枯草芽孢杆菌对盐碱土水分运动和水稳性团聚体的影响

为探明微生物在盐碱地改良方面的应用,通过在盐碱土中加入枯草芽孢杆菌,研究不同浓度微咸水(0,1,2,3,4g/L)条件下,盐碱土中的水分运动和土壤水稳性团聚体的变化规律。结果表明:(1)枯草芽孢杆菌可以显著减少土壤的入渗能力,同时可减缓水分的迁移能力,添加枯草芽孢杆菌的土壤与相对应的对照组相比,累积入渗量和湿润锋推进距离均显著减少,其中在微咸水浓度为2g/L时,土壤累积入渗量减少幅度最大,为40.97%,其他处理减少程度依次为3,0,1,4g/L,湿润锋的推进距离也有类似的结果。(2)利用Philip和Kostiakov入渗模型拟合试验数据,发现Philip公式中的吸渗率S均小于相相应对照组,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数K均小于相应对照组,而经验指数β均大于相应对照组。(3)枯草芽孢杆菌可以增加土壤的保水能力,在微咸水浓度为2g/L时,对土壤水吸力的影响较大。与对照组相比,van Genuchten公式中土壤滞留含水率θr、饱和含水率θs及与进气值相关系数α均有所增大,形状系数n逐渐减小。(4)含有枯草芽孢杆菌的土壤,在微咸水入渗后其土壤团粒结构均有较大的改善。     

秸秆添加与土壤基质势对棕壤压缩回弹特性的影响

土壤板结是农田土壤退化问题之一,秸秆还田是提高土壤有机质含量、改良土壤的重要措施。但秸秆还田和土壤基质势对土壤板结的影响尚不明确。试验设0,3,5 g/kg 3个秸秆添加量处理,以及高(1 000 kPa)、中(100 kPa)、和低(10 kPa)3个土壤基质势处理。通过固结试验,测定不同处理的压缩曲线并计算压缩回弹特性指标。结果表明：秸秆添加量、土壤基质势及其二者间的交互作用对压缩曲线最大曲率、预固结压力值、压缩指数和回弹指数的影响都达到显著性水平。预固结压力值、压缩指数和回弹指数均随着秸秆添加量的增加而增大,而最大曲率则随着秸秆增加量的提高而降低。土壤基质势与压缩曲线最大曲率、预固结压力值和压缩指数均呈正相关关系。回弹指数随着土壤基质势的增加呈现先降低后增加的趋势。秸秆添加有助于提高土壤回弹和抗压缩特性。     

不同土壤水吸力与耕作方式对土壤压缩—回弹特性的影响

[目的]合理耕作方式是缓解土壤压实、提升土壤生产能力的有效措施,而土壤水分是影响土壤机械物理性能的重要因素,直接影响土壤耕作质量.通过研究不同土壤水吸力和耕作方式下土壤压缩曲线及模型拟合效果,分析土壤回弹—再压缩曲线变化及机械力学参数(预固结压力、压缩指数和回弹指数)差异,以期为农田土壤耕作和培肥提供科学依据.[方法]...     

土壤改良剂对黄绵土持水性能的改良效应研究

通过室内土柱培养,研究了PAM、沃特保水剂、β-环糊精、腐殖酸对黄绵土持水性能的改良效果.结果表明,不同改良剂在不同浓度下的土壤水分特征不同,但都符合土壤含水量与土壤吸力之间的关系式;在浓度0.05%～0.4%时,在同一改良剂处理下a值的大小变化规律是随浓度的增加而增大,即:0.4%>0.2%>0.1%>0.05%>CK;在同一浓度下,不同改良剂在培养3周和2个月时,不同改良剂处理下的a值的大小为PAM>沃特保水剂>β-环糊精>腐殖酸;在培养4个月后,在浓度＜0.2%时,a值的大小变化规律为:PAM>沃特保水剂>β-环糊精>腐殖酸;在浓度0.2%～0.4%时,a值的大小变化规律为:PAM>沃特保水剂>腐殖酸>β-环糊精.     

