土壤pH对汞迁移转化的影响研究进展

近年来土壤重金属污染已经成为全球性的环境问题。而汞作为五大毒性重金属元素之一,其在土壤中的迁移转化不仅会影响作物的正常生长,还会对农产品质量和安全造成严重威胁。土壤pH是影响汞迁移转化的重要因素之一,对其作用机理的不断探索已经成为近年来的研究热点。本文在前人的研究基础上,概述了土壤中汞的来源、危害及存在形态,并从汞的生物有效性及迁移转化过程两个方面详细阐述了土壤pH对汞迁移转化的影响机制。研究表明,酸性条件可能会使土壤中有效态汞的含量增加,进而导致其生物有效性提高,迁移能力增强;土壤pH对汞迁移转化过程中吸附-解吸的影响较大;土壤pH对汞迁移转化过程中络合-螯合、氧化-还原及甲基化反应的影响机理分别体现在离子竞争吸附、价态变化及甲基化促使因子的合成等方面。最后对今后的研究方向作出展望,旨在为汞污染土壤的修复与治理及汞污染扩散模型的建立提供参考依据。     

土壤汞污染研究进展

对国内外学者近些年来对土壤汞污染研究的工作进展作了系统的综述。主要包括土壤汞污染的途径、迁移方式和治理办法。其中重点介绍了大气汞的干湿沉降、土壤汞的释放及生物修复治理土壤污染。最后,还介绍了土壤汞形态的分析方法以及土壤挥发性汞释放通量的测量方法。     

蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用前景

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术是绿色生物技术,该技术的应用受制于两个主要因素:超积累植物生物量小和土壤中重金属有效性低。本文在收集大量资料基础上,论述了蚯蚓与重金属的相互关系:重金属对蚯蚓的毒理效应和蚯蚓对重金属的忍耐力。根据在重金属污染土壤中,蚯蚓活动能提高植物生物量和土壤中的重金属的生物有效性,论证了在重金属污染土壤植物修复技术中引入蚯蚓的可行性,并指出引入蚯蚓的植物修复技术当前的研究热点及今后的研究方向。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物与植物联合修复研究进展

本文综述了多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤中微生物降解途径、机理及生物反应器的应用,并从植物修复角度,进一步阐述了与微生物联合作用促进污染土壤中PAHs降解的途径、机理及其应用。提出了利用微生物共代谢降解及其与植物联合修复PAHs污染土壤环境的生物修复技术未来研究课题。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属生物有效性的研究——以江苏昆山市为例

土壤重金属的生物有效性是指土壤重金属在生物体内吸收、积累或毒性程度。以昆山市为典型区,对长江三角洲地区土壤重金属的生物有效性进行研究。结果表明,有效态Cd含量较高,生物有效性达63.8%。不同功能区重金属的生物有效性差异较大,Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Co以冶金电镀区最高,Cr以化工区最高,Zn以菜地区最高。不同土壤类型中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的生物有效性均表现为乌栅土>青泥土>黄泥土。不同母质发育的土壤上重金属生物有效性则表现为江海沉积物最高,湖相沉积物最低,且成土母质对土壤重金属的生物有效性的影响程度要大于土壤类型。随着剖面层次的下降,重金属有效态含量和生物有效性逐渐减小。植物中的重金属含量与土壤中相应的重金属的生物有效态含量显著正相关。Zn和Cd的富集系数最高,潜在风险最大。综合分析各重金属元素在土壤中的总量、生物有效性及植物中的含量,发现重金属Cd的污染最大,它将严重威胁农产品安全和地下水质量。     

三种物料及其施用比例对汞污染土壤养分的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了3种物料(中药渣生物有机肥、秸秆生物炭、凹凸棒土)不同施用比例[0 (CK)、1.5%、3%和6%]对汞污染土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,培养60 d后,施用中药渣生物有机肥和秸秆生物炭均可明显提高土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,且土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均随施用比例增加而提高;施用凹凸棒土可有效降低土壤有效磷含量,但对土壤全氮和速效钾含量的影响不明显。可见,中药渣生物有机肥和秸秆生物炭可有效提高汞污染土壤肥力水平,但凹凸棒土对土壤肥力的影响尚不明确。     

土壤中汞的固定与释放的初步研究

由于水俣病的出现,在全世界引起了人们对汞污染环境问题的重视,有关环境中汞的研究也日益增多。汞来自地壳中的矿藏,通过种种途径进人土壤乃至植物,再以食物的形式经由人体,动物最后又回到地壳中去,在环境中形成循环。土壤-植物体系在这个循环中具有节制作用,所以研究土坡中汞的固定(珊境厅水贡保全局土竣旋菜裸,1973)和释放及其与粮食中汞含量的关系,对于控制土壤中汞进人作物有重要的意义。     

