蜂花粉活性物质研究及其开发方向初探

蜜蜂生物学研究发现蜂巢花粉才是蜜蜂真正的食物。蜂巢花粉是蜜蜂将自身唾液、蜂蜜与植物花粉之间的一种完美组合,蜜蜂其幼虫缺食蜂巢花粉就不能健全羽化。通过蜂花粉、蜂巢花粉、仿生蜂巢花粉(均为油菜花粉)对比研究,发现仿生蜂巢花粉中的活性物质含量高于蜂花粉、蜂巢花粉的含量;蜂花粉精油中含有12种脂肪酸,其收率10.99%;蜂花粉精华素中黄酮含量较高(其中蜂花粉精华素收率达到29.40%、总黄酮为6.45%、总多糖为37.08%)外,还含有大量的活性成分,如山柰酚等。蜂花粉的化学成分包括活性物质较为复杂,未来开发应以蜂花粉精油、蜂花粉精华素(蜂花粉总黄酮等)等产品的精加工为方向。     

通江产辣木叶总黄酮的提取工艺优化及含量测定

为了考察通江产辣木叶总黄酮的提取方法和含量测定,试验采用浸渍法,以乙醇溶液作提取溶剂,分别考察乙醇浓度、料液比、温度和时间对通江产辣木叶总黄酮提取率的影响,并利用响应面法考察不同因素、不同水平对辣木叶总黄酮提取率的影响情况,筛选出辣木叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺,测定8、9、10月通江产辣木叶总黄酮的含量。试验结果表明,辣木叶总黄酮的最佳提取条件为:料液比1∶30(g/mL)、提取时间30 min、提取温度55℃、乙醇浓度75%。在最佳提取工艺条件下,辣木叶总黄酮提取率达3.018%。利用最佳提取工艺进行8、9、10月份采摘的辣木叶总黄酮的提取,得出10月份辣木叶总黄酮的含量最高。     

瑞香狼毒总黄酮的提取及体外抗氧化作用研究

运用超声波技术提取瑞香狼毒中的总黄酮,用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝比色法测定总黄酮含量,瑞香狼毒总黄酮提取物中的黄酮含量为24.30%,采用抗坏血酸(VC)作为对照,测定了瑞香狼毒总黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力与羟基自由基的清除能力。结果表明,瑞香狼毒总黄酮具有显著的体外清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基的作用,其作用强于VC,是一种有开发价值的天然抗氧化剂。     

淫羊藿总黄酮提取方法的比较研究

为了比较不同提取方法对中药淫羊藿总黄酮含量的影响,试验采用水煎、超声波和回流法进行总黄酮的提取,采用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。结果表明:回流组和超声3组总黄酮含量极显著高于超声2组、超声1组和水煎组(P<0.01),超声2组总黄酮含量极显著高于超声1组和水煎组(P<0.01),超声1组总黄酮含量极显著高于水煎组(P<0.01)。说明采用回流法(用80%乙醇回流)提取淫羊藿总黄酮的提取率最高,水煎法提取率最低。     

马蹄黄总黄酮抗炎镇痛和止血作用研究

为了探讨马蹄黄总黄酮对小鼠抗炎、镇痛和止血作用,采用70%乙醇浸提并浓缩至1g/L,加等体积水,冷却、过滤后将滤液用AB-8大孔树脂吸附、洗脱、浓缩干燥后得到总黄酮;采用小鼠醋酸扭体法和热板法镇痛试验复制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、角叉莱胶致小鼠足跖肿胀模型,观察不同浓度马蹄黄总黄酮对小鼠镇痛作用和炎症抑制作用;通过测定小鼠断尾出血时间、血浆凝血酶时间及凝血酶原时间,研究马蹄黄总黄酮止血和凝血作用。结果显示,高剂量的马蹄黄总黄酮有明显的抗炎作用,中、高剂量的总黄酮有明显的镇痛、止血作用。表明马蹄黄含有黄酮类化合物,其总黄酮抗炎、镇痛和止血作用呈剂量相关性。     

