基于SSR-seq技术评估中间球海胆多代选育群体和普通养殖群体的遗传多样性

为明确不同选育群体中间球海胆的遗传多样性和遗传结构,利用SSR-seq技术和15个微卫星位点,对1个家系选育群体(FP)、1个群体选育群体(IP)和1个未经选育的普通养殖群体(CP)的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示,15个微卫星位点共检测出112个等位基因,FP、IP、CP 3个群体的平均观测等位基因数(N_a)分别为5.077、5.133和6.133个,平均有效等位基因(N_e)分别为2.816、2.873和3.638个,平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.522、0.441和0.501,平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.595、0.599和0.667,平均多态性信息含量(PIC)分别为0.546、0.543和0.623。家系选育群体(FP) H_e与H_o的差值(0.073)低于IP (0.158)和CP (0.166),平均固定指数(F)(0.115)低于IP (0.248)和CP (0.246)。3个群体间遗传分化系数(F_st)介...     

草鱼野生与选育群体遗传变异微卫星分析

为探究经过2个选育世代后选育群体遗传多样性和遗传结构的变化,实验采用多重PCR技术对4个野生草鱼群体(邗江、九江、石首、吴江)和2个选育群体(F1和F2)进行了微卫星序列遗传变异分析。结果显示,6个草鱼群体遗传多样性水平较高,2个选育群体除了平均等位基因数外,其他遗传多样性参数均小于4个野生群体。哈迪—温伯格平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)检测显示,在120个群体—位点组合中有62个位点显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,62个群体—位点组合中只有11个组合其近交系数值为负值,其余的51个组合的Fis均为正值。6个草鱼群体AMOVA分析结果显示,3.75%的变异来自于群体间,96.25%的变异来自于群体内,整体的遗传分化指数值为0.038。进一步分析各个群体间Fst,只有石首群体与F1、F2群体之间的Fst大于0.05,处于中等分化,其余群体间分化程度较低,且F2群体与4个野生群体之间Fst比F1群体与4个野生群体之间的Fst大。奈氏标准遗传距离分析结果显示,2个选育群体与野生群体之间的遗传距离大于野生群体之间的遗传距离。基于Dn建立的UPGMA系统发育树得出了相同的结果,即2个选育群体与野生群体之间的亲缘关系比4个野生群体之间的亲缘关系要远。研究表明,经过2个世代选育后,相比4个野生群体,2个选育群体遗传多样性虽有部分下降,但仍处于较高的水平,2个选育群体的遗传结构已发生变化,但其遗传分化程度尚不明显。本研究结果为制定出更加完善有效的选育方案提供了重要参考。     

西北太平洋鸢乌贼种群遗传结构

为检测西北太平洋鸢乌贼种群遗传结构,采用线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因(Cytb)序列分析方法对鸢乌贼东海群体、南海群体与菲律宾海群体进行遗传变异分析。结果显示,(1)所有群体总的单倍型多样度与核苷酸多样度分别为0.982±0.006、0.012±0.006;菲律宾海群体对应的遗传多样度均最高,分别为0.973±0.014、0.015±0.008;南海群体与东海群体的单倍型多样度分别为0.959±0.026、0.943±0.031,核苷酸多样度均为0.006±0.003。3个地理群体均具有较高的遗传多样性水平。(2)分子方差分析结果显示,34.6%的遗传变异来自于群体间,群体间遗传分化极显著。两两群体间Fst分析表明,西北太平洋鸢乌贼群体间均具有极显著的遗传分化。构建的单倍型邻接系统树和最小跨度树显示,西北太平洋鸢乌贼群体存在明显的系统发育谱系结构(谱系A、B、C),3个谱系单倍型类群间也存在极显著的遗传分化(Fst=0.735~0.805)。(3)中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明,谱系B可能经历过近期群体扩张事件,发生群体扩张的时间在10.3~12.5万年前。综合分析认为,西北太平洋鸢乌贼的种群遗传结构模式及系统发育地理格局模式是由其栖息地海洋环境与更新世气候变化共同塑造的。建议在渔业管理上将3个地理群体划分为3个独立的管理单元。     

Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Latreille, 1802) populations reveal genetic break in Strait of Malacca,with connectivity along southern coasts of Peninsular Malaysia

1. The mangrove horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, has divergent populations between the east and west coasts of Peninsular Malaysia, with the southern coast acting as a land barrier. The actual position of such a genetic break along Peninsular Malaysia as well as the connectivity status of the southernmost C. rotundicauda populations with east and west coast populations remain unexplored, however.
2. The aim was to investigate the genetic diversity and structure of C. rotundicauda populations from the west (Kuala Sepetang in State Perak), east (Balok in State Pahang), and southern (Pendas in State Johor) coasts of Peninsular Malaysia. Haemolymph samples from adult C. rotundicauda specimens (n = 152) and eggs from their freshly deposited nests (n = 190) were collected monthly (from January 2016 to January 2017) for the sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI).
3. Gene isolates of C. rotundicauda from the present study were compared with National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank sequences to cover most of the range of the species in Asia. A neighbour-joining tree strongly supported two clades, separating the west-coast populations from the south- and east-coast populations, with further substructure patterns.
4. Both haplotype network and barrier analyses revealed a genetic break within the Strait of Malacca instead of the southern tip of Peninsular Malaysia. The southernmost samples from the Strait of Johor formed a haplotypic diverse gene pool that appeared only as a subclade of the eastern populations. In a detailed haplotype network of 347 individuals, individuals with similar COI sequences indicate connectivity between C. rotundicauda on the east and C. rotundicauda on south and south west of Peninsular Malaysia.
5. Overall, the genetic break between C. rotundicauda populations is better explained by the convergent ocean currents and available mangrove habitats on the west coast (i.e. Strait of Malacca), rather than the point of the Malay Peninsula acting as a land barrier alone.

     

基于线粒体控制区序列的光裸方格星虫群体遗传多样性分析

为了解光裸方格星虫的群体遗传结构和种质资源状况,对北部湾海域光裸方格星虫6个地理野生群体(广西北海、湛江、钦州、防城港、海南儋州,以及越南海防)共93个个体的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区序列进行分析。共检测到107个变异位点,定义了85个单倍型,序列对AT有明显的偏倚性,群体总的单倍体多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.998和0.018 89。单倍型邻接聚类树分析6个群体无明显分支,各单倍型分布于单倍型网络中介图中亦没有明显的地理分支。各群体间的遗传分化系数Fst值为–0.018 13~0.028 05,遗传分化极不明显,AMOVA分析显示光裸方格星虫的遗传差异主要来自群体内(99.74%)。中性检验Tajima’s D和Fu’s Fs值均为负值,核苷酸不配对分布图呈明显的单峰形,提示光裸方格星虫群体在历史上曾出现群体扩张,推算出扩张时间为距今171万年前。目前光裸方格星虫仍具有较高的遗传多样性,6个地理群体间无明显遗传分化,存在频繁的基因交流,推测种群在早更新世曾出现群体扩张。     

基于线粒体D-loop基因的中国海三疣梭子蟹遗传多样性与遗传分化研究

为探明分布于中国四大海区的天然三疣梭子蟹群体遗传多样性与遗传分化状况,实验以大连(DL)、东营(DY)、连云港(LYG)、舟山(ZS)、湛江(ZJ)和漳州(ZZ)6个三疣梭子蟹地理群体为研究对象,采用线粒体控制区D-loop全基因序列为分子标记,对中国海三疣梭子蟹野生群体的遗传多样性及群体遗传结构进行了分析。结果发现,在用于分析的1 141 bp的D-loop全基因序列中共有185个变异位点,129个简约信息位点。60个个体中共计48个单倍型,单倍性多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数显示中国沿海三疣梭子蟹群体具有较高的遗传多样性,而且三疣梭子蟹在过去没有出现很强的选择效应,群体大小稳定。6群体三疣梭子蟹遗传分化指数(F_ST)为0.189 7,将中国沿海三疣梭子蟹作为一个大群体来讲已产生了中度分化,群体分化时间推断为(19.68～26.05)万年。LYG分别和DY、ZJ、ZZ,以及ZJ和ZZ这4组之间无明显分化,基因流较大(N_em>5),而其他11个群组间已存在一定程度的分化。特别是ZS与其它5群体产生了高度的遗传分化,DL与其他4群体发生了中度分化。遗传距离与地理距离不存在显著的相关性,群体发生与扩散可能有更复杂的原因。     

