The Oxidation of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in Aqueous Solution by UV/H2O2 Photolysis

The oxidation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in solution using UV/H₂O₂ and direct UV photolysis are analyzed in this study. It was found that DEHP was 100% removal in the solution by 180-min UV/H₂O₂ treatment and 73.5% removal by 180-min direct UV photolysis. The effect of different factors, such as DEHP concentration, H₂O₂ concentration, and UV light intensity, on photochemical degradation was investigated. The degradation mechanism of DEHP and the acute toxicity of intermediates were also studied. The photochemical degradation process was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The results of our study suggested that the concentration with 40 mg/L H₂O₂ and 5 μg/mL DEHP in the solution at pH 7 with 10.0?×?10^?6 Einstein l^?1?s^?1 UV was the optimal condition for the photochemical degradation of DEHP. The photochemical degradation with UV/H₂O₂ can be an efficient method to remove DEHP in wastewater.     

Sorption of Cu2+ and Zn2+ Ions by Humic Acids of Tundra Peat Gley Soils (Histic Reductaquic Cryosols)

Eurasian Soil Science - Sorption properties of humic acid (HA) preparations extracted from the peaty horizon of peat gley tundra soil (Histic Reductaquic Cryosols) are characterized. The kinetic...     

腐殖酸对滨海盐碱土水盐运移特征的影响

为了探索腐殖酸对土壤水盐运移特征及入渗参数的影响,进行了5种施量（0,1,3,5,7 g/kg）的一维垂直入渗试验。结果表明,入渗时间相同,累积入渗量和湿润锋均随腐殖酸施量的增加而减小;相同入渗深度随腐殖酸施量的增加所需的入渗时间、累积入渗量、剖面平均含水量均不断增加。入渗完成时相较于CK,施量为7 g/kg时累积入渗量、含水量分别增加8.0%,10.0%;施加腐殖酸可促进土壤剖面盐分向土壤深层运移并有效降低土壤pH,相较于CK施量为7 g/kg时0—20 cm土层平均脱盐率增加10.2%;Philip模型和代数模型能较好地描述施加腐殖酸条件下水分入渗特征。吸渗率S随腐殖酸施加量的增加而呈线性减小,综合形状系数α则随着腐殖酸施量的增加而线性增加。另外,均方根误差、平均绝对误差分别为0.005~0.018,0.004~0.014 cm³/cm³,表明代数模型可以较好地描述含水量的分布。该研究结果可为应用改良剂改良滨海盐碱地的提供一定参考。     

Metabolism of furametpyr. 2. (14)C excretion, (14)C concentrations in tissues, and amounts of metabolites in rats

14C-Labeled furametpyr [N-(1,3-dihydro-1,1, 3-trimethylisobenzofuran-4-yl)-5-chloro-1, 3-dimethylpyrazole-4-carboxamide, Limber] was dosed to male and female rats at 1 (low dose) and 200 or 300 mg/kg (high dose). Elimination of furametpyr was rapid, and the dosed (14)C was substantially excreted within 7 days (45.5-53.3% in feces, 44.1-53. 8% in urine, and 0.01% in expired air). However, (14)C excretion rate showed sex- and dose-related differences, more rapid in males at low dose. (14)C concentrations in tissues decreased rapidly to generally low levels at 7 days (<0.004 ppm with the low dose and <1. 1 ppm with the high dose). Forty metabolites were detected, and 13 metabolites and 4 glucuronides were identified. A small amount of unchanged furametpyr was detected in feces (0.1-0.5% of the dose). The major metabolites in tissues were N-demethylated metabolites. In a bile study, 52.5-54.2% of the dosed (14)C was rapidly excreted into bile within 2 days. The absorption ratio was estimated to be >93.7% for the low dose (1 mg/kg). Major metabolites in bile were glucuronic acid conjugates of furametpyr hydroxides. On the basis of the results, furametpyr is substantially absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, rapidly distributed to tissues, extensively metabolized, and excreted into urine and bile or feces.     

