氮肥用量对太湖水稻田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

Ammonia volatilization losses, nitrogen utilization efficiency, and rice yields in response to urea application to a rice field were investigated in Wangzhuang Town, Changshu City, Jiangsu Province, China. The N fertilizer treatments, applied in triplicate, were 0 （control）, 100, 200, 300, or 350 kg N ha^-1. After urea was applied to the surface water, a continuous airflow enclosure method was used to measure ammonia volatilization in the paddy field. Total N losses through ammonia volatilization generally increased with the N application rate, and the two higher N application rates （300 and 350 kg N ha^-1） showed a higher ratio of N lost through ammonia volatilization to applied N. Total ammonia loss by ammonia volatilization during the entire rice growth stage ranged from 9.0% to 16.7% of the applied N. Increasing the application rate generally decreased the ratio of N in the seed to N in the plant. For all N treatments, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency ranged from 30.9% to 45.9%. Surplus N with the highest N rate resulted in lodging of rice plants, a decreased rate of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, and reduced rice yields. Calculated from this experiment, the most economical N fertilizer application rate was 227 kg ha^-1 for the type of paddy soil in the Taihu Lake region. However, recommending an appropriate N fertilizer application rate such that the plant growth is enhanced and ammonia loss is reduced could improve the N utilization efficiency of rice.     

人类活动对太湖地区地表水水质的影响

Taihu Lake region is one of the most industrialized areas in China, and the surface water is progressively susceptible to anthropogenic pollution. The physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at 20 sampling sites in Taihu Lake region, China in spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons of 2005-2006 to assess the effect of human activities on the surface water quality. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied water bodies. PCA extracted the first three principal components (PCs), explaining 80.84% of the total variance of the raw data. Especially, PC1 (38.91%) was associated with NH₄-N, total N, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total P. PC2 (22.70%) was characterized by NO₃-N and temperature. PC3 (19.23%) was mainly associated with pH and dissolved organic carbon. CA showed that streams were influenced by urban residential subsistence and livestock farming contributed significantly to PC1 throughout the year. The streams influenced by farmland runoff contributed most to PC2 in spring and winter compared with other streams. PC3 was affected mainly by aquiculture in spring, rural residential subsistence in summer, and livestock farming in fall and winter seasons. Further analyses showed that farmlands contributed significantly to nitrogen pollution of Taihu Lake, while urban residential subsistence and livestock farming also polluted water quality of Taihu Lake in rainy season. The results would be helpful for the authorities to take sound actions for an effective management of water quality in Taihu Lake region.     

太湖地区水稻最适宜施氮量研究

To determine the optimal amount of nitrogen(N) fertilizer for achieving a sustainable rice production at the Taihu Lake region of China,two-year on-farm field experiments were performed at four sites using various N application rates.The results showed that 22%-30% of the applied N was recovered in crop and 7%-31% in soils at the rates of 100-350 kg N ha 1.Nitrogen losses increased with N application rates,from 44% of the applied fertilizer N at the rate of 100 kg N ha 1 to 69% of the N applied at 350 kg N ha 1.Ammonia volatilization and apparent denitrification were the main pathways of N losses.The N application rate of 300 kg N ha 1,which is commonly used by local farmers in the study region,was found to lead to a significant reduction in economic and environmental efficiency.Considering the cost for mitigating environmental pollution and the maximum net economic income,an application rate of 100-150 kg N ha 1 would be recommended.This recommended N application rate could greatly reduce N loss from 199 kg N ha 1 occurring at the N application rate of 300 kg N ha 1 to 80-110 kg N ha 1,with the rice grain yield still reaching 7 300-8 300 kg DW ha 1 in the meantime.     