锰改性猪粪炭对水稻吸收累积土壤中汞镉的影响

为了探明KMnO4改性猪粪炭对水稻吸收累积复合污染土壤中汞镉的阻控效果，通过盆栽试验研究添加不同量的锰改性猪粪炭（MZC）对水稻中汞镉累积分布特征、根际土壤有效态汞镉含量和土壤理化性质的影响，并探讨了MZC阻控水稻籽粒吸收累积汞镉的可能机制。结果表明：与空白对照相比，添加0.5%MZC使水稻籽粒的总汞、甲基汞和总镉含量分别降低了50.4%、58.4%和79.3%，同时降低了31.1%和39.9%根际土壤有效态汞和镉的含量，但增加了70.3%根际土壤总Mn含量；且添加0.5%的原始猪粪炭对水稻籽粒中总汞、甲基汞和镉含量的降幅显著小于锰改性猪粪炭的，表明经过KMnO4改性可以显著增强猪粪炭对土壤汞镉的钝化能力。水稻籽粒、茎叶中的汞镉含量和根际土壤有效态汞镉含量都随着MZC添加量的增加呈明显的降低趋势。统计分析显示水稻籽粒和茎叶中的汞镉含量与根际土壤中有效态汞、镉呈显著正相关性，而土壤中有效态汞镉含量与土壤的pH、CEC呈负相关。添加MZC使土壤pH、CEC升高，降低了根际土壤中汞、镉的生物有效性，从而减少了水稻地上部分对汞镉的吸收累积。因此，锰改性猪粪炭是一种具有应用潜力的能保障汞镉复合污染农田水稻安全生产的土壤修复剂。     

植物对污染土壤修复作用的研究进展

利用植物修复污染土壤是一种被人们认为安全可靠的方法.植物修复技术不仅能修复被石油污染的土壤,而且对更多品种污染的土壤修复有效,植物降解高分子有毒化合物的基础是根际环境及根际微生物,与无植物土壤不同.对根际区微生物降解和转化有机化合物的研究,更多的集中于植物对杀虫剂和除草剂的降解.事实证明,生物修复污染土壤是一项实用性和有效性很强的技术.     

汞污染以农业的影响

通过对天津市汉沽区汞对农业的污染实际研究表明：作物具有吸收，积累汞的能力，尤其是当土壤中含汞量增加时，植物会吸收积累更多的汞。不同植物种类，同种植物不同器官，不同生长阶段以及同一植物在不同含汞量的土壤上，植物对汞的吸收积累和分布，都具有一定的变化规律。     

Mercury distribution and speciation in floodplain soils and uptake into native earthworms (Diplocardia spp.)

Historically as part of its national security mission, the U.S. Department of Energy's Y-12 National Security Facility in Oak Ridge, TN acquired a significant fraction of the world's supply of elemental mercury. During the 1950s and 1960s, a large amount of elemental mercury escaped confinement and is still present in the watershed surrounding the Y-12 facility. Earthworms are key components in natural food chains, providing a food source for many small mammals and important food sources for small birds. The objectives of this study were to investigate the current status of mercury distribution and speciation and determination of mercury bioavailability to native earthworms in floodplain soils of East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) after decades of U.S. Department of Energy's remediation. The present study clearly shows that the total mercury in a tested floodplain field of EFPC was significantly below the US Department of Energy target 400 mg Hg/kg. The major mercury form in the current floodplain soils of EFPC is mainly the non-cinnabar mercury bound form in soil silicates (4 M HNO₃-extractable residual fraction). The results show strong linear relationships between mercury concentrations in native earthworms (both mature and immature groups) and the non-cinnabar mercury form. Native earthworms may be used as a potential mercury ecological bio-indicator (bio-marker) for demonstrating mercury bioavailability and ecotoxicity in the ecosystem.     