Contaminant Mobility in Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Flue-Gas Gypsum: Intact Soil Cores and Repacked Columns

The impact of the land application of coal combustion by-products, fly ash (FA) and flue-gas desulfurization gypsum(FDG), to coarse-textured soils of the southeastern U.S.A. wasinvestigated using batch and dynamic column techniques. Two FAsamples, one an alkaline FA (Alk-FA) and the other an acidic FA(Acid-FA), were evaluated alone and in combination with FDG assoil amendments to an Appling loamy sand (Typic Hapludults). Theeffects of these waste products on clay dispersion, soilhydraulic conductivity (K_sat) and the migration ofcontaminants such as Arsenic (As) and Boron (B) were studiedusing intact soil cores and repacked soil columns. FA or combinationsof FA + FDG were applied to the surface of intact soil cores (10 Mg ha^-1) and repacked soil columns or incorporated withinrepacked soil columns. The columns were saturated and thenleached for a prescribed number of pore volumes to simulateleaching conditions in the field. Effluent pH, electricalconductivity (EC), and turbidity were monitored and leachatefractions were collected for B, As, Ca, Mg, K and Na analysis.Both FA materials were ineffective at decreasing the inherentdispersibility of clay from the A_p horizon in batch tests.In fact, high application rates of the Alk-FA induced some claydispersion in the well-flocculated B_t soil materials, andcolumn results suggest that incorporating the Alk-FA within thesurface soil may actually reduce K_sat. In contrast,treatments with FDG were highly effective at inducing rapid clayflocculation in batch tests and eliminating effluent turbidityfor intact and repacked soil columns. Boron was readily mobilefrom both intact and repacked soil columns, a majority of whichleached from the columns within the first three pore volumes.Boron leaching was greater for combined treatments (FA + FDG),possibly indicative of enhanced solubilization in the presenceof FDG or sulfate (SO₄ ^2-) competition for sorptionsites. Arsenic levels present in the leachates from FA and FDGcolumns were generally lower than control columns and roughlycorrelated with effluent turbidity. Combined treatments (FA +FDG) enhanced Mg and K leaching due to the added competition ofCa for cation exchange sites. Following leaching, the intactsoil cores were sectioned at 5 cm intervals and the pH and EC ofthe soil, as well as the vertical distribution of As and B, weredetermined. Levels of residual As were only slightly higher in the upper section of the FA-amended columns, showing little downward movement, but no clear trend in residual B was observed due to its greater mobility.     

基于pF meter基质势传感器的冻土水分迁移研究

基质势是指土壤毛管产生的毛管力和土粒表面的吸附力所引起的吸持水分的能力,基质势是冻土水分迁移研究中的关键参数之一。以往由于测试技术的限制,冻土基质势很难直接测定,制约了冻土水分迁移研究中许多机理性问题的准确回答。本研究通过室内试验的方法,利用新近推出的适用于负温冻结土环境的高精度基质势传感器、SWR水分探头和热敏电阻,直接测量土冻结过程中基质势、未冻水含量、温度和变形的动态变化。试验结果表明,青藏粉质黏土基质势随温度下降而减小,随温度上升而增加,温度达冻结温度时基质势约为-30 kPa。试验发现,土体基质势和土冻结过程中冻胀量变化密切相关,其引起了土冻结过程中的水分重分布,导致了11 cm深度处含水量较试验前增大约3%。不同深度处基质势差值可达400 kPa,冻土中基质势控制了土冻结过程中水分迁移的方向和迁移量,是土冻结过程中水分迁移的动力和源泉。试验结果表明,新型pF meter基质势传感器可以应用于冻土水分迁移研究,为揭示冻土水分的驱动力和水分迁移机理提供新技术和新手段。     

Evaluation of Biochar Effects on Nitrogen Retention and Leaching in Multi-Layered Soil Columns

Biochar can play a key role in nutrient cycling, potentially affecting nitrogen retention when applied to soils. In this project, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption properties of bamboo charcoal (BC) and the influence of BC on nitrogen retention at different soil depths using multi-layered soil columns. Results showed that BC could adsorb ammonium ion predominantly by cation exchange. Ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N) concentrations in the leachate of the soil columns showed significant differences at different depths after ammonium chloride application to the columns depending on whether BC had been added. Addition of 0.5% BC to the surface soil layer retarded the downward transport of NH₄ ⁺-N in the 70-day experiment, as indicated by measurements made during the first 7 days at 10 cm, and later, in the experimental period at 20 cm. In addition, application of BC reduced overall cumulative losses of NH₄ ⁺-N via leaching at 20 cm by 15.2%. Data appeared to suggest that BC could be used as a potential nutrient-retaining additive in order to increase the utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers. Nonetheless, the effect of BC addition on controlling soil nitrogen losses through leaching needs to be further assessed before large-scale applications to agricultural fields are implemented.     

