮可降低奶牛尿液pH值（P〈0．01）和血液HCO2^-浓度（P〉0．05）；增加奶牛产后12h（P〈0．05）、2d（P〈0．05）血清总钙含量．对血清无机磷、镁含量没有显著影响；明显降低奶牛亚临床性低血钙率（33％）、胎衣不下率（33％）和乳房水肿率（17％）；增加牛奶乳糖率（P〈0．05），对其他奶成分和奶产量没有显著影响（P〉0．05）。在阴离子型日粮中补Ca后．与饲喂阴离子型日粮相比．除增加奶牛产后血清镁含量外（P〈0．05）．对其他各项指标没有明显影响。     

高磷日粮对肉用仔鸡体组织磷和镁含量的影响

选择 36 0只健康的 1日龄AA肉鸡 ,雌雄各半 ,随机分成 4个组 ,每组设 3个重复 ,分别饲喂添加 0 ,0 .2 % ,0 .4 %和 0 .6 %无机磷的日粮 (以磷酸铵的形式添加 ) ,试验 30d。旨在研究高磷日粮对肉用仔鸡脏器组织磷镁含量的影响。试验结果表明 ,第 1 0d添加 0 .4 %和 0 .6 %无机磷的基础日粮均能显著升高骨骺中镁的含量 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而添加 0 .4 %无机磷的基础日粮显著降低肝脏中镁的含量 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;第 2 0d ,添加 0 .6 %无机磷的基础日粮显著升高血浆中镁的含量 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;第 30d ,胫骨、骨骺、肝脏中镁的含量随着日粮磷的升高总体上呈下降趋势 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。日粮磷水平与血浆镁呈显著正相关 (r=0 .38;P <0 .0 5 )。由此可见 ,高磷日粮对镁的代谢产生不利影响。     

低钙日粮对海兰褐蛋种鸡血浆指标的影响

选用90只23周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡，随机分为5组，每组设3个重复，分别饲喂含钙0．4％、1．2％、2．0％、2．8％和3．6％的日粮，试验时间90d。结果表明，0．4％和1．2％低钙日粮组显著降低血浆钙磷、血浆磷脂、蛋壳钙磷、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳质量和蛋黄磷脂，提高蛋黄粗脂肪；试验后期2．0％钙日粮能显著降低蛋黄磷脂和提高蛋黄粗脂肪。     

笼养蛋鸭日粮电解质和蛋白质水平对体内酸碱平衡的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮电解质和蛋白质水平对家禽体内酸碱平衡的影响。选取5周龄金定鸭240只,随机分为10个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4只,分别饲喂相同代谢能水平(11.7 MJ/kg),不同粗蛋白质水平(16%或19%)和电解质水平(-50、150、250、350和500 mmol/kg)的10种饲粮。血液生化分析试验结果显示:日粮蛋白质和电解质水平互作对pH、CO2浓度、渗透压、HCO-3浓度的影响极显著(P<0.01),对阴离子间隙的影响不显著(P>0.05)。CP为16%,日粮电解质平衡(dietary electrolyte balance,DEB)为-50 mmol/kg组血液pH显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),其他组间无显著差异。CO2、HCO-3浓度和渗透压各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。日粮蛋白质和电解质水平互作对钠、钾、氯离子和肌酐的浓度有极显著影响(P<0.01),对钙、磷、镁离子、血清尿素氮、葡萄糖、甘油三酯和总胆固醇含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。代谢试验结果显示:粗蛋白质的利用率各组差异显著(P<0.05),粗蛋白质为16%、DEB为500 mmol/kg组蛋白质利用率最高;粗蛋白质为19%、DEB为250 mmol/kg组最低。钙、磷、钾、铜和锰的利用率粗蛋白质为16%、DEB为500 mmol/kg组最高。两因素方差分析结果表明:蛋白质为19%组粗蛋白质及各种矿物元素的利用率都低于粗蛋白质为16%组。日粮电解质和蛋白质水平对家禽体内酸碱平衡有显著交互作用。     

Clinicopathology of gout in growing layers induced by high calcium and high protein diets

