金边窗萤头部特征的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察金边窗萤(Pyrocoelia analis Fabricius)成虫和幼虫头部的形态特征。结果表明:金边窗萤成虫复眼发达,口器退化;幼虫有一对发达且左右对称的3节触角,其口器发达,具有1对锋利的、向内弯曲的镰刀状上颚,及1对下颚须、1对下唇须和1对内颚叶。     

五种寡毛实蝇幼虫的染色体组型鉴别研究

枯小实蝇 Dacus(Bactrocera) dorsalis,芒果实蝇 Dacus(Bactrocera) occipitalis,番石榴实蝇 Dacus(Bactrocera) correctus,南瓜实蝇 Dacus(Zeugodacus) tau,和瓜实蝇 Dacus(Zeugodacus) cucurbitae 等5种寡毛实蝇3龄幼虫的脑细胞染色体组型,其染色体数目为12者居多,可配染色体均分别为5对,另1对为性染色体。根据试验结果显示,5种实蝇3龄幼虫的染色体组型有不同。     

The origin of crustacean biramous appendages and the evolution of arthropoda

The evolution of biramous appendages in crustaceans is central to the debate on the origin of the arthropods. It is proposed that the biramous limb evolved through the basal fusion of adjacent pairs of ancestrally uniramous appendages. As a result, the existing system of homology, in which uniramous and biramous appendages are considered equivalent, may be invalid. Similarly, the homology of individual body segments between uniramians, such as insects and myriapods, and arthropod groups with biramous limbs is also called into question. Two uniramian segments, or a diplosegment, may be homologous to a single body segment in biramous groups.     

西藏箭蜓三新种描述(蜻蜓目:箭蜓科)

<正> 作者在中国科学院上海昆虫研究所研究箭蜒标本时,蒙该所昆虫标本馆刘祖尧同志给予协助和诸多方便,在此表示感谢!模式标本藏该所昆虫标本馆。细尾华箭蜒 Sinogomphus leptocercus Chao,新种(图1-5)     

The cellular and physiological mechanism of wing-body scaling in Manduca sexta

In animals, appendages develop in proportion to overall body size; when individual size varies, appendages covary proportionally. In insects with complete metamorphosis, adult appendages develop from precursor tissues called imaginal disks that grow after somatic growth has ceased. It is unclear, however, how the growth of these appendages is matched to the already established body size. We studied the pattern of cell division in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta and found that both the rate of cell division and the duration of growth of the wing imaginal disks depend on the size of the body in which they develop. Moreover, we found that both of these processes are controlled by the level and duration of secretion of the steroid hormone ecdysone. Thus, proportional growth is under hormonal control and indirectly regulated by the central nervous system.     

烟青虫老熟幼虫气门特征观察

[目的]观察烟青虫老熟幼虫气门特征。[方法]通过扫描电子显微镜对烟青虫5龄老熟幼虫气门形态结构进行观察。[结果]烟青虫的气门类型属于内闭式气门,腹部第8节的1对气门明显较大。气门腔口呈新月形或椭圆形,气门腔口周围具有围气门片。气门筛二唇形,中部略下陷,中央边缘部分的分枝明显较长。唇瓣外缘的过滤结构呈丛生状。气门筛外面观簇生,刺猬状,分枝发达,内面观呈规则平行排列的篱笆状,顶端分枝密生,下部渐少,基部也有单生的过滤结构,分枝不及外面观发达。[结论]该研究为烟青虫及其近缘种的分类鉴定和研制与害虫呼吸系统有关的新型农药制剂提供了理论依据。     

脉红螺早期发育的观察

在实验室条件下对脉红螺Rapana venosa早期个体发生及其发育过程进行了研究.结果表明：脉红螺的发育属间接发生型,其胚胎发育包括卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、膜内担轮幼虫和膜内面盘幼虫;幼虫发育包括面盘幼虫、后期面盘幼虫和匍匐幼虫,匍匐幼虫经变态后发育为稚螺;在水温为21 ～22℃的条件下,受精卵需18 ～20 d发育至膜内面盘幼虫,经20～ 26 d后,面盘幼虫逐渐破膜而出;脉红螺面盘幼虫具有1对眼点和1对平衡囊,面盘呈双叶状,后期面盘幼虫的面盘中部开始凹陷,并逐步加深成4叶,呈蝶状,足发达,幼虫既能浮游又能爬行,随着进一步的生长发育,逐渐转入匍匐生活,成为稚螺.     