Distribution Coefficient and Adsorption–desorption Rates of di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) onto and from the Surface of Suspended Particles in Fresh Water

The commonly used plastic softener, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), also a known Endocrine Disrupting Compound, was found contaminated in various aquatic environments, including river water in Thailand. The data of adsorption kinetics from this study indicated that DEHP can adsorb onto pure bentonite and natural suspended sediment with average adsorption rate constants of 0.0056 and 0.0039 min^?1 respectively. The average distribution coefficients between suspended particles and water found in this study for pure bentonite and natural suspended sediment were 0.045 and 0.043 l g^?1 respectively. Although the studies were carried out in pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0, there were no obvious influences of pH on adsorption rates and distribution coefficients of DEHP onto both pure bentonite and natural suspended particles. The desorption rate was very small and was estimated to be less than 0.03 μg min^?1. The results indicated that suspended sediment could become a long term release of DEHP and facilitate the transport of DEHP mainly due to fast adsorption rate and relatively high adsorption capacity.     

铜-菲复合污染在腐植酸洗提中的溶出特性及交互作用

以腐植酸作表面活性剂,洗提修复铜-菲复合污染土壤,研究了腐植酸对Cu2+和菲的单一溶出特性,Cu2+和菲的复合污染对腐植酸洗提污染土壤时的交互作用。结果表明,腐植酸对Cu2+和菲具有较好的洗提吸附性能,当腐植酸加入量为5 mg/g土壤时,复合污染土壤中铜离子饱和溶出量可达516.6 mg/kg以上,菲最大溶出量为569.1 mg/kg。无论有无Cu2+的存在,腐植酸对菲都具有较好的淋溶效果,菲的溶出量基本不受到Cu2+的影响,而菲的加入对Cu2+的溶出具有一定的颉颃作用。     

不同含量腐植酸复合肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响

腐植酸能够显著提高养分利用率,提高作物产量、改善农产品品质。本试验以葡萄为供试作物,采用随机区组设计,研究不同含量腐植酸复合肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明:施用含15%腐植酸复合肥的葡萄比常规施入化肥增产62%,能明显改善葡萄果实品质。含20%腐植酸的复合肥处理的葡萄叶片叶绿素含量最高的,达50.01 mg kg~(-1);当腐植酸含量为15%时,葡萄果实的可溶性糖含量为15.47%,与对照相比,增加3.7%;腐植酸含量为10%～15%时,葡萄果实中Vc含量最高,达1.35 mg kg~(-1),是对照的1.5倍;以15%含量腐植酸的复合肥处理的葡萄果实的总酸度含量最低,其葡萄果实的总酸度含量为0.8%,总酸度降低22.5%。综上,以腐植酸含量10～15%的复合肥对葡萄产量和品质效果为最佳。     

Ameliorative Effect of Humic Acid and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Hungarian Vetch Plants under Salinity Stress

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors for cultivated plants, limiting their growth and productivity in many areas of the world. This study aims to determine the ameliorative effects of humic acid (HA) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) on amino acids, enzymes, minerals, organic acids and hormones in Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica) plants under salinity stress conditions. Salinity stress was established by adding 0, 10, 30 and 60 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl) to growing media. HA and PGPR treatments had positive ameliorative effects on the minerals, organic acids, hormones and enzyme activity of Hungarian vetch plants under salinity stress conditions. PGPR treatments showed better ameliorative effects than HA. This study suggests that PGPR treatments have the potential to be used as alleviator fertilizer in salinity stress conditions and may have ameliorated the deleterious effects of salt stress on Hungarian vetch plants.     