免耕和秸秆覆盖对黑垆土磷素形态组分的影响

[目的]探究免耕及添加秸秆条件下黑垆土土壤磷组分特征及其与AM真菌侵染的关系,了解雨养农业区农业系统磷素利用效率。[方法]在陇东黄土高原黑垆土区域,测定传统耕作、传统耕作+秸秆覆盖、免耕和免耕+秸秆覆盖4种处理小麦—玉米—大豆轮作系统中玉米阶段土壤全磷、速效磷组分及AM真菌菌根侵染率。[结果]水土保持耕作处理实施9a后,免耕和秸秆覆盖处理下0—5cm土壤磷素含量显著提高,活性磷组分H2O—Pi,NaHCO3—Pi,NaOH—Pi分别比对照提高84.6%,85.2%和56.6%;活性无机磷(H2O—Pi,NaHCO3—Pi之和)和潜在活性磷(NaOH—Pi)分别占总无机磷的11.4%和4.5%,全磷含量与磷组分、速效磷与磷组分呈显著正相关,2个免耕处理菌根侵染率分别比对照增加20.8%和16.5%。[结论]免耕和秸秆覆盖显著提高了土壤磷含量,免耕对AM真菌菌根侵染率有积极影响。     

免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作农田土壤水分的影响

通过20012004年的田间试验研究了免耕秸秆覆盖旱作农田的土壤水分效应。结果表明,免耕秸秆覆盖对表层土壤水分含量影响较大,在作物播种期可以减少表层水分蒸发,显著增加表层土壤含水量,但随着生育进程的推进,秸秆覆盖的抑蒸效果逐渐减弱。免耕秸秆覆盖对各个时期0200 cm土壤剖面上水分总量的影响不大,但年际间变化较大。采用免耕秸秆覆盖可以提高小麦-豌豆轮作系统作物产量以及水分利用效率、促进农田生态系统的良性循环,持续提高土壤肥力。     

施磷肥对土壤中Ca2+吸持特征的影响

以辽宁省典型耕地土壤(棕壤和褐土)为研究对象,在研究土壤Ca2+释放和Ca2+等温吸持的基础上,系统研究不同pH条件下施磷肥对土壤Ca2+吸持特征的影响。结果表明:棕壤和褐土中Ca2+在2h左右为快速释放阶段,Ca2+的释放量为褐土>棕壤,而释放率为褐土<棕壤。褐土对Ca2+的吸持能力要大于棕壤;随电解质溶液pH值增加,磷肥的添加明显增加了Ca2+的沉淀量;当加磷肥量相同时,加入PO34-后Ca2+的沉淀量高于HPO24-;随加磷肥量增加,加入PO34-或HPO24-与Ca2+形成的沉淀量均增加。随着电解质溶液pH值的升高,土壤对Ca2+的吸持量增加,但与对照相比增加的倍数下降。pH值对土壤吸持Ca2+的影响为棕壤>褐土,添加HPO24->添加PO34-。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对盐碱土面蒸发及水盐分布的影响