紫外-可见分光光度法测定枫蓼水煎液中总黄酮含量

本试验旨在建立测定枫蓼水煎液中总黄酮含量的紫外-可见分光光度法。以芦丁为对照品,用亚硝酸钠-硝酸铝-氢氧化钠为显色体系,采用紫外-可见分光光度法于510 nm波长处测定其吸光度。结果表明总黄酮浓度在0.008～0.048 mg/mL范围内,芦丁浓度与吸光度的线性关系良好。总黄酮加样平均回收率为100.97%,RSD=1.66%。本试验结果表明所用的方法简便、准确,可用于牛耳枫、辣蓼药材的半成品及成品中总黄酮含量的检测。     

松花粉中总黄酮含量测定方法的研究

目的:建立一个适合松花粉中总黄酮含量测定的方法。方法:采用Al(NO3)3-NaNO2-NaOH和AlCl3两种显色法测定松花粉中总黄酮的含量,并分别考察了两种方法对测定结果的影响。结果:AlCl3显色法更适宜于松花粉中总黄酮的含量测定。结论:采用紫外可见分光光度法,以芦丁为对照品、AlCl3显色,适合松花粉中总黄酮含量测定。     

石榴皮、五倍子中鞣质的提取及测定试验

用煎煮法从中药石榴皮、五倍子中提取主要成分鞣质,以三氯化铁为试剂,分别对石榴皮、五倍子粉末滤液和煎滤液进行测定.结果是煎煮滤液比粉末滤液鞣质含量高2倍,五倍子比石榴皮鞣质含量高4倍.证明煎煮法从两种中药中提取鞣质既简便易行,成本低,又不破坏鞣质成分.1%三氯化铁溶液和1%三氯化铁乙醇溶液对鞣质定性、定量测定时没有差别.     

超声辅助提取法对黄芩总黄酮含量的影响

为从不同超声条件中,筛选出黄芩总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。用超声波辅助技术提取黄芩总黄酮,用亚硝酸钠—硝酸铝比色法测定总黄酮含量。通过单因素和正交试验,确定了黄芩总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度为50%,超声处理时间为25 min,料液比1∶25,超声处理温度为70 ℃。在该条件下,总黄酮提取量为15.15 mg/g。     

小花棘豆总黄酮体内抗氧化作用的研究

试验以小花棘豆为研究对象,测定其总黄酮提取物在体内的抗氧化活性。采用超声波协助提取法提取小花棘豆中总黄酮,并使用肝脏损伤小鼠模型(四氯化碳造模)测定小花棘豆总黄酮提取物在体内的抗氧化活性。结果表明,小花棘豆总黄酮可以显著提高小鼠血清和肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,并降低丙二醛(MDA)含量和脑组织中脂褐素(LP)含量。因此,小花棘豆总黄酮具有一定的体内抗氧化活性,有一定的利用前景。     

Diabetes mellitus in elkhounds is associated with diestrus and pregnancy

Background: Female Elkhounds are shown to be at increased risk for diabetes mellitus, and occurrence of diabetes during pregnancy has been described in several cases. Hypothesis: Onset of diabetes mellitus in Elkhounds is associated with diestrus. Animals: Sixty‐three Elkhounds with diabetes mellitus and 26 healthy controls. Methods: Medical records from 63 Elkhounds with diabetes were reviewed and owners were contacted for follow‐up information. Blood samples from the day of diagnosis were available for 26 dogs. Glucose, fructosamine, C‐peptide, growth hormone (GH), insulin‐like growth factor‐1, progesterone, and glutamate decarboxylase isoform 65‐autoantibodies were analyzed and compared with 26 healthy dogs. Logistic models were used to evaluate the association of clinical variables with the probability of diabetes and with permanent diabetes mellitus after ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Results: All dogs in the study were intact females and 7 dogs (11%) were pregnant at diagnosis. The 1st clinical signs of diabetes mellitus occurred at a median of 30 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3–45) after estrus, and diagnosis was made at a median of 46 days (IQR, 27–62) after estrus. Diabetes was associated with higher concentrations of GH and lower concentrations of progesterone compared with controls matched for time after estrus. Forty‐six percent of dogs that underwent OHE recovered from diabetes with a lower probability of remission in dogs with higher glucose concentrations (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; P= .03) at diagnosis and longer time (weeks) from diagnosis to surgery (OR, 1.5; P= .05). Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus in Elkhounds develops mainly during diestrus and pregnancy. Immediate OHE improves the prognosis for remission of diabetes.     