腐殖酸和改性木质素对土壤磷有效性影响的研究进展

如何减缓土壤中磷肥的老化、固定以及如何重新利用土壤中潜在磷素,对解决磷在农业生产中所引起的经济、环境和资源问题有很重要的意义。本文结合国内外已有成果和最新研究进展,综述了腐殖酸和改性木质素在提高磷素利用率、降低磷素环境压力等方面的应用和机理研究,针对目前的研究现状,指出了目前研究中面临的一些问题以及今后研究的热点。     

Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Water Environment of Singapore

Recently, there has been increasing concern about perfluorinated compounds, especially perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) due to their biotic and abiotic persistence and chronic toxicity. To characterize the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of PFOS and PFOA in the aquatic and oceanic environment of Singapore, more than 100 water samples from reservoirs, rivers/canals, coastal waters, and treated effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were collected and analyzed in this study. Solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem MS (HPLC/MS/MS) was applied to quantitatively identify PFOS and PFOA. PFOS concentrations in surface waters, wastewaters and coastal waters were in the range of 2.2?C87.3 ng/L, 5.8?C532 ng/L, and 1.9?C8.9 ng/L, respectively, while those of PFOA were 5.7?C91.5 ng/L, 7.9?C1,060 ng/L, 2.4?C17.8 ng/L, respectively. Compared with surface waters and wastewaters, coastal waters had lower concentrations of PFOS and PFOA. Highest concentration of PFOA (532 ng/L) and PFOA (1,060 ng/L) were observed in treated effluents of two WWTPs. Our results suggest that coastal waters in the western area of Singapore are more heavily contaminated than those in the middle and eastern areas. The release of effluents from WWTPs is an important pathway by which perfluorinated compounds enter the oceanic environment. Between dry season and wet season, significant seasonal differences (p?=?0.025) were observed in surface waters for PFOS only, while no discernable seasonal differences were found for both PFOS and PFOA in coastal waters and wastewaters.     

Degradation of [14C]phosphinothricin (glufosinate) in soil under laboratory conditions: Effects of concentration and soil amendments on 14CO2 production

Summary Degradation of the herbicide phosphinothricin (L-homoalanine-4-yl-(methyl)-phosphinic acid) in a phaeozem was investigated by monitoring the ¹⁴CO₂ release from [1-¹⁴C] and [3,4-¹⁴C]phosphinothricin. The degradation was largely due to microbial activity, since the rate decreased by more than 95% when the soil was sterilized by -radiation. Data obtained with both labels suggested that decarboxylation of phosphinothricin preceded oxidation of its C-atoms 3 and 4, since a metabolite, probably 3-methylphosphinico-propanoic acid, was only labelled when [3,4-¹⁴C]phosphinothricin was used as the substrate. Maximum rates of ¹⁴CO₂ production from both the 1- and 3,4-label positions occurred without a lag phase during the breakdown of phosphinothricin as monitored for a total of 30 days at 5-day intervals. This result indicated that a phosphinothricin-degrading microbial community was already present in the soil. With low concentrations of [1-¹⁴C]phosphinothricin (10.7 mg kg^-1 soil), complete decarboxylation at 25°C was observed within 30 days of incubation, compared to 15.9% ¹⁴CO₂ release from [3,4-¹⁴C]phosphinothricin. Increasing the quantity of the herbicide in the soil (10.7–1372 mg kg^-1) resulted in increased degradation rates, irrespective of whether the herbicide was labelled in the positions 1 or 3 and 4. Addition of glucose and other carbohydrates stimulated ¹⁴CO₂ release while addition of a yeast extract had a negative effect. Glucose stimulation was reversed by ammonium nitrate, suggesting that the microorganisms were using the herbicide as a source of N.     