基于室内模拟土面蒸发试验和土壤持水性能试验,设置5种不同含量枯草芽孢杆菌(0,1,3,5,7g/kg)处理,研究不同含量枯草芽孢杆菌对盐碱土面蒸发及水盐分布的影响。结果表明:(1)施加枯草芽孢杆菌后,土壤累积蒸发量、蒸发速率均显著降低,在蒸发开始后2天,枯草芽孢杆菌的保水性能显现,枯草芽孢杆菌含量为0,1,3,5,7g/kg的累积蒸发量和蒸发速率均小于0g/kg,在3g/kg时累积蒸发量和蒸发速率最小,蒸发后41天,处理为1,3,5,7g/kg累积蒸发量较0g/kg分别减少了16.63%,21.39%,11.26%,5.96%,且不同处理间差异极显著(P0.05)。(2)枯草芽孢杆菌同样影响Black和Rose蒸发模型,对于Black蒸发模型,随着枯草芽孢杆菌含量的增大,蒸发参数B呈现先减后增的趋势,与0g/kg相比较为显著(P0.05);对于Rose蒸发模型,随着枯草芽孢杆菌含量的增大,稳定蒸发参数C和水分扩散参数D均呈现先减少后增大的趋势,其中在含量为3g/kg时取得最小值,并且各处理差异性较为显著。(3)枯草芽孢杆菌能增加土壤的保水性能,在6cm深度处,施加量为1,3,5,7g/kg相比0g/kg的剖面含水量分别增加了28.24%,37.40%,20.00%,6.87%。(4)枯草芽孢杆菌的添加使土壤的含盐量显著减少,枯草芽孢杆菌施加量为1,3,5,7g/kg相比0g/kg的处理分别降低了32.26%,46.89%,26.34%,14.65%。(5)当枯草芽孢杆菌含量为3g/kg时,van Genuchten公式中土壤的滞留含水率θr、饱和含水率θs和与进气值有关的参数α最大,形状系数n最小,且各处理差异显著。综上,在盐碱土中施加3g/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌,可使盐碱土壤抑盐,提高土壤的持水性能。     

不同炭基改良剂提升紫色土蓄水保熵能力

通过连续2a田间试验,研究了5种改良剂(秸秆、有机肥、生物炭、炭基改良剂I和炭基改良剂Ⅱ)对紫色丘陵区坡耕地土壤水分库容、孔隙度和团聚体组成及稳定性的影响,分析了土壤水分特征参数与孔隙度和团聚体组成的关系,以期为紫色土区水土保持和土壤改良提供科学依据。结果表明,与不施改良剂(对照)相比,5种炭基改良剂都能提高土壤对降水的截存和保贮能力,显著提高了土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量、水分总库容、有效水库容及重力水库容,降低了土壤凋萎点含水量和无效水库容;不同改良剂提升作用大小为改良剂Ⅱ改良剂I生物炭有机肥秸秆对照。施用改良剂I、改良剂Ⅱ、生物炭和有机肥显著提高了土壤孔隙度,降低了土壤容重,秸秆的效果不显著。施用炭基改良剂降低了0.25mm的微团聚体含量,促进了小团聚体向大团聚体的转化,其中对粒径5mm的机械稳定性大团聚体提升幅度最大,比对照提高14.5%~60.7%;5种炭基改良剂都显著提高了团聚体的平均重量直径及稳定性指数,以炭基改良剂I、炭基改良剂Ⅱ和生物炭的作用效果最大。土壤总库容、重力水库容和有效水库容与总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度以及土壤大团聚体含量呈正相关,而与土壤非毛管孔隙度和小团聚体呈负相关,土壤蓄水保水能力与土壤团聚体组成和孔隙度密切相关。因此,施用炭基改良剂通过促进土壤团聚作用,提高大团聚体含量和土壤孔隙度,进而增大土壤持水量和土壤有效水库容,是改善紫色土结构和提高紫色土坡耕地保水蓄水能力的有效措施。     

Retention of Staphylococci and Total Coliforms During Wastewater Percolation Through Equatorial Soil in Central Africa: The Role of the Soil Column Near Soil Surface and that Closely Above Groundwater Table

