甘肃黄土高原区主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力

根据甘肃省黄土高原区城市雨洪资源的分布特征,选取主要城市兰州、定西、平凉、庆阳和天水为研究区,研究了各主要城市降水量特征变化规律,并对各主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力进行了分析计算。结果表明,兰州、定西、平凉、庆阳和天水雨洪资源的平均理论潜力分别为5.71×10⁷,8.61×10⁶,2.38×10⁷,7.62×10⁶和3.21×10⁷m³,平均可实现潜力分别为2.91×10⁷,4.65×10⁶,1.43×10⁷,4.87×10⁶和1.95×10⁷m³。计算结果说明,甘肃黄土高原区各主要城市雨洪资源利用潜力相对较大,具有很好的开发利用前景,并且可为黄土高原区城市雨洪资源高效利用和有效管理提供参考依据。     

生物质炭对土壤N2O消耗的影响及其微生物影响机理

生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N₂O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N₂O和N₂浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N₂O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g^-1）分别为6.80×10⁷（nirK）、5.59×10⁸（nirS）和1.22×10⁸（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1升至7.43×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×10⁷基因拷贝数·g^-1升至1.50×10⁸基因拷贝数·g^-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N₂O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N₂O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N₂/（N₂O+N₂）比值,促进N₂O彻底还原成N₂。生物质炭对于N₂O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。     

径流季节变化对清水河河道生态环境需水量的影响

[目的] 估算清水河河道生态环境需水量,为保证清水河发挥其正常生态功能以及流域内水资源的合理配置提供依据。[方法] 通过对清水河流域用水情况实地调查,在分析整理多年水文统计资料的基础上,考虑生态用水安全,根据清水河径流随降水时间的季节性变化特点以及流域多年水文变化特征,在空间上选取清水河干流的不同断面计算河道生态环境需水量。针对需要满足河流不同生态功能要求,分别采用Tennant法、面积定额法,90%保证率最枯月水量法等方法计算河道基础生态需水量、蒸发需水量、输沙需水量以及水体自净需水量。[结果] 清水河河道生态环境需水量包括基础生态需水量、蒸发需水量、输沙需水量及水体自净需水量,年需水总量上游段为6.29×10⁶ m³,中游段为6.57×10⁷ m³,下游段为1.65×10⁸ m³。[结论] 清水河河道生态环境需水量与泥沙含量和水质有直接关系。泥沙含量高是清水河河道生态环境需水量高的最主要因素。     

四川省“8·13”特大泥石流灾害成生机理与防治原则

2010年8月12日—14日强降雨过程导致"5.12"汶川地震的极重灾区映秀镇、龙池镇、清平乡集中暴发了大面积泥石流灾害,损失惨重。针对四川"8·13"泥石流三大典型泥石流沟所表现出来的共同特点,研究地震重灾区泥石流灾害成生机理,对泥石流灾害治理及灾害预警工作具有极其重要意义。首先研究了映秀镇、龙池镇、清平乡典型泥石流灾害的基本情况及其地质环境条件,泥石流的分布规律、成生规律和表现形式。(1)本次泥石流主要集中分布在发震断裂构造带附近,呈带状分布;(2)它们在地震之前就是泥石流沟;(3)沟内斜坡稳定性原本就差,加之在"5·12"地震作用下后,稳定性更差,且有更多的物源进入到沟中,在沟内形成大大小小的堵塞体,在降雨期对地表径流起‘堵沟蓄能—溃决消能’作用,在堵塞体溃决时,流水之挟砂、抽槽等作用大大增强而形成大规模、突发性泥石流。针对这类泥石流的特点及成生机理,最后提出了相应的泥石流的防治原则:一是治沟必须与治坡相结合;二是工程措施的兴建应与其功能的维护(维修)相结合;三是防灾工程与建设开发相结合;四是泥石流监测预警应同时布置在潜在的‘堵塞体’的上下游侧。     

氢氧化铁对土壤水浸液的澄清和NO2-测定的增敏作用

本文对浑浊的土壤水浸液必须使用的澄清剂进行了选择确定。对于澄清液在NO₂^--对氨基苯磺酸-α荼胺显色体系中所表现出来的增敏作用做出较全面的深入研究。ε值由4.60×10⁴提高到1.28×10⁵,应用于样品分析,SRD=1.34。     

中国陕西省施有机肥黄土NH4+固定的热力学性质

Some thermodynamic properties of NH₄⁺ fixation by loess soil in plowing and clay layers are discussed. The results indicate that the four ion adsorption equations commonly used can describe the properties of NH₄⁺ fixation in these soils under constant temperature. Among the four adsorption equations, the single-surface Langmuir equation is the best. When the concentration of NH₄Cl solution is 10^-1 mol below, the Freundlich equation can be used. The changes of apparent standard free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) illustrate that NH₄⁺ fixation in soil is an endothermic adsorption and spontaneous reaction, and the process can be enhanced by a higher temperature and clay content in soil. The "proper value of NH₄⁺ fixation by soil (K₁ × q_m) increased with increasing clay content and temperature. The heat of NH₄⁺ fixation in soil (Q_m) confirms the conclusions made in this paper.     