太湖地区稻麦轮作下氮素径流和淋洗损失

Although nitrogen （N） loss through runoff and leaching from croplands is suspected to contribute to the deterioration of surrounding water systems, there is no conclusive evidence for paddy soils to prove this hypothesis. In this study, field plot experiments were conducted to investigate N losses through runoff and leaching for two consecutive years with 3 N fertilization rates in rice （Oryza sativa L.）-wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） rotations in the Taihu Lake region, China. A water collection system was designed to collect runoff and leachates for both the rice and wheat seasons. Results showed that dissolved N （DN）, rather than particulate N （PN）, was the main form of N loss by runoff. The NO3^--N concentration in runoff was between 0.1 and 43.7 mg L^-1, whereas the NH4^＋-N concentration ranged from below detection limit to 8.5 mg L^-1. Total N （TN） loads by runoff were 1.0-17.9 and 5.2-38.6 kg ha^-1 during rice and wheat seasons, respectively, and the main loss occurred at the early growing stage of the crops. Nitrogen concentrations in leachates during the rice seasons were below 1.0 mg L^-1 and independent of the N application rate, whereas those during the wheat season increased to 8.2 mg L^-1 and were affected by the fertilizer rate. Annual losses of TN through runoff and leaching were 13.7-48.1 kg ha^-1 from the rice-wheat cropping system, accounting for 5.6%-8.3% of the total applied N. It was concluded that reduction in the N fertilization rate, especially when the crop was small in biomass, could lower the N pollution potential for water systems.     

基施磷肥对石灰性土壤上番茄产量的影响

A lysimeter experiment with undisturbed soil profiles was carried out to study nitrogen cycling and losses in a paddy soll with applications of coated urea and urea under a rice-wheat rotation system in the Taihu Lake region from 2001 to 2003. Treatments for rice and wheat included urea at conventional, 300 （rice） and 250 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and reduced levels, 150 （rice） and 125 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, coated urea at two levels, 100 （rice） and 75 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and 150 （rice） and 125 （wheat） kg N ha^-1, and a control with no nitrogen arranged in a completely randomized design. The results under two rice-wheat rotations showed that N losses through both NH3 volatilization and runoff in the coated urea treatments were much lower than those in the urea treatments. In the urea treatments N runoff losses were significantly （P 〈 0.001） positively correlated （r = 0.851） with applied N. N concentration in surface water increased rapidly to maximum two days after urea application and then decreased quickly. However, if there was no heavy rain within five days of fertilizer application, the likelihood of N loss by runoff was not high. As the treatments showed little difference in N loss via percolation, nitrate N in the groundwater of the paddy fields was not directly related to N leaching. The total yield of the two rice-wheat rotations in the treatment of coated urea at 50% conventional level was higher than that in the treatment of urea at the conventional level. Thus, coated urea was more favorable to rice production and environmental protection than urea.     

太湖湖积物及黄海潮间海积物中氮的反硝化及硝态氮还原成铵的研究

Denitrification and nitrate reduction to ammonium in Taihu Lake and Yellow Sea inter-tidal marine sediments were studied.The sediment samples were made slurry containing 150g dry matter per liter.Various of glucose-C to nitrate-N.Acetylene inhibition technique was applied to measure denitrification in the slurres,All samples were incubated anaerobically under argon atmosphere,Data showed that Taihu Lake sediment produced more N2O than marine sediment,Denitrification potential was higher in Taihu Lake sediment than in marine one,Glucose added increase denitrification activity but not the denitrification potential of the sediments.Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium seemed to occur in marine sediment,but not in freshwater one.When the marine sediment was treated with 25mmol L^-1 glucose,its denitrification potentail,as indicated by maximum N2O production by acetylene blockage,was lower than that treated with no or 2.5mmol L^-1 glucose.Acetylene was suspected to have inhibitory effect on dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium.     

中国太湖地区稻麦轮作农田硝态氮动态与氮素平衡

Nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3--N) dynamics and nitrogen (N) budgets in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations in the Taihu Lake region of China were studied to compare the effects of N fertilizer management over a two-year period. The experiment included four N rates for rice and wheat, respectively: N1 (125 and 94 kg N ha-1 ), N2 (225 and 169 kg N ha-1 ), N3 (325 and 244 kg N ha-1 ), and N0 (0 kg N ha-1 ). The results showed that an overlying water layer during the rice growing seasons contributed to moderate concentrations of NO 3--N in sampled waters and the concentrations of NO 3--N only showed a rising trend during the field drying stage. The NO 3--N concentrations in leachates during the wheat seasons were much higher than those during the rice seasons, particularly in the wheat seedling stage. In the wheat seedling stage, the NO 3--N concentrations of leachates were significantly higher in N treatments than in N0 treatment and increased with increasing N rates. As the NO 3--N content (below 2 mg N L-1 ) at a depth of 80 cm during the rice-wheat rotations did not respond to the applied N rates, the high levels of NO 3--N in the groundwater of paddy fields might not be directly related to NO 3--N leaching. Crop growth trends were closely related to variations of NO 3--N in leachates. A reduction in N application rate, especially in the earlier stages of crop growth, and synchronization of the peak of N uptake by the crop with N fertilizer application are key measures to reduce N loss. Above-ground biomass for rice and wheat increased significantly with increasing N rate, but there was no significant difference between N2 and N3. Increasing N rates to the levels greater than N2 not only decreased N use efficiency, but also significantly increased N loss. After two cycles of rice-wheat rotations, the apparent N losses of N1, N2 and N3 amounted to 234, 366 and 579 kg N ha-1 , respectively. With an increase of N rate from N0 to N3, the percentage of N uptake in total N inputs decreased from 63.9% to 46.9%. The apparent N losses during the rice seasons were higher than those during the wheat seasons and were related to precipitation; therefore, the application of fertilizer should take into account climate conditions and avoid application before heavy rainfall.     