1. An experiment was conducted to test the independent and combined effects of high dietary calcium and protein concentrations on the induction of visceral gout in growing birds of a layer strain. 2. One hundred and sixty healthy birds were randomly divided into 4 groups at 35 d of age. The different groups were given 4 diets containing normal or high concentrations of dietary calcium or crude protein in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment for 30 d. The diets contained normal calcium (Ca) and crude protein (CP) (NCNP, 8.5 g Ca/kg and 175g CP/kg), high calcium and normal protein (HC, 36.3 g Ca/kg and 175 g CP/kg), normal calcium and high protein (HP, 8.8 g Ca/kg and 245 g CP/kg) or high calcium and high protein (HCHP, 36.8 g Ca/kg and 242 g CP/kg), respectively. 3. Typical visceral gout was induced by the HCHP diet. The HCHP and HC diet caused severe kidney damage. The HP diet did not cause kidney damage, but significantly increased plasma uric acid and inorganic phosphorus concentrations. 4. The HC diet significantly increased plasma uric acid, calcium and sodium, but significantly decreased plasma inorganic phosphorus, potassium and magnesium concentrations. The HCHP diet significantly increased plasma uric acid, calcium and sodium. 5. Urine volumes were significantly higher on the HCHP and HC diets than on the control. The growers raised on HC and HCHP diets had significantly higher total quantity of 24 h urinary excretion of uric acid, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphorus and potassium and a significantly lower 24 h urinary excretion of sodium. The growers fed on the HP diet had a higher 24 h urinary excretion of uric acid and inorganic phosphorus than the control. 6. It is concluded that growing layer birds should not be fed on layer rations.     

高钙饲粮对青年蛋鸡血清一氧化氮浓度和抗氧化功能的影响

本试验旨在研究高钙饲粮对青年蛋鸡血清一氧化氮（ＮＯ）浓度和抗氧化功能的影响。将 ３５日龄 １００羽伊沙蛋鸡随机均分为对照组（含钙 １．００％）和高钙组（含钙 ３．７８％），每组 ５个重复，每个重复 １０羽。每天观察鸡的精神状态、食欲和粪便情况。在饲喂高钙饲粮第 ０、８、１６、２４和 ３２天时，分别测定 ２组鸡的血清中 ＮＯ浓度和丙二醛含量及抗氧化酶系统的变化。结果表明：１）高钙饲粮能引起青年蛋鸡长期腹泻，在饲喂高钙饲粮的第 ８天就发生高血钙症。２）与对照组相比，高钙组在饲喂高钙饲粮第 ８天和第 １６天血清 ＮＯ浓度无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５），第２４天和第 ３２天显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；第 ８天和第 ２４天血清超氧化物歧化酶活性、总抗氧化能力无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５），第 １６天显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），第 ３２天显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；第 ８、１６、２４天血清丙二醛含量无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５），第 ３２天显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；第 ２４天和第 ３２天黄嘌呤氧化酶活性有升高趋势（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结果提示，饲喂高钙饲粮可导致青年蛋鸡发生长期腹泻，引起高血钙症，导致其机体内自由基的产生与清除的动态平衡遭到破坏，使自由基的产生远远超出清除能力。     

Urine metabolite values in fed and nonfed clinically normal beagles.

Twenty-four-hour excretion of urine metabolites was determined in 33 clinically normal Beagles during periods of consumption of a standard diet and when food was withheld. The goal was to determine normal canine values for urine analytes incriminated in the genesis of calcium oxalate uroliths. During periods when dogs consumed food, dairy urinary excretion of calcium, uric acid, sodium, potassium, magnesium, ammonium, and hydrogen ions were significantly (P = 0.0004, 0.0038, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.0004, 0.0001, and 0.024, respectively) higher than when food was withheld. Urinary excretion of phosphorus, oxalate, and citrate were not significantly different between samples obtained during periods of food consumption and when food was withheld. Male dogs excreted significantly higher quantities of urine oxalate than females during fed (P = 0.003) and nonfed (P = 0.003) conditions. When food was withheld, urinary uric acid excretion was significantly higher in males than females (P = 0.01). Females excreted significantly more urine calcium than males when food was withheld (P = 0.003). Our results indicated that dietary conditions influence the quantity of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and uric acid excreted in the urine of clinically normal dogs; therefore, dietary conditions should be considered when measuring the concentration of these analytes in urine.     

鸡尿液收集方法及其理化指标和尿沉渣的研究

对 2 0羽 45日龄伊沙蛋雏鸡进行结肠造口术 ,收集 2 4h的尿液及尿沉渣 ,并对鸡尿液的理化指标及尿沉渣进行分析研究。结果显示 :鸡的尿液呈淡黄色 ,并有稠粘液体性质 ,鸡的尿量为 :(37 34± 8 0 0 )mL ,尿液pH值为 6 58± 0 32 ,尿密度为 1 0 1 8± 0 0 0 9,尿酸为 (398 951±51 2 91 ) μmol/L ,钙为 (5 580± 0 2 4 1 )mmol/L ,无机磷为 (1 2 1 7± 0 996)mmol/L ,镁为 (3 735± 0 0 1 0 )mmol/L ,钠为 (1 37 2 50±1 3 789)mmol/L ,钾为 (41 81 0± 1 887)mmol/L。扫描电镜下 ,尿沉渣中球形物较多 ,混有少量的针状晶体 ,表明主要含尿酸盐。能谱分析表明 ,上述结构的主要组成元素为钙、钾及少量的镁和钠     