Sorption and Desorption Processes of Selenium (VI) Using Non-Living Biomasses of Aquatic Weeds in Horizontal Flow

The sorption and desorption processes of Se(VI) onto non-living Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) and Lemna minor (L. minor) were evaluated. Different pH values of the initial Se solution (20???g?L^?1) were tested at static conditions. At dynamic conditions of horizontal flow, biomass-packed columns (BPC) were estimated as prepared (pH 4) and unprepared (pH 6?C7) and at different flow rates. The desorption process was tested using HCl (0.1?M) as the eluent. The maximum Se uptake took place at a pH of 4 for both biomasses. The lowest flow rate improves major Se removal due to the increase in contact time. The Se was desorbed from the biomass with elution efficiencies of 5 and 18?% for E. crassipes and L. minor, respectively. Nevertheless, more time was needed to increase these efficiencies and reach desaturation times. The breakthrough curves showed that unprepared E. crassipes and L. minor BPC at horizontal flow, with a flow rate of 6 and 4?mL?min^?1 respectively, had a biomass removal capacity of 0.135 and 0.743???g?g^?1 correspondingly. The system of E. crassipes is more efficient, suggesting an ion exchange sorption mechanism. This demonstrates that non-living E. crassipes and L. minor have the capacity to remove Se from very dilute solutions.     

[噻唑基-2-14C]-毒氟磷在水-沉积物系统中的降解与残留转化研究

毒氟磷是我国自主创制的新型植物抗病毒剂,研究毒氟磷的环境行为和归趋对科学评价其环境风险具有重要意义。本试验采用¹⁴C同位素示踪技术,以[噻唑基-2-¹⁴C]-毒氟磷为示踪剂,研究了毒氟磷在A和B两种水-沉积物系统中的好氧降解动态以及残留转化规律。结果表明,毒氟磷母体在两种水-沉积物系统中的水相消散和降解均符合一级动力学模型,其水相消散半减期分别为7.23 d (A)和13.86 d (B),在水-沉积物整个系统中的母体降解半减期则分别为121.60 d (A)和65.39 d (B)。毒氟磷在供试水-沉积物系统中的残留转化规律存在显著差异,培养结束时(培养时间为100 d),可提态残留在A和B系统中分别占放射性引入量的77.41%和43.71%,矿化量分别占放射性引入量的1.11%和2.83%,结合态残留分别占放射性引入量的24.11%和49.25%;较高的降解率和阳离子交换量是毒氟磷及其代谢产物在B系统中更易形成结合残留的主要原因。本研究结果为科学评价毒氟磷在水-沉积物系统中的安全性提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

Effectiveness of Potassium Ferrate (K2FeO4) for Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals and Natural Organic Matters from River Water

This study has investigated how to simultaneously remove both heavy metals (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and natural organic matters (NOM; humic acid and fulvic acid) from river water using potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄), a multipurpose chemical acting as oxidant, disinfectant, and coagulant. In water sample including each 0.1 mM heavy metal, its removal efficiency ranged 28–99% for Cu, 22–73% for Mn, and 18–100% for Zn at the ferrate(VI) doses of 0.03–0.7 mM (as Fe). The removal efficiency of each heavy metal increased with increasing pH, whereas an overall temperature did not make any special effect on the reaction between the heavy metal and ferrate(VI). A high efficiency was achieved on the simultaneous treatment of heavy metals (0.1 mM) and NOM (10 mg/l) at the ferrate(VI) doses of 0.03–0.7 mM (as Fe): 87–100% (Cu), 31–81% (Mn), 11–100% (Zn), and 33–86% (NOM). In the single heavy metal solution, the optimum ferrate dose for treating 0.1 mM Cu or Mn was 0.1 mM (as Fe), while that for treating 0.1 mM Zn was 0.3 mM (as Fe). In the mixture of three heavy metals and NOM, on the other hand, 0.5 mM (as Fe) ferrate(VI) was determined as an optimum dose for removing both 0.1 mM heavy metals (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and 10 mg/l NOM. Prior to the addition of ferrate(VI) into the solution of heavy metals and NOM (HA or FA), complexes were formed by the reaction between divalent cations of heavy metals and negatively charged functional groups of NOM, enhancing the removal of both heavy metals and NOM by ferrate(VI).     