施用氮钾肥对设施蔬菜产量和品质影响的研究

The application of large amounts of fertilizers, a conventional practice in northern China for the production of vegetable crops, generally leads to substantial accumulation of soil nutrients within a relatively short period of time. A fixed field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） fertilizers applied to optimize the yield and quality of typical vegetable crops. Application of N and K fertilizers significantly increased the yields of kidney bean. The largest yields were obtained in the first and second years after application of 1 500 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha^-1. In the third year, however, there was a general decline in yields. Maximum yields occurred when intermediate rates of N and K （750 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha 1） were applied. However, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of vitamin C （VC） in kidney bean among different years and various rates of fertilizer treatments. Yields of tomato grown in rotation after kidney bean showed significant responses to the application of N and K in the first year. In the second year, the yields of tomato were much lower. This suggested that the application of N fertilizer did not have any effect upon tomato yield, whereas application of K fertilizer did increase the yield. Application of K fertilizer was often associated with increased sugar concentrations.     

华北平原水浇玉米-小麦轮作农田氨挥发与反硝化损失

Ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitriflcation loss, and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission were investigated from an irrigated wheat-maize rotation field on the North China Plain, and the magnitude of gaseous N loss from denitrification and NH3 volatilization was assessed. The micrometeorological gradient diffusion method in conjunction with a Bowen Ratio system was utilized to measure actual NH3 fluxes over a large area, while the acetylene inhibition technique (intact soil cores) was employed for measurement of denitrification losses and N2O emissions. Ammonia volatilization loss was 26.62% of the applied fertilizer nitrogen (N) under maize, while 0.90% and 15.55% were lost from the wheat field at sowing and topdressing, respectively. The differences in NH3 volatilization between different measurement events may be due to differences between the fertilization methods, and to differences in climatic conditions such as soil temperature. Denitrification losses in the fertilized plots were 0.67%-2.87% and 0.31%-0.49% of the applied fertilizer N under maize and wheat after subtracting those of the controls, respectively. Nitrous oxide emissions in the fertilized plots were approximately 0.08%-0.41% and 0.26%-0.34% of the applied fertilizer N over the maize and wheat seasons after subtracting those of the controls, correspondingly. The fertilizer N losses due to NH3 volatilization were markedly higher than those through denitriflcation and nitrous oxide emissions. These results indicated that NH3 volatilization was an important N transformation in the crop-soil system and was likely to be the major cause of low efficiencies with N fertilizer in the study area. Denitriflcation was not a very important pathway of N fertilizer loss, but did result in important evolution of the greenhouse gas N2O and the effect of N2O emitted from agricultural fields on environment should not be overlooked.     

Evaluation of Methods for Control of Ammonia Volatilization from Surface-Applied Nitrogen Fertilizers to Sugarcane Trash in North Queensland

Micrometeorological and microplot experiments were conducted in the field of freshly harvested green cane in Queensland,Australia.Results showed that high ammonia loss of fertilizer N could occur under relatively dry conditions when urea or commercial product of mixture of urea and muriate of potash were applied to the surface of sugarcane trash.The moisture content in the trash and the pH of fertilizer were two important factors controlling the processes of urea hydrolysis and ammonia volatilization.Most of the N in the soil was transformed to the nitratel-nitrite from after 70 days of fertilizer application.No significant leaching was found.Urea-free N fertilizers had higher N recoveries compared to urea-containing fertilizers.     