亚洲玉米螟颗粒体病毒利用研究

从亚洲玉米螟幼虫体内分离出一株“OFGV—01”病毒,该病毒颗粒体卵圆形,大小为295～356nm×250～305nm,平均为325.5nm×277.5nm。病毒粒子杆状,两端钝不弯曲或稍弯曲,大小为200～256nm×185～196nm,平均为228nm×190.5nm。该病毒对亚洲玉米螟幼虫致病力较强,在温度24～26℃,相对湿度73%～78%条件下,对3日龄、6日龄幼虫感病4～6天死亡率分别达100%和98.3%,9日龄、10日龄幼虫第8～9天死亡率分别为85.5%和83.5%。利用该病毒于山西省太谷县、祁县、榆次市田间防治亚洲玉米螟幼虫,防治效果一般为80%～85%.高的可达90%。该病毒对天敌无杀伤作用,对小白鼠(昆明种)、大白鼠(Wismr 种)、家免和豚鼠无致病性。     

棉铃虫CYP4家族基因片段克隆及序列分析

以5龄实验室品系棉铃虫的总RNA为模板,采用一对昆虫细胞色素P450简并引物,利用反转录—多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增并筛选出10个新的长度约450bp的cDNA片段,并对这些序列与GeneBank中已知序列进行相似性分析,初步推测这10个P450基因片段属于CYP4家族的CYP4M和CYP4S2个亚家族。     

Paleontology. Feathers, or flight of fancy?

On page 2202, researchers describe the 220-million-year-old Longisquama insignis, a squat, mouse-sized reptile with at least six vanelike appendages up to 12 centimeters long sprouting from its spine. The authors argue that the appendages are feathers much like those of modern birds; outside the paper, they have touted the fossil as "an ideal bird ancestor." That conclusion has infuriated paleontologists--not just because it challenges the prevalent theory that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs, but because they say it does so in an unscientific way.     

福建省由稚虫养得的春蜓新属新种描述,附对近缘种的讨论(春蜓科,钩尾春蜓亚科)

本文建立东方春蜒属 Orientogomphus Chao 新属,以具突东方春蜒 O.armatus Chao et Xu,sp.nov.新种作为属模式种,对该种稚虫作了描述,并将春蜒科中长期以来分类位置有争议的三个种Onychogomphus circularis Selys(1894)〔=Heterogomphus naninus Foerster(1905),新异名〕,Onychogomphus earnshawi Fraser(1924)和 Onychogomphus aemulus Lieftinck(1937)移入本属。     

Nonavian feathers in a late Triassic archosaur

Longisquama insignis was an unusual archosaur from the Late Triassic of central Asia. Along its dorsal axis Longisquama bore a series of paired integumentary appendages that resembled avian feathers in many details, especially in the anatomy of the basal region. The latter is sufficiently similar to the calamus of modern feathers that each probably represents the culmination of virtually identical morphogenetic processes. The exact relationship of Longisquama to birds is uncertain. Nevertheless, we interpret Longisquama's elongate integumentary appendages as nonavian feathers and suggest that they are probably homologous with avian feathers. If so, they antedate the feathers of Archaeopteryx, the first known bird from the Late Jurassic.     

桉蝙蛾幼虫触角及胸腹体表感器形态及分布特征

  目的  基于感器形态、类型、数量、分布特征,探究桉蝙蛾幼虫触角及体表感器与其蛀道生活的适应性。  方法  利用扫描电镜观察桉蝙蛾4龄幼虫触角、胸部及腹部体表感器的形态特征并分类,结合测量、统计分析和等比例绘图,分析感器数量和分布特征。  结果  桉蝙蛾幼虫触角感器主要分布在鞭节末端,共有8对感器,分别是3对刺形感器、4对锥形感器和1对栓锥形感器,推测其感器类型能满足幼虫感受化学及机械刺激的需求。胸腹部体表的感器类型是Bohm’s鬃毛及刺形感器;其中刺形感器分3个亚型,基部至中部均为螺旋状;刺形感器Ⅱ型最独特,外壁具有刺状突起,推测其在幼虫的机械伸缩及防御上起作用。  结论  桉蝙蛾幼虫触角及体表感器类型与其蛀道生活相适应,该结果为桉蝙蛾幼虫寄主选择与适应研究提供基础。      

CRH、UⅠ和UⅡ基因在斑马鱼发育早期的表达谱

促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(Corticotropin-releasing hormone,CRH)、尾加压素Ⅰ(UrotensinⅠ,UⅠ)和尾加压素Ⅱ(UrotensinⅡ,UⅡ)广泛存在于脊椎动物中。在鱼类中,它们在渗透压调节、繁殖、营养代谢以及应激反应中发挥着重要作用。本研究中,通过收集0、1.5、3.7、5.3、8、10、16、24、48、72、96、120和144 hpf(hours post-fertilization)的斑马鱼早期发育样品,运用荧光定量PCR技术进行检测发现CRH、UⅠ、UⅡα和UⅡβmRNA从0 hpf开始存在表达,而且CRH、UⅠ、UⅡα和UⅡβ的表达量随发育而逐渐增加,并分别在120 hpf或144 hpf达到最高水平。相关性分析揭示在斑马鱼早期发育过程中,CRH、UⅠ、UⅡα和UⅡβmRNA的表达水平两两之间呈现极显著正相关,这表明CRH、UⅠ、UⅡα和UⅡβ在斑马鱼早期发育过程中关系紧密并且相互合作发挥作用。     