Generalized Microsporum canis dermatophytosis in six Yorkshire terrier dogs

Six Yorkshire terrier dogs with generalized, chronic dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis were seen over a 3-year period. Specific tests showed that they also had concurrent leishmaniosis (four cases), leishmaniosis and ehrlichiosis (one case) or diabetes mellitus (one case). Although specific therapy for these infectious diseases was instituted and the dogs were treated systemically and topically with appropriate antifungal drugs, only partial clinical resolution of the dermatophytosis was achieved. M. canis infection resolved in the dog with diabetes mellitus after stabilizing the diabetes mellitus. Although immunological studies were not performed in these cases, it is theorized that the immune disregulation caused by leishmaniosis, ehrlichiosis or diabetes mellitus may have favoured generalization of the infection and prevented favourable responses to appropriate treatment of the M. canis infection.     

Pregnancy-related diabetes mellitus in two dogs

CASE SUMMARIES: Two cases of diabetes mellitus occurring in bitches in association with pregnancy are reported. In the first case, a bitch with suspected acromegaly developed diabetes mellitus within 2 weeks of the due date. Despite insulin therapy, euglycaemia was not achieved. Tw o live, small pups were delivered by elective Caesarean section but died within 2 days. Signs consistent with acromegaly resolved but diabetes mellitus was permanent in the bitch. In the second case, diabetic ketosis with severe gastrointestinal disease was diagnosed 2 days after Caesarean section was performed due to dystocia. The pups delivered all died within 5 days. The bitch recovered fully from diabetes mellitus within 2 weeks and has remained euglycaemic without insulin for a period of at least 18 months.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These two cases demonstrate that diabetes mellitus can occur in association with pregnancy in dogs, that diabetic ketosis can occur during transient diabetes mellitus in dogs, and suggest that acromegaly may occur during pregnancy-related dioestrus in dogs. The scarcity of previous reports of this nature, however, suggests that such cases are unusual.

Lack of prompt resolution of hyperglycaemia may result in secondary diabetes mellitus becoming permanent. Management should focus on immediate insulin therapy or ovariohysterectomy to minimise this risk. Even mild hyperglycaemia should not be ignored during pregnancy. The insulin antagonistic effects of pregnancy, stressful illness, surgery and dystocia can be enough to result in diabetic ketosis in the absence of permanent insulin deficiency. Maternal hyperglycaemia may contribute to adverse fetal outcomes in dogs but further study is required regarding the nature of the risk.     

Pregnancy-related diabetes mellitus in two dogs

CASE SUMMARIES: Two cases of diabetes mellitus occurring in bitches in association with pregnancy are reported. In the first case, a bitch with suspected acromegaly developed diabetes mellitus within 2 weeks of the due date. Despite insulin therapy, euglycaemia was not achieved. Two live, small pups were delivered by elective Caesarean section but died within 2 days. Signs consistent with acromegaly resolved but diabetes mellitus was permanent in the bitch. In the second case, diabetic ketosis with severe gastrointestinal disease was diagnosed 2 days after Caesarean section was performed due to dystocia. The pups delivered all died within 5 days. The bitch recovered fully from diabetes mellitus within 2 weeks and has remained euglycaemic without insulin for a period of at least 18 months. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These two cases demonstrate that diabetes mellitus can occur in association with pregnancy in dogs, that diabetic ketosis can occur during transient diabetes mellitus in dogs, and suggest that acromegaly may occur during pregnancy-related dioestrus in dogs. The scarcity of previous reports of this nature, however, suggests that such cases are unusual. Lack of prompt resolution of hyperglycaemia may result in secondary diabetes mellitus becoming permanent. Management should focus on immediate insulin therapy or ovariohysterectomy to minimise this risk. Even mild hyperglycaemia should not be ignored during pregnancy. The insulin antagonistic effects of pregnancy, stressful illness, surgery and dystocia can be enough to result in diabetic ketosis in the absence of permanent insulin deficiency. Maternal hyperglycaemia may contribute to adverse fetal outcomes in dogs but further study is required regarding the nature of the risk.     