喀斯特流域水土流失对水库碳汇效应的影响

[目的] 研究喀斯特流域水土流失对水库碳汇的影响,为区域水土流失治理和科学评估喀斯特地区河流生态系统碳循环提供科学依据。[方法] 基于纳雍河2014—2018年水文数据和其下游平寨水库流域2017—2018年水化学监测数据,利用回归分析、相关分析、水化学分析方法,研究水土流失对水库碳汇的影响。[结果] ①2014—2018年,干流纳雍河流量1.15×10⁹～1.66×10⁹ m³/a,泥沙通量2.54×10⁵～1.23×10⁶ t/a。泥沙通量和流量在年际间无相关性,在月时间尺度上呈极显著正相关,短时强降雨是流域发生水土流失的主要原因之一,流域内春夏季水土流失剧烈,秋冬季减弱。②平寨水库Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为主要阴阳离子,来源于碳酸盐岩风化。SO₄^2-是第二大阴离子,参与水库30.30%～59.70%的碳酸盐岩风化,水库水化学类型秋冬季为HCO₃^--Ca型,春夏季主要为HCO₃^--SO₄^2--Ca型。③平寨水库水库二氧化碳分压具有时空异质性,表现为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,秋冬季为碳源,春夏季为碳汇。[结论] 平寨水库流域水土流失与水库碳汇效应具有相同的周期性季节变化,水土流失影响水库水化学组成,减弱水库碳汇效应。     

基于InVEST-PLUS模型的陕西省水源涵养量估算及预测

[目的] 为估算陕西省水源涵养量。[方法] 通过耦合InVEST模型和PLUS模型,计算陕西省2000—2020年水源涵养量,并预测未来2030年土地利用变化下的水源涵养量。[结果] 陕西省2000—2020年平均水源涵养量为132.25 mm,空间分布特征为水源涵养量由北向南逐渐增强。从植被类型来看,林地是陕西省水源涵养量的主体,年平均水源涵养量为199.55×10⁸ m³;从行政区来看,安康市水源涵养量最大(308.96 mm)。2030年陕西省水源涵养总量为285.16×10⁸ m³,相比2020年降低8.68×10⁸ m³。[结论] 陕西省未来2020—2030年水源涵养量呈略微下降趋势。     

南水北调中线水源地土壤侵蚀经济损失估算

在GIS的支持下,通过气象数据分析、实地调查、野外采样及室内分析、DEM计算、遥感解译等,构建了南水北调中线水源地丹江口水库库区流域地理信息数据库,并利用USLE估算了研究区的土壤侵蚀量。以1990年的价格为基准,利用市场价格法、机会成本法和影子工程法估算了水源区年均土壤侵蚀带来的经济损失。结果表明,水源区的年均土壤侵蚀模数为2394 t/(km²·a)。研究区表土流失造成的全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质损失量在分别换算成标准化肥磷酸二铵、氯化钾及薪柴后的经济损失分别为1.64×10⁸,7.25×10⁷,1.17×10⁹和2.97×10⁷元;年均侵蚀的土壤相当于61.94 km²的土地被废弃,经济损失为3.71×10⁷元。土壤侵蚀导致的涵养水分、泥沙淤积和泥沙滞留方面的经济损失分别为3.22×10⁵,1.88×10⁷和1.95×10⁶元。水源区年均土壤侵蚀总经济损失达1.50×10⁹元,其中养分损失占96.11%。     

四川省汶川县下庄沟“8·20”泥石流成因分析及堵江范围预测

[目的] 探究四川省汶川县下庄沟2019年"8·20"泥石流成因、形成过程及堵江特征，为该区域泥石流灾害防治预警提供科学参考。[方法] 结合野外调查与遥感影像对泥石流物源供给条件及泥石流形成、侵蚀搬运与堵江过程进行了分析，并采用FLO-2D模型开展不同降雨强度下的泥石流堵江范围分析。[结果] 震后泥石流流域部分崩滑体物源持续补给沟道物源，致使沟道物源不断累积，短历时强降雨形成径流不断侵蚀沟道物源，形成沟道启动型泥石流。下庄沟"8·20"泥石流大量碎屑物质搬运出沟口后形成顺河长度达280 m，横河最大宽度110 m的堰塞体，堵江模式为堰塞坝全堵。堵江范围分析结果显示：5年一遇降雨频率下物源滞留在沟道中，无堵江现象；20年一遇降雨频率下，泥石流基本堵断杂谷脑河，极易形成堵江现象；在50年一遇降雨频率下，泥石流完全堵断杂谷脑河，形成堰塞湖。[结论] 下庄沟与杂谷脑河垂直交汇，且沟口建有水电站的引水坝，极易形成堰塞坝堵江现象。在汛期降雨强度较大时仍可能会暴发泥石流造成堵江，今后的泥石流防治还需加强防洪预警等减灾措施。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.