基于HEC-HMS的青狮潭水库入库洪水预报研究

[目的]构建青狮潭水库入库洪水预报模型,为实际预报业务提供参考,也可以为桂林市上游地区无资料地区水文气象规律研究提供支撑。[方法]HEC-HMS是一个包含多个产汇流模型的水文模型系统,适用于不同地区的水文问题分析和计算,广泛运用于洪水预报、防灾减灾等方面。利用该模型对桂林市青狮潭水库上游流域进行水文建模,模拟流域发生暴雨时青狮潭水库的入库洪水过程,以此作为研究洪水预报依据。[结果]通过研究发现HEC-HMS模型模拟的结果平均确定性系数达到0.88,洪峰流量和峰现时间误差均达到乙级预报标准。[结论]HEC-HMS模型在青狮潭流域适用性较好,可以用于青狮潭水库入库洪水预报。     

基于HBV模型的尼洋曲流域上游洪水致灾临界面雨量研究

[目的]建立工布江达以上尼洋曲流域的降水—径流关系,构建该流域的致洪临界雨量指标,以期为开展山洪气象预警工作提供参考。[方法]根据流域暴雨洪水致灾机制,利用地面气象观测和CMORPH资料,基于HBV水文模型进行计算分析。[结果]利用2007—2011年观测数据对HBV水文模型的参数优化和率定,模拟数据与观测数据的确定性系数为0.91,NASH效率系数为0.89;采用2012—2014年观测数据进行验证,确定性系数为0.86,NASH效率系数为0.85,率定期和验证期的平均相对误差均为3.1%,表明经过率定的HBV模型对尼洋曲上游流域具有较好的适用性。[结论]尼洋曲流域的洪水过程不仅与实时降水的面雨量有关,还与前期基础水位有关,致灾临界面雨量随前期基础水位升高而减小,并且随着前期水位的变化,临界雨量值呈现了非线性响应特征。     

HEC-HMS水文模型系统在汉江褒河流域的应用研究

基于地理信息系统和遥感技术的水文模型集成系统将成为未来水文循环过程研究的发展趋势。基于HEC-HMS水文模型系统,采用多种方案对位于汉江上游的褒河流域进行了降雨径流模拟。研究结果表明:基于DEM、遥感影像和土壤资料,并结合GIS技术推求反映流域下垫面特征的关键水文参数的方法可以与HEC-HMS水文模型系统很好地耦合。该模型对于我国湿润、半湿润山区的次洪模拟具有较好的适用性。     

HEC-HMS模型在武水流域山洪预报中的应用

山洪灾害常造成重大经济损失甚至人员伤亡。以湖南湘江武水流域为例,基于地理信息系统和遥感技术的水文模型集成系统为山洪预报提供了新的思路,在解译了研究流域2010年土地利用类型数据的基础上,采用HEC-HMS水文模型对武水流域各场次洪水进行模拟预报,利用DEM及流域出口信息划分子流域计算单元,利用遥感影像结合GIS技术提取流域信息,采用SCS径流曲线法进行产流计算,采用SCS单位线法计算直接径流,利用马斯京根法进行河道汇流演进,运用指数退水模型模拟流域基流,并以2000—2008年的17场实测洪水数据进行参数的率定,用2009—2014年的10场典型洪水进行验证。结果表明:模型率定期17场洪水洪峰流量相对误差绝对值均20%,模拟合格率达到100%,峰现时差均≤1 h,绝对平均Nash效率系数为0.816,率定出的水文参数准确有效;验证期的10场洪水,洪峰流量相对误差合格率达90%,峰现时差均1 h,Nash效率系数均0.7。HEC-HMS水文模型在武水流域模拟效果较好,可应用于该流域山洪预报工作,且相较于多峰洪水,单峰洪水的模拟效果更佳。     

HBV水文预报模型在白龙江流域的应用研究

[目的]在白龙江流域武都站以上区域构建HBV水文模型,通过对区域日径流模拟研究,来评估模型在该区域的适用性。[方法]在参数敏感性分析的基础上,对模型参数进行率定和验证,并分析径流和降水量的年际变化特征。[结果](1)在率定期Nash—Sutcliffe效率系数Ens=0.65,确定性系数R2=0.74,验证期Ens=0.60,R2=0.70,HBV模型在该流域模拟精度较高,具有较好的适用性;(2)降水量与模拟径流变化趋势对应,HBV模型较好地模拟出了洪水对降水的响应过程。[结论]HBV模型可进一步用于研究气候变化对白龙江流域水资源的影响。     