蚯蚓对土壤污染的指示作用及其强化修复的潜力

从三个方面综述了蚯蚓对土壤污染的指示作用:(1)通过调查污染区土壤中蚯蚓种群的数量和结构反映土壤污染情况;(2)利用蚯蚓进行生态毒理风险评价,指示污染物对土壤生态系统可能造成的危害;(3)利用蚯蚓监测土壤污染。并阐述了蚯蚓对重金属的主要耐性机制:(1)脂质过氧化保护酶系统缓解氧化胁迫;(2)分隔、固定作用;(3)螯合解毒作用;(4)溶酶体和细胞质粒抑制重金属活性。同时,分析了蚯蚓强化污染土壤修复的潜力,认为蚯蚓可以通过改善土壤理化性质、增强微生物活性、改变污染物的活性等强化污染土壤的生物修复过程。     

Bioremediation of pah polluted soils: Column studies

Background. Due to spills, discharges and leakage, the gaswork site at Husarviken in Stockholm is today the largest (36 ha) creosote-contaminated site in Sweden. The main pollutants are creosote, lead and mercury. The remediation costs are estimated to be as high as US $125 million. It is thus of great interest to find more cost effective remediation methods. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate i) if the addition of NTA, EDTA, nitrate, iron and dry yeast would enhance the bioremediation rate of a complex organic pollutant like PAH and, if so, at what concentrations they would be most efficient, ii) the effect on PAH reduction when larger dimensions of the column is used to diminish the effect of water passing along the sides of the column, iii) long-term effects on the reduction of PAH in field-contaminated soil with high concentrations. Materials and Methods  Creosote-contaminated soil from the Husarviken gaswork site was treated with aerated water in column experiments at room temperature. Three column experiments were performed in 2 and 100 L of homogenised soil samples percolated by recircula ting flushing water. Fluoranthene was analysed as a representative of the overall degradation of PAH in the columns. Results and Discussion  The PAH concentration (total 16 Priority USEPA PAH) was reduced from 129 mg/kg to at most 33 mg/kg in the 2-litre columns. A total of four PAH in the soil were reduced from 1330 mg/kg to about 400 mg/kg in the 100-litre columns. Generally, a 70% reduction of PAH concentration can be achieved by bioremediation technology. The transformation and/or degradation of fluoranthene were fast at the beginning of the experiment and then gradually slowed down. This mirrors the impact of the bioavailable fluoranthene, which is initially large, but reaches zero after 200 days. Conclusions  A simulation model using the fluoranthene data shows that the effectiveness of PAH degradation is, above all, dependent on the bioavailability of PAH. A reduction of 70% of PAH in the soil is applicable to soil containing <200 mg/kg to meet the Swedish recommendations of 60 mg/kg. At Husarviken, soil with <200 mg/kg corresponds to 80% of the polluted area.     

Extractability and Bioavailability of Mercury from a Mercury Sulfide Contaminated Soil in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

Historically as part of its national security mission, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Y-12 National Security Facility in Oak Ridge, TN acquired a significant fraction of the world’s supply of elemental mercury. During the 1950s and 1960s, a large amount of elemental mercury escaped confinement and is still present in the watershed surrounding the Y-12 facility. A series of remediation efforts have been deployed in the watersheds around the Oak Ridge site. However, most recently, concentration of total mercury in fish and water of the lower East Fork Poplar Creek (EFPC) of Oak Ridge has increased although majority of the mercury contamination in the local soils is present in the form of mercury sulfide. We have studied the extractability, solubility, and bioavailability of mercury sulfide in Oak Ridge soils. Dynamics of the dissolution of mercury sulfide by various extractants, including acids and a chelating agent, have been investigated. After three seasons of planting, soil mercury sulfide is more easily dissolved by both 4 M and 12 M nitric acid than is pure mercury sulfide reagent as indicated by their dissolution kinetics. Mercury release by EDTA from HgS-contaminated soil increased with time of reaction and soil mercury level. This chelating chemical increases the solubility of mercury in HgS-contaminated Oak Ridge soil. The results also show that mercury sulfide in contaminated Oak Ridge soils was still to some extent bioavailable to plants. The increase of bioavailability of soil mercury sulfide after three seasons of planting may contribute to the recent increase of mercury levels in water of the Lower East Fork Popular Creek (LEFPC) of Oak Ridge.     