多丝量家蚕品种9601×92的育成及推广

[目的]研究多丝量家蚕品种9601×92的选育及其性状表现。[方法]在家蚕中导入野桑蚕的基因,育成了一对春用品种"9601×92",对其主要经济性状和推广情况进行研究。[结果]与对照种菁松×皓月相比,该品种万头收茧量提高7.49%;万头茧层量提高10.72%;万头产丝量提高8.50%;50 kg桑产茧增加4.18%;5龄蚕50 kg桑产丝量提高4.81%。经多点试养,该品种主要经济性状稳定,丝质优良,尤其是净度好,生产试养中其张种比菁松×皓月增产4.8 kg,茧层率提高1个百分点,张种增值80多元。[结论]该品种具有高产、优质、体健、好养、易繁的特点,综合经济性状优良,适应性强,可在山东省及北方蚕区等适宜地区饲养,是一对春、秋兼用的优质高产家蚕新品种。     

柞蚕青六号品种幼虫腹足趾钩的研究

记述了柞蚕六号品种幼虫腹足趾钩的形态特征和排列方式,对各龄、各对腹足胤钩的数量和长度进行统计分析,发现中国柞蚕与由中国引进的日本柞蚕幼虫腹足趾钩的排列、长度及数量存在着明显的差异,为从形态学方面探讨中国柞蚕地理种分化提供重要线索。     

齐氏田中鳑鲏的早期发育研究

通过对齐氏田中鳑鲏(Tanakia chii)人工授精和培育(22℃恒温环境)阶段早期发育的观察,描述了其仔稚鱼发育形态特征。初孵仔鱼卵黄囊饱满,呈淡黄色,表皮布满微突;3日龄仔鱼卵黄囊两侧向上突起,尾部鳍褶延展变大;6日龄仔鱼眼囊发育;8日龄仔鱼眼囊有黑色素,晶状体形成;11日龄仔鱼口形成,脑开始发育,体上有黑色素出现;15日龄仔鱼鳃沟和肛门形成,背鳍和臀鳍的鳍基出现,尾鳍下叶鳍条形成;21日龄仔鱼头与躯干分界明显,鳔分化为前鳔和后鳔,背部和臀部鳍条数目分别为8和10枚,身体黑色素连接成条带状,虽然残存有卵黄囊,但已经开口并摄食。31-36日龄仔鱼胸鳍呈膜状鳍褶,腹鳍出现鳍条,尾鳍呈深叉形。61-66日龄稚鱼,鳞片出现,体中线后半部具一条黑色素带,稚鱼出现集群游动现象。仔鱼体长的生长呈阶段性:1-26日龄仔鱼生长较为平缓;26-81日龄生长较快。综合21日龄仔鱼卵黄囊残留很少并开口摄食的特征,我们推测在孵化后21日为自然条件下齐氏田中鳑鲏的出蚌时间。同时,仔鱼的感觉、摄食、呼吸和游泳器官在早期阶段快速发育。这些器官在仔鱼的早期快速发育,使出蚌后的仔鱼在最短的时间内获得与早期生存相关的各种能力,提高了出蚌后仔鱼的生存能力。     

Methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes mediate interactions among insect herbivores

Beetles secrete an array of chemicals generally believed to mitigate attack by predators. Methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes secreted by larvae of the willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora, deter feeding by conspecific adults. Furthermore, the secretion elicits a strong repugnancy response in larvae of another willow herbivore, Nymphalis antiopa. Leaves bearing beetle larvae are less likely than leaves not bearing beetles to be frequented and consumed by Nymphalis larvae. Predator defense may not be the sole function of glandular secretions produced by herbivorous insects; secretions may also mediate interactions among herbivores that use a common resource.     

肠炎沙门氏菌特异性诊断方法的建立

用传统的分离鉴定方法从临床采集的12例不同蛋鸡样本中分离到1株肠炎沙门氏菌。为避免传统鉴定技术中可能出现的假阳性等问题,依据SEF 14菌毛是肠炎沙门氏菌的特异性粘附素这一特性,设计编码该粘附素基因中相对保守片段的1对引物,对上述可疑菌株进行PCR扩增,以含有编码SEF 14菌毛操纵子全基因的质粒DNA、标准株SD-2染色体DNA作为阳性对照,鸡白痢国内分离株SP染色体DNA作为阴性对照。PCR扩增结果显示分离株出现1条与预期大小498 bp一致的特异性扩增条带,阳性对照也出现相同大小的条带,而阴性对照则未出现。结合传统的细菌学分离鉴定和特定的分子生物学鉴定,将此可疑分离株确定为肠炎沙门氏菌。该方法可快速、准确、敏感地检测肠炎沙门氏菌。     

Head segmentation in early cambrian fuxianhuia: implications for arthropod evolution

The arthropod Fuxianhuia from the Chengjiang fauna displays primitive aspects of cephalic segmentation and trunk limb morphology that indicate a basal position within Euarthropoda. The cephalon consists of an eye-bearing sclerite that articulates with a head shield bearing antennules and subchelate appendages. Eye stalks, antennules, and subchelate appendages are proto-, deuto-, and tritocerebral limbs and organs, respectovely. The anterior position of the eye-bearing sclerite parallels the embryonic origin of arthropod eye lobes. The head of Fuxianhuia includes the acron and one somite and is regarded as a protocephalon. The definitive head of arthropods may have fused separate eye-bearing and appendage-bearing sclerites.