基于HEC-HMS模型的兰江流域径流预测

[目的] 分析兰江流域径流对气候变化的水文过程响应,为区域水资源可持续发展和防洪抗旱提供科学基础。[方法] 利用2015—2018年日降雨径流过程和6场暴雨洪水过程率定并验证HEC-HMS水文模型在该流域的适用性;基于SDSM统计降尺度模型,对2030—2100年CanESM2模式下RCP2.6,RCP4.5和RCP8.53种情景的气候数据进行降尺度,生成兰江流域6个气象站点未来日降水序列以预测未来气候变化下的径流响应。[结果] HEC-HMS模型对场次洪水和逐日径流模拟的相关系数平均值达到0.89,0.77,平均效率系数达到0.86,0.76;RCP2.6情景下研究区面降水量较于基准期（2015—2018年）减小0.82%,在RCP4.5,RCP8.5情景下分别增大6.18%,18.17%;RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP8.53种情景下多年平均径流相较于基准期分别增幅为17.00%,26.22%,41.93%。[结论] HEC-HMS模型在兰江流域有较好的适用性;未来兰江流域径流呈显著上升趋势,增幅程度随辐射强迫度的增加同步增大。当辐射强迫度升高至8.5 W/m²时,流域径流量平均每10 a上升49.49 m³/s。预计21世纪末多年平均径流量达到1 101 m³/s,年径流变化起伏剧烈,汛期径流占全年比例较高,旱涝事件趋于频繁,对人民福祉威胁较大。     

黄土高原小流域水土保持林空间配置对场降雨径流影响的模拟

合理的水土保持林空间配置是黄土高原植被恢复和水土保持功能持续提高的关键。在对HEC-HMS分布式水文模型参数进行率定的基础上,探讨该模型在黄土高原小流域中的适用性,模拟水土保持林覆被率以及水土保持林空间配置对场降雨径流的影响。结果表明：HEC-HMS分布式水文模型在黄土高原小流域中的应用效果良好,径流系数、洪峰流量均随森林植被覆盖率的增加而减少,随着水土保持林覆被率的提高,流域对高强度暴雨的调控能力将得到极大的提高;当水土保持林位于流域的上游、中游时,场降雨的径流量、洪峰流量均降低,水文调节效果较好。因此,在干旱的黄土高原应该适度造林,在小流域中配置水土保持林时,应该配置在上中游。     

黄河中上游流域水沙变异关系模型研究

[目的] 开展黄河流域水沙变异关系模型研究,为流域水沙变化研究提供理论支持。[方法] 从黄河中上游流域水沙变异影响因素分析入手,推导出以微分为基础的水沙变异关系模型。[结果] 模型通过黄土高原和黄河中上游流域7个测站控制流域输沙率和流量变异变量的模拟检验,获得了7个流域输沙率和水流变异模拟平均有效性系数为0.860和0.887,平均相对误差分别为14.8%和6.7%。[结论] 从水流变异、泥沙变异模拟精度和各因素变异贡献比例3个层面检验了模型,初步证明了模型结构的合理性和模拟实际泥沙变异具有的高有效性。     

SWAT模型在陕西黑河流域非点源污染模拟中的应用

SWAT模型是最具有活力的非点源污染模型之一,能够与GIS结合模拟复杂大流域不同土地利用条件下的非点源污染情况.本研究在建立流域非点源污染研究基础数据库的基础上,根据实测资料的完整性,运用GIS与分布式参数机理模型SWAT 2000版本的集成,利用1991-1996年的实测水量、泥沙和营养负荷数据进行参数率定,应用1997-1998年的实测数据进行模型验证,从而确定SWAT模型在黑河流域非点源污染模拟中的适用性和可靠性,可为流域非点源污染负荷的估算提供可靠的模型基础.     

HBV模型在富春江水库流域临界致灾面雨量确定中的应用

[目的]研究分析HBV模型对于富春江流域径流序列模拟的适用性,并通过水位与径流量的关系,得到该流域各级水位的临界致灾面雨量,为暴雨灾害风险预警和评估业务提供服务产品,也为富春江水库的生产调度提供重要依据。[方法]以富春江水力发电站为研究区,应用研究区气象资料和HBV水文模型开展研究。[结果](1)应用HBV水文模型模拟富春江流域径流量,在序列的率定期和验证期,模拟与实测的径流过程分布一致,模拟径流峰值区与大降水的实况分布比较一致,模拟与实测洪峰的平均相对误差小于5%,经率定后的HBV模型在富春江流域的模拟效果较好。(2)通过建立降水、径流、水位三者的响应关系,可以确定水库在警戒水位、设计洪水位时不同前期水位的临界面雨量。[结论]HBV水文模型在研究区具有一定的适用性。当预报有临界面雨量时,水库可以根据雨量、径流的预报信息做出对水位的科学调控。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.