高钙日粮对青年蛋鸡肾脏中XOD基因mRNA表达的影响

选择35日龄伊沙蛋鸡100羽,随机均分为对照组（含钙1.00％）和高钙组（含钙3．78％）。于试验30d每组选取体质量相近的试验蛋鸡5羽,取肾脏样品,应用半定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术测定XODmRNA在肾脏中的表达水平。结果显示：高钙组肾脏中XODmRNA对β-actinmRNA的相对丰度显著高于对照组。说明高钙日粮可促进鸡肾脏的XODmRNA的表达。     

Plasma and urine electrolyte and mineral concentrations in Thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis after consumption of diets varying in cation-anion balance

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether plasma, urine, and fecal electrolyte and mineral concentrations differ between clinically normal horses and Thoroughbreds with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) after consumption of diets varying in cation-anion balance. ANIMALS: 5 Thoroughbred mares with RER and 6 clinically normal mixed-breed mares. PROCEDURE: Each of 3 isocaloric diets designated as low, medium, and high on the basis of dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) values of 85, 190, and 380, respectively, were fed to horses for 14 days. During the last 72 hours, 3 horses with RER and 3 control horses had daily urine and fecal samples obtained by total 24-hour collection. Remaining horses had urine samples collected daily by single catheterization. RESULTS: For each diet, no differences existed between horses with RER and control horses in plasma pH, electrolyte concentrations, and creatine kinase activity or in urine pH and renal fractional excretion (FE) values. Plasma pH, strong ion difference, bicarbonate and total carbon dioxide concentrations, and base excess decreased and plasma chloride and ionized calcium concentrations increased with decreasing DCAB. Urine pH decreased with decreasing DCAB. The FE of chloride and phosphorus were greatest for horses fed the low diet. The FE values for all electrolytes exept magnesium did not differ between urine samples obtained by single catheterization and total 24-hour collection. Daily balance of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, and potassium did not differ significantly among horses fed the various diets. CONCLUSIONS: In clinically normal horses and in horses with RER, the DCAB strongly affects plasma and urine pH and the FE of sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus.     

Effects of sex and protein and energy levels in the diet on the blood parameters of the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)

1. The effects of sex and dietary composition were investigated in 48 male and 48 female 16-week old chukar partridges. 2. Sixteen starter and 16 grower diets were arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial design with 4 concentration of crude protein (CP) and 4 concentration of metabolizable energy (ME). 3. Blood samples were collected at 16 weeks of age and analysed for total protein, triglycerides, uric acid, total cholesterol, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorine. 4. There were no significant effects of sex on the measured parameters. 5. Serum total protein was highest in partridges fed on a diet containing 200/175 g CP/kg (starter grower). Serum cholesterol concentrations of partridge fed the diet with 240/200 or 280/225 g CP/kg were significantly higher than that for partridge fed diets containing a lower gCP/kg. 6. Serum total protein and glucose levels significantly decreased as dietary energy level was increased. Serum triglycerides and calcium were highest in partridge fed on the diets containing 13.39/13.81 and 11.71/12.55 ME MJ/kg, respectively. Serum phosphorus and chloride levels were highest in partridges given the diet containing 10.88/11.92 ME MJ/kg. 7. There were significant interactions between the effects of CP and ME on serum triglycerides, sodium and potassium levels. 8 The results of this study suggested that dietary CP, and especially ME concentration, significantly affect blood parameters in chukar partridge.     

Nutrient intake and urine composition in calcium oxalate stone-forming dogs: comparison with healthy dogs and impact of dietary modification

Nutrient intake and urine composition were analyzed in calcium oxalate (CaOx)stone-forming and healthy control dogs to identify factors that contribute to CaOx urolithiasis. Stone-forming dogs had significantly lower intake of sodium, calcium, potassium, and phosphorus and significantly higher urinary calcium and oxalate concentrations, calcium excretion, and CaOx relative supersaturation (RSS). Feeding a diet used in the treatment of canine lower urinary tract disease for 1 month was associated with increased intake of moisture, sodium, and fat; reduced intake of potassium and calcium; and decreased urinary calcium and oxalate concentrations, calcium excretion, and CaOx RSS. No clinical signs of disease recurrence were observed in the stone-forming dogs when the diet was fed for an additional 11 months. The results suggest that hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria contribute to the formation of CaOx uroliths in dogs and show that dietary modifications can alter this process.