Glycosylated Hemoglobin Concentration for Assessment of Glycemic Control in Diabetic Cats

Blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) concentration was quantified in 84 healthy cats, 9 cats with stress-induced hyperglycemia, 37 cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and 122 diabetic cats treated with insulin or glipizide. Diabetic control was classified as good or poor in insulin-treated or glipizide-treated cats based on review of history, physical examination findings, changes in body weight, and measurement of blood glucose concentrations. Blood GHb concentration was determined using an affinity chromatography assay. Mean blood GHb concentration was similar for healthy normoglycemic cats and cats with transient, stress-induced hyperglycemia, but was significantly (P < .001) higher in untreated diabetic cats when compared with healthy normoglycemic cats. Mean blood GHb concentration was significantly (P < .001) higher in 84 cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus when compared with 38 cats in which the disease was well controlled. Mean blood GHb concentration decreased significantly (P < .01) in 6 cats with untreated diabetes mellitus after insulin and dietary treatment. A similar significant (P < .01) decrease in mean blood GHb concentration occurred in 7 cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus after diabetic control was improved by an increase in insulin dosage from 1.1 ± 0.9 to 1.4 ± 0.6 U/kg/ 24 h and by feeding a diet containing increased fiber content and in 6 cats with transient diabetes mellitus 8.2 ± 0.6 weeks after discontinuing insulin treatment. There was a significant (P< .01) stress-induced increase in mean fasting blood glucose concentration and mean blood glucose concentration for 12 hours after administration of insulin or glipizide but no change in mean blood GHb concentration in 5 docile diabetic cats 12.2 ± 0.4 weeks after the cats became fractious as a result of frequent hospitalizations and blood samplings. Results of this study suggest that evaluation of blood GHb concentration may be a clinically useful tool for monitoring glycemic control of diabetes in cats.     

Autoantibodies to pancreatic islet cells in canine diabetes mellitus

Indirect immunofluorescence on normal canine pancreatic tissue fixed in Bouin's solution was used to detect islet cell antibodies in dogs with diabetes mellitus, other endocrine diseases, and pancreatitis. 18 of 25 dogs with diabetes mellitus alone, 2 of 8 dogs with diabetes mellitus and concurrent pancreatitis, and 2 of 2 dogs with diabetes mellitus and concurrent pancreatic exocrine insufficiency were positive for autoantibody. 2 of 12 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism, 3 of 6 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, 6 of 28 dogs with hypothyroidism and one of 19 dogs with pancreatitis alone were also antibody positive. None of 20 healthy dogs or 20 dogs with disorders other than those of the pancreas or endocrine organs were antibody positive. Islet cell antibodies were demonstrated in dogs with diabetes mellitus and other endocrine disorders. The possibility of autoimmune involvement in the development of diabetes mellitus in the dog should be considered.     

Prevalence of pituitary tumors among diabetic cats with insulin resistance

OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of pituitary tumors, detectable by means of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, in cats with insulin resistance suspected to have acromegaly or hyperadrenocorticism versus cats with well-controlled diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 16 cats with insulin resistance that were also suspected to have acromegaly (n = 12) or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (4) and 8 cats with well-controlled diabetes mellitus. PROCEDURE: Computed tomography was performed on all 16 cats with insulin resistance and 2 cats in which diabetes mellitus was well-controlled. The remaining 6 cats in which diabetes mellitus was well-controlled underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Images were obtained before and immediately after i.v. administration of contrast medium. RESULTS: Computed tomography revealed a mass in the region of the pituitary gland in all 16 cats with insulin resistance. Maximum width of the masses ranged from 4.4 to 12.7 mm; maximum height ranged from 3.1 to 12.6 mm. Results of computed tomography performed on 2 cats with well-controlled diabetes and magnetic resonance imaging performed on the remaining 6 cats were considered normal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that cats with insulin resistance suspected to have acromegaly or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism are likely to have a pituitary mass detectable by means of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.     