Uptake and metabolic fate of [14C]-2,4-dichlorophenol and [14C]-2,4-dichloroaniline in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and soybean (Glycine max)

The uptake and metabolism of [14C]-2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) and [14C]-2,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) were investigated in wheat and soybean. Seeds were exposed to a nutrient solution containing 50 microM of one of two radiolabeled compounds, and plant organs were harvested separately after 18 days of growth. In wheat, uptake of [14C]-2,4-DCP was 16.67 +/- 2.65 and 15.50 +/- 2.60% of [14C]-2,4-DCA. In soybean, uptake of [14C]-2,4-DCP was significantly higher than [14C]-2,4-DCA uptake, 38.39 +/- 2.56 and 18.98 +/- 1.64%, respectively. In the case of [14C]-2,4-DCP, the radioactivity absorbed by both species was found mainly associated with roots, whereas [14C]-2,4-DCA and related metabolites were associated with aerial parts, especially in soybean. In wheat, nonextractable residues represented 7.8 and 8.7% of the applied radioactivity in the case of [14C]-2,4-DCP and [14C]-2,4-DCA, respectively. In soybean, nonextractable residues amounted to 11.8 and 5.8% of the total radioactivity for [14C]-2,4-DCP and [14C]-2,4-DCA, respectively. In wheat, nonextractable residues were nearly equivalent to extractable residues for [14C]-2,4-DCP, whereas they were greater for [14C]-2,4-DCA. In soybean, the amount of extractable residues was significantly greater for both chemicals. However, in both species, nonextractable residues were mainly associated with roots. Isolation of soluble residues was next undertaken using excised shoots (wheat) or excised fully expanded leaves including petioles (soybean). Identification of metabolite structures was made by comparison with authentic standards, by enzymatic hydrolyses, and by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric analyses. Both plant species shared a common metabolism for [14C]-2,4-DCP and [14C]-2,4-DCA since the malonylated glucoside conjugates were found as the final major metabolites.     

玉米和大豆根尖和非根尖部位对Mn(II)的吸附研究

为了探索玉米和大豆根系根尖部位和非根尖部位对Mn(II)吸附的差异及其机制,用砂培试验获取两种植物的新鲜根,将根系分为根尖部位和非根尖部位2部分,用流动电位法和红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR)分别表征了它们根表的zeta电位和官能团;将根系与Mn(II)反应,然后用KNO₃、EDTA-2Na和HCl连续提取的方法确定吸附在植物根表Mn(II)的结合形态和吸附量。研究结果表明:吸附在植物根表的Mn(II)主要以交换态存在,根尖部位的交换态Mn(II)和吸附Mn(II)的总量要明显大于非根尖部位。根尖部位所带负电荷和官能团的数量多于非根尖部位,是前者对Mn(II)具有更高吸附容量的主要原因。因此,植物根系的表面电荷特征和官能团数量在根系及根尖部位吸附Mn的过程中起着重要的作用。     

有机质对广西酸性富硒土中Se(Ⅳ)吸附解吸特性的影响

为探究有机质在酸性富硒土吸附Se(Ⅳ)过程中的作用，以广西典型富硒区的赤红壤为材料，研究了酸性富硒土去除有机质后，土壤硒的赋存形态、土壤对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附解吸特征及吸附前后土壤基团的变化。结果表明：(1)去除有机质后，土壤中有机结合态硒大幅度减少，铁锰结合态硒成为土壤硒的主要赋存形态。(2)吸附试验表明，土壤对Se(Ⅳ)吸附过程以多分子层的不均质表面吸附为主，吸附过程受控于化学反应与化学吸附；去除有机质后，土壤对Se(Ⅳ)吸附量和吸附强度均显著下降。(3)解吸试验表明，吸附以难解吸的专性吸附为主；去除有机质后，解吸量与解吸率下降，固液分配系数K_d值下降。(4)傅里叶变换红外光谱表明，土壤吸附Se(Ⅳ)与静电引力、络合反应和配位体交换有关；去除有机质减少了有机官能团的数量，导致吸附量减少。综上，有机质的存在，提升了酸性富硒土对Se(Ⅳ)的吸附容量和吸附强度，是造成酸性富硒土硒有效性较低的重要因素。