Groundwater protection from pollutants depends mostly on retention potentials of soil above groundwater table. Soil separating soil surface from groundwater table is made up of several layers and can be divided into different columns along its vertical transect. Wastewater percolation tests were carried out through one soil column CA, in contact with soil surface and through another CB, closely above groundwater table. The aim of the study was to assess the importance of soil columns CA and CB, in total coliforms and staphylococci retention during wastewater infiltration or groundwater recharge, in equatorial soils in Central African region. The results showed that, the fraction of total coliforms retained through soil column CA varied with respect to wastewater loads applied on top of soil column, from 69.22% to 99.95%, relative to the total coliforms concentration deposited on top. The fraction of total coliforms retained through CB varied with respect to wastewater loads applied, from 96.98 to 99.89% relative to the total coliforms deposited on top. Through both soil columns, fractions of staphylococci retained was in the order of 99.99% relative to the total staphylococci concentration deposited on top. For the whole bacteriological analysis, the fractions of total coliforms retained seems to be greater through deeper soil column than that of upper soil column. The bacterial contaminants retained relative to their concentrations in wastewater poured on soil column surfaces, varied from 6.17 log units to 9.73 log units. An applied load of 100 ml seemed to lead to the bacterial pollutants transported through both soil columns studied. NH₄ ⁺ was retained by fractions varying from 97.37 to 98.74%. Concentrations of various contaminants found in groundwater would be a tiny part, relative to quantities deposited on soil surface. Bacterial retention potentials of soil column separating soil surface from groundwater table during wastewater percolation, varies along its transect. It would be due to numerous and variable physical, chemical and structural properties of soil layers and bacteria on the one hand, and to results of various interactions between soil layer particles and cell bacteria, on the other hand.     

土壤类型和容重对离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的影响

本研究以杨凌塿土和嫩江黑土为研究对象,分别设置了4个土壤容重处理(1.0、1.1、1.2、1.3 g/cm³),利用离心机法测定土壤失水过程,以压力膜仪法为标准,对比不同吸力下的含水量实测值和van Genuchten模型参数的差异。结果表明,随着土壤容重的增加,离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线准确度逐渐增加,获取黑土和塿土的van Genuchten模型参数α的准确度增幅分别为38.46% ~ 83.08% 和56.38% ~ 95.75%。离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的准确度在不同吸力段表现不同,近饱和段(0 ~ 10 kPa)离心机法测定值偏低,而高吸力段(10 ~ 1 500 kPa)测定值偏高,且高吸力段离心机法测定准确度较低,与压力膜仪法测定值具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。综上所述,为了提高离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的准确度,优先考虑应用于大容重和高有机质含量的土壤。     

不同剂量秸秆还田的保墒效果及其对玉米产量的影响

为了探讨在覆膜基础上不同剂量秸秆还田的保墒增产效果,在辽宁省朝阳市建平县的坡耕地上布设了田间小区试验;对未施入秸秆以及施入400,800,1200和1600kg/hm2共5种不同剂量处理秸秆还田的旱地农田土壤墒情及玉米产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,800kg/hm2处理的保墒效果优于其它各秸秆还田处理,400,800,1 200和1 600kg/hm2这4种不同剂量秸秆还田处理产量分别为5 069.20,5 781.46,5 462.25和5 407.46kg/hm2,较对照处理分别增产了18.62%,35.28%,27.81%和26.53%;800kg/hm2处理对玉米生长发育状况的影响优于其它剂量秸秆还田与未施入处理,差异均达极显著水平。     

长期施肥对旱地红壤团聚体磷素固持与释放能力的影响

在中国科学院红壤生态试验站26年的旱地红壤长期肥料定位试验中,选取无机肥试验区的NPK、NK处理,有机无机肥配施试验区的对照(CK)、CK+稻秆(RS)、CK+花生秸秆还田(PS)、CK+绿肥(FR)及CK+猪厩肥(PM)等7个肥料处理土壤,采用湿筛法逐级提取并得到粒级依次为2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.25 mm与0.25~0.053 mm的团聚体土壤样品;通过室内分析获得了土壤及各粒级团聚体的全磷(TP)、有效磷(Available P)、水溶性磷(CaCl_2-P)、土壤磷素吸持指数(PSI)及土壤磷素饱和度(DPS)等指标值,并探讨了上述测定指标间的相关关系。结果表明:长期施用磷肥可有效保持旱地红壤的供磷水平,配施猪厩肥可显著增加旱地红壤及大小团聚体的TP、有效磷及CaCl_2-P含量、降低土壤PSI并显著增大旱地红壤DPS,加大了旱地红壤磷素的流失风险;随着土壤中1 mm粒级团聚体数量的增多,旱地红壤磷素储量显著增加,磷素固持能力显著下降,土壤磷释放潜能随之增大。由DPS、有效磷及CaCl_2-P的分段线性拟合方程可以推断得出,当旱地红壤中有效磷为168~260 mg kg~(-1)时或DPS28%,土壤磷素具有潜在流失风险;当有效磷≥260 mg kg~(-1)或DPS≥28%,土壤磷素具有极高的流失风险,应立即停止施用磷肥尤其是有机磷肥,并重新调整施肥方案,以避免土壤磷素流失及其对水体环境的污染。     