花粉、蜂胶对糖尿病SD大鼠的影响

以花粉、蜂胶水提液、蜂胶醇提液为材料，测定和比较了花粉和不同提取方法的蜂胶对糖尿病SD大鼠血糖的影响以及给药4周后对果糖胺、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、肌酐、丙二醛、白蛋白、总蛋白的影响，以及各组动物的肾重／体重。结果表明。花粉、蜂胶能在一定时间内控制血糖；花粉对肾脏具有一定的保护作用。花粉、蜂胶均能降低果糖胺、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、肌酐、丙二醛水平；减少总蛋白，白蛋白的消耗，说明花粉、蜂胶能改善糖尿病大鼠体内糖、蛋白质、脂肪代谢，减少糖尿病并发症的危害。     

Insulin therapy in cats with diabetes mellitus

Thirteen cats with diabetes mellitus were evaluated. Clinical signs included polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, lethargy, and weight loss. Results of physical examination included obesity, hepatomegaly, mild seborrhea sicca, muscle wasting, and dehydration. One cat walked plantigrade and was suspected of having a diabetic neuropathy. Persistent hyperglycemia, glucosuria, high liver enzyme activities, hypercholesterolemia, hyperproteinemia, and low electrolyte concentrations were the common laboratory findings. In 3 cats diabetes mellitus developed after megestrol acetate therapy; 2 of these cats required only temporary insulin treatment. In a 3rd cat, which had no history of receiving diabetogenic drug therapy, remission of diabetes mellitus also was observed. Serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations were determined in 6 cats after administration of an intermediate-acting insulin (isophane insulin) and in 3 cats after administration of a long-acting insulin (protamine zinc insulin). The insulin concentration peaked 2 to 6 hours after the injection of intermediate-acting insulin and 6 to 12 hours after the injection of long-acting insulin. The lowest glucose concentration was recorded 4 to 8 hours after injection of intermediate-acting insulin, and 6 to 12 hours after injection of long-acting insulin. It was concluded that, although insulin therapy must be adjusted to the individual, the diabetic cat usually requires twice-daily administration of isophane insulin; however, the protamine zinc insulin can be given once daily for satisfactory control.     

Epizootiologic patterns of diabetes mellitus in cats: 333 cases (1980-1986)

Medical records from 333 cats with diabetes mellitus were studied retrospectively, using epidemiologic methods to determine the incidence of and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in this species. Abstracts were derived, using the Veterinary Medical Data Program with its 17 participating academic institutions in the United States and Canada. A reference population of 135,651 cats was derived from the same hospital population and time span (July 1980 to June 1986). The incidence of diabetes mellitus in cats was determined to be 2.45 cases/1,000 cat-years-of-risk during the 6-year study period. Breed had no detectable effect on risk for diabetes mellitus. In contrast, body weight, age, gender, and neutering had a significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) effect. Body weight of cats was categorized as being less than or greater than or equal to 6.8 kg. The higher body weight, probably indicating obesity, contributed a 2.2-fold increase in risk, even after adjustment for age and gender (adjusted odds ratio). The etiologic fraction for high body weight was 3.8%, suggesting that an estimated 3.8% of cases of diabetes mellitus was attributable to this factor alone. Over 50% of diabetic cats were greater than 10 years old, and the etiologic fraction for age greater than 7 years alone was 73.5%. Age was a significant (P less than 0.001) and the most important single risk factor for development of the disease in cats, with adjusted odds ratios of 8.3 and 14.4 for age 7 to 10 years and greater than 10 years, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)