苏州地区水体氮污染状况

报告了地处太湖流域中心地带的苏州地区水体氮污染研究结果。对苏州吴县境内主要河流、湖泊和农村浅层地下水氮污染现状进行了评估。根据不同水体 ,不同形态无机氮的浓度及PO3-4 的浓度 ,对河水 ,湖水和井水中氮的来源进行了初步讨论 ,比较了河湖水体氮污染的季节性变化 ,提出了减缓这一地区水体氮污染的对策。     

太湖地区种植结构及农田氮磷流失负荷变化

太湖地区是我国农业最发达区域,近年来随着经济利益的驱动,太湖地区稻田改为果园、菜地、茶园现象突出,该地区种植结构的变化趋势和分布特征以及种植结构改变前后的氮(N)、磷(P)肥投入量、径流流失负荷量尚缺乏研究。本研究基于农业统计年鉴和文献调研数据,通过2002—2017年太湖地区主要城市(常州、无锡、苏州、湖州)果菜茶和水稻种植面积、N和P养分投入量、农田N和P流失负荷研究分析,为该地区农业面源污染防治和治理提供科学依据。得出如下结论:2002—2017年太湖地区果菜茶种植面积显著增加,尤其是果园(增加2.852×104hm2)和茶园(增加1.892×104hm2),而稻田种植面积下降显著(下降1.985×105hm2);2002—2010年间种植结构变化速率远高于2010—2017年,且果菜茶种植面积增加主要集中在武进、南浔、宜兴、苏州市区、长兴等临湖地区。2002—2017年太湖地区N、P肥投入量分别降低25.26%和9.59%, N流失量显著下降34.66%, P流失量仅下降1.84%。现今太湖地区稻田、果园、菜园和茶园的N流失负荷分别为10 200t、670 t和10 100 t、250 t, P流失负荷估算量分别为290 t、400 t、3 000 t和50 t。随着种植结构的改变,太湖地区稻田种植体系已不是农田N、P流失的最大来源,果菜茶来源的N、P流失总和已排在第一位,成为了目前农田N、P流失的优先控制对象。建议下一阶段太湖地区农业面源污染防治应侧重于优化果菜茶与水稻种植结构,同时强化P污染防治技术研究,最终实现太湖地区种植业的清洁可持续发展。     

太湖地区水稻追肥的氨挥发损失和氮素平衡

采用密闭室通气法和¹⁵N 微区试验, 对太湖地区水稻不同生育期追施氮肥的氨挥发损失、水稻对氮肥的吸收利用和土壤氮素残留情况进行了研究。结果表明, 氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后1 周内, 峰值出现在施肥后1~2 d, 氨挥发速率变化与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律一致, 分蘖肥和穗肥氨挥发损失率分别为16.7%和6.3%; 水稻分蘖肥的作物氮素利用率低于穗肥, 分别为36.7%和49.6%, 主要原因是穗肥的氨挥发损失较少,并且更易于向籽粒转移; 2 次追施氮肥的表观损失率分别为52.8%和40.7%; 在土壤中残留肥料氮为10.6%, 大都集中在0~20 cm 土壤中, 耕层以下较少。本结果表明, 在水稻孕穗时期施氮肥有利于提高氮肥利用效率、减少氮肥损失, 主要体现在穗肥拥有较低的氨挥发损失率和较高的籽粒利用率。     

太湖地区农田水环境中氮和磷时空变异的研究

试验研究了太湖地区农田水环境中N和P的动态变化结果表明:太湖地区农田水环境均受到不同程度的N、P污染,且3~7月间呈加重趋势;目前地表水特别是太湖水中N、P含量已远远超过富营养化的极限值,富营养化程度十分严重;地下水中总P和NO3--N含量变化明显,NH4 -N已劣于V类地下水质量标准,基本不适合饮用;浅层地下水中的NH4 -N含量与土壤黏粒含量呈负相关关系,深层地下水(井水)中NO3--N含量与pH值呈正相关关系。该研究可为太湖地区水环境保护和农业面源污染治理提供参考依据。     