林草间作地土壤低吸力段持水性能的初步研究

以庄浪县5种林草间作模式为对象,在田间采用张力计法测定各模式地的低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,分析各模式地的土壤持水性能,比较不同模式地的比水容量,结果表明,各模式地土壤含水率随吸力变化较快;五种模式不同土层土壤持水力存在明显差异,表层土壤持水力较大,60cm土层土壤持水能力最差。仁用杏+红豆草模式地土壤持水能力和供水能力最强,是最为耐旱模式,油松+紫花苜蓿模式供水能力最差。     

微塑料对土壤持水性能的影响

为探究微塑料对土壤持水性能的影响,选用粒径为1 mm和25 μm的聚乙烯微塑料（PE—MPs）颗粒进行土培处理后,采用高速离心机法测得不同处理下的土壤水分特征曲线,并使用Gardner模型进行拟合分析。结果表明：（1）土壤中累积少量的PE—MPs （0~5.00 g/kg）能增强土壤持水性,但当累积量超过一定阈值（5.00~50.00 g/kg）会导致土壤持水能力显著降低。（2）1 mm大粒径PE—MPs大量积累对土壤持水性的降低效应更显著;25 μm小粒径PE—MPs少量积累对土壤持水性的提升效应更显著。（3）1 mm大粒径PE—MPs进入土壤后主要影响大孔隙与有效孔隙,对土壤有效含水率的影响较大;25 μm小粒径PE—MPs进入土壤后主要影响微小孔隙,对萎焉系数影响较大。该研究可为高农膜残留地区水分迁移模拟和农业生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

生物炭添加对皖南旱地土壤物理性质及水分特征的影响

为明确生物炭添加对皖南旱地典型土壤供水能力的影响,采用室内模拟实验,研究了3种生物炭(竹炭、稻炭和烟炭)及3种添加比例(2%,5%,10%)对皖南旱地土壤物理性质及水分特征的影响。结果显示:土壤容重随生物炭添加量的增加而减小,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、吸湿系数、凋萎湿度、饱和持水量及田间持水量随生物炭的添加而呈增加的趋势,竹炭2%、5%和10%添加处理及稻炭与烟炭5%和10%添加处理在降低土壤容重、增加孔隙度、吸湿系数、凋萎湿度、饱和持水量和田间持水量较对照有差异显著(P0.05)。随着生物炭添加量的增加,土壤有效水分范围进一步增大,速效水与中效水含量增加,提高了土壤对作物的供水能力;同时,生物炭在一定程度上减少了水分蒸发,提高了土壤的保水保湿能力。因此,合理施用生物炭对改善土壤供水能力有着重要作用,在我国南方红壤旱地中有很强的适用性。     

Relationship Between Soil Properties and Nitrogen Mineralization in Undisturbed Soil Cores from California Agroecosystems

Soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rates from different agricultural regions in California were determined and related to soil properties. Undisturbed soil cores were sampled in spring from 57 fields under annual crop rotations and incubated at 25℃ for 10 weeks. Soil properties varied across and within regions, most notably those related to soil organic matter (SOM), with total soil carbon ranging from 6 to 198 g kg^?1. Multivariate linear regression was used to select soil properties that best predicted N mineralization rates. Regression models with a good fit differed between soils with high and low SOM contents, but generally included a measure of SOM quantity, its quality as well as soil texture or mineralogy. Adjusted R² values were 0.95 and 0.60 for high and low SOM soils, respectively. This study has shown that information on soil properties can contribute to better estimates of N mineralization in soils of contrasting characteristics.