有机氯农药生物修复菌剂对雷竹生长及土壤化学性状的影响

针对雷竹林有机氯农药六六六（HCH）残留普遍存在的现实问题,开展了雷竹林土壤HCH原位生物修复及修复菌剂（BHC-A）对雷竹新陈代谢及生理活性、竹林土壤养分活化影响的研究。结果表明,BHC-A原位降解HCH效果显著,降解率高达85.25%;BHC-A使用后,处理A、B较对照雷竹叶片叶绿素SPAD值分别提高12.82、11.36,根系活力分别提高了37.77%、24.25%,处理间差异显著,说明BHC-A可以提高雷竹新陈代谢及生理活性;BHC-A生物修复过程中,与对照相比,处理A、B土壤pH值分别下降了0.40、0.14个单位,土壤水解氮分别提高了80.33、62.67 mg.kg-1,差异达显著水平;处理A土壤有效磷、速效钾较处理B和对照分别提高了33.02、36.98 mg.kg-1和27.91、29.33 mg.kg-1,差异达显著水平;不同处理间土壤有机质及全效养分变化不明显,即BHC-A可以促进土壤养分释放,提高养分生物有效性。     

钒污染土壤生物修复研究进展

钒污染土壤对生态环境和人体健康存在危害，已成为土壤修复领域关注的热点之一。选取科学合理的修复方法对钒污染土壤进行精准治理十分必要。生物修复技术是钒污染土壤绿色可持续治理的重要发展方向，具有操作简便、环境友好、成本低廉、修复效率较高等优势。本文从植物、动物、微生物单一及联合修复的角度，综述了近年来钒污染土壤生物修复的研究进展，探讨了影响钒污染土壤生物修复效果的主要因素，总结了现阶段的研究不足，并对未来研究方向进行了展望，以期为钒污染土壤生物修复技术的总结与发展应用提供科学依据与理论参考。     

Full-Scale Remediation of a Jet Fuel-Contaminated Soil: Assessment of Biodegradation, Volatilization, and Bioavailability

Here, we addressed biodegradation vs. volatilization processes, and also bioavailability limitations during biopile remediation of soil initially contaminated by more than 5,000 mg/kg of hydrocarbons. In order to select bioremediation strategies, we first conducted a biotreatability study, which included geochemical, textural, and microbiological characterization of the soil matrix. Next, we implemented five bioremediation approaches onsite in real-scale biopiles. In order to monitor hydrocarbon depletion and to distinguish between biological and non-biological processes, we analyzed chemical biomarkers by means of gas chromatography?Cmass spectrometry. In addition, a comprehensive study of soil grain size and its implications on bioavailability were studied. Furthermore, the evolution of microbial populations was also examined. Two of the strategies implemented in the biopiles (the combination of a slow-release fertilizer and a surfactant, and the use of an oleophilic fertilizer respectively) reduced the soil hydrocarbon content to under 500 mg/kg in 5 months. Additional results from this study indicate that volatilization was the predominant degradation process for light hydrocarbons (below 12 carbon atoms), whereas heavier compounds were mainly biodegraded. However, even in the most favorable situation, a residual concentration of hydrocarbons linked to the finer fraction of the soil was found.     

土壤有机氯污染的生物修复和土壤酶活性的关系

简述了土壤生物修复的意义以及微生物 -酶 -生物修复之间的关系 ,对有机氯污染土壤的生物修复进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明 ,自然土壤中含有过氧化氢酶 ;加入“六六六”后 ,降低自然土壤中过氧化氢酶活性。此外 ,对产生过氧化氢酶的外源细菌进行初步搜集、筛选 ,并测定了其产生过氧化氢酶能力。结果表明 ,在有机氯污染的土壤中 ,加入外源细菌能增加土壤过氧化氢酶活性 ;有机氯能诱导加入土壤的外源微生物分泌过氧化氢酶的能力 ;细菌 B1是较有希望的能消除有机氯污染的菌株     

Biosurfactant-assisted phytoremediation of potentially toxic elements in soil: Green technology for meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Biosurfactants are biomolecules produced by microorganisms, low in toxicity, biodegradable, and relatively easy to synthesize using renewable waste substrates. Biosurfactants are of great importance with a wide and versatile range of applications, including the bioremediation of contaminated sites. Plants may accumulate soil potentially toxic elements(PTEs), and the accumulation efficacy may be further enhanced by the biosurfactants produced by rhizospheric microorganisms. Occasionally, the growth of bacteria slows down in adverse conditions, such as highly contaminated soils with PTEs. In this context,the plant's phytoextraction capacity could be improved by the addition of metal-tolerant bacteria that produce biosurfactants. Several sources, categories,and bioavailability of PTEs in soil are reported in this article, with the focus on the cost-effective and sustainable soil remediation technologies, where biosurfactants are used as a remediation method. How rhizobacterial biosurfactants can improve PTE recovery capabilities of plants is discussed, and the molecular mechanisms in bacterial genomes that support the production of important biosurfactants are listed. The status and cost of commercial biosurfactant production in the international market are also presented.