水肥综合管理对减少滇池北岸韭菜地氮磷流失的研究

农田氮、磷随地表径流向水体迁移,不仅造成化肥利用率降低,农业生产成本上升,还对水环境造成污染,引起水体富营养化。针对滇池流域规模化韭菜生产施肥量大,农业面源污染严重等问题,采用田间试验,结合自然降雨与人工模拟降雨,研究了不同施肥及田间沟渠利用方式下农田氮、磷的流失风险。结果表明,相对于化肥表施,合理的有机-无机肥料配合施用以及化肥深施,可分别降低地表径流中总氮和总磷平均浓度53％和39％。施肥后1周为氮、磷流失的高风险期,随后其风险随时间延长而降低;通过小区问沟渠的改造,提高排水溢流口高度,控制径流在沟渠内滞留时间以及采用农田养分循环利用的回灌技术,可减少农田向环境水体输出总径流量的76％以上,并同时提高了肥料利用率。     

不同施肥模式对太湖流域农田土体氮磷流失与营养累积的影响

[目的]研究不同施肥模式对太湖流域农田蔬菜产量及土体氮磷流失与营养累积的影响,为太湖流域农业面源污染防治和治理提供科学依据。[方法]以太湖流域农田土体蔬菜地为研究对象,采用田间径流池法进行不同施肥模式的田间小区试验。[结果]与常规施肥相比,优化施肥可减少地表径流氮磷流失量;有机肥的施用能有效抑制地表径流氮流失;与对照地相比,其他几种施肥处理均可使蔬菜植株氮、磷、钾素累积量增加。[结论]优化施肥可使研究区蔬菜产量提高31%,可使作物肥料利用率提高27%。     

太湖地区不同轮作模式下的稻田氮素平衡研究

采用田间微区15N示踪,研究了太湖地区稻田不同轮作模式(紫云英-水稻轮作、休闲-水稻轮作、小麦-水稻轮作)和施氮水平(0、120 kg·hm?2、240 kg·hm?2、300 kg·hm?2)下水稻对氮肥的吸收利用效率及土壤氮素残留特征。结果表明,水稻吸收的氮素来自肥料的比例为20.9%~49.6%,休闲-水稻轮作模式下水稻产量的获得更加依赖无机氮肥的大量投入。当季水稻对肥料氮的利用率为25.0%~41.5%,肥料氮的土壤残留率为13.4%~24.6%,其中90%以上的土壤残留肥料氮集中在0~20 cm土层,在土壤剖面中的残留率随土层深度增加而迅速降低,30~40 cm土层的肥料残留量仅占氮肥施用量的0.2%~0.7%。紫云英?水稻轮作和休闲?水稻轮作模式下氮肥利用率和土壤残留率均在施氮240 kg·hm?2时达到最大值,其氮肥利用率显著高于小麦?水稻轮作55.6%和66.0%。稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,小麦-水稻轮作模式下的氮肥利用率、土壤残留率以及总回收率显著最低,损失率显著最大;紫云英?水稻轮作模式下的氮肥损失率最小,分别小于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦-水稻轮作13.9%、39.2%。不同轮作模式下,水稻籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加,稻季施氮240 kg·hm?2时,紫云英?水稻轮作下水稻籽粒产量显著高于休闲?水稻轮作和小麦?水稻轮作,小麦?水稻轮作籽粒产量虽略高于休闲?水稻轮作,但没有达到显著水平。本研究认为,选择紫云英还田配施氮肥240 kg·hm?2,既可以保证水稻氮肥利用率而获得高产,又能减少氮肥损失而带来的环境风险,是一种值得在当地大力推广的耕作制度。     

太湖地区水稻季氮肥的作物回收和损失研究

在太湖地区水稻土上,采用田间微区15N示踪试验研究了不同氮磷肥配合下水稻季氮肥去向以及残留肥料氮在麦季的吸收利用。结果表明,水稻当季作物对肥料氮的回收率为29%～39%,土壤残留肥料氮的后效很低,后季冬小麦仅利用土壤残留肥料氮的2.4%～5.2%。经过连续两个稻麦轮作,0—60cm土壤中残留肥料氮占施氮量的11%～13%,绝大多数在0—20 cm表层土中。水稻季施用的肥料氮向耕层以下移动很少,20—60 cm土层中累积肥料氮仅占施氮量的0.6%～1.1%,主要发生在小麦季及水稻泡田时期,肥料氮损失占施氮量的47～54%,氨挥发和硝化反硝化气态损失是主要途径。高氮和高磷处理没有增加作物产量和氮肥利用率,过量施氮或施磷无益于作物增产和氮肥吸收利用。