入侵地和原产地太湖新银鱼群体遗传结构

为了探讨太湖新银鱼快速适应新环境和快速入侵的遗传学机制,本研究利用10个微卫星位点对5个入侵地和2个原产地的群体遗传结构进行了分析。遗传多样性参数结果显示,入侵地滇池、邛海、抚仙湖和三峡库区群体的遗传多样性水平比原产地高,入侵地洱海群体的遗传多样性水平低于原产地太湖而高于巢湖群体,原产地巢湖群体的遗传多样性最低。遗传距离和UPGMA聚类结果表明邛海群体和其他群体的遗传关系最远,太湖与抚仙湖的遗传关系最近。ANOVA显示大多数遗传变异存在于太湖新银鱼群体内(95.78%),群体间的遗传变异为4.22%,固定系数(Fst=0.0422)显著,表明太湖新银鱼群体间存在显著的小尺度遗传分化,两两遗传分化指数也证实了这一点。MVSP主成分分析显示邛海、三峡库区、巢湖和滇池群体有明显的分化。由此推断,高水平的遗传多样性和显著的遗传结构差异性可能是太湖新银鱼成功入侵的重要原因。     

利用微卫星荧光多重PCR技术分析壳白长牡蛎3代人工选育群体的遗传多样性

为了探讨壳白长牡蛎人工选育对群体遗传变异的影响,实验利用4个多重PCR组合共10个微卫星标记分析了连续3代壳白长牡蛎人工选育群体和野生群体及基础群体的遗传多样性。结果发现,6个群体的平均等位基因数量为7.2~12.6,等位基因丰度为6.8~11.0,期望和观测杂合度分别为0.672~0.769和0.486~0.542;与野生群体相比,3代选育群体的平均等位基因数显著降低,但平均期望杂合度并无显著差异。哈迪—温伯格平衡检验结果显示,在60个群体—位点组合中有39个群体—位点组合显著偏离哈迪—温伯格平衡,近交系数F_(is)范围为0.215~0.342。群体间遗传分化指数F_(st)范围为0.005~0.076,处于中—低等的遗传分化水平。研究表明,虽然连续选育对群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化造成了一定程度的影响,但人工选育群体依然表现为较高的遗传多样性,仍可以一定的选择压力对选育群体进行人工选育。     

基于线粒体Cyt b分析入侵云南四大水系的麦穗鱼群体遗传结构

为揭示麦穗鱼入侵云南后群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化差异现状,实验采集了云南澜沧江、怒江、红河、伊洛瓦底江水系13个样点,及黄河、长江、珠江原产地水系6个样点的麦穗鱼群体共计220尾样本,利用线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)全序列作为分子标记,初步分析了麦穗鱼群体的遗传多样性、遗传结构和遗传分化情况。结果显示,共检测到72个变异位点,定义25个Cyt b单倍型。云南四大水系麦穗鱼单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为0.828±0.014和0.005 44±0.001 18。云南四大水系和黄河、长江、珠江水系相比,具有较高的遗传多样性。单倍型系统发育树与单倍型网络图显示,黄河群体单倍型独立,云南各水系单倍型与珠江、长江单倍型混杂,推测云南麦穗鱼主要来源于珠江和长江,这与云南省引种经济鱼类历史一致。分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示,云南四大水系麦穗鱼群体间具有程度较高的遗传分化,其中大多数遗传变异存在于群体内(72.60%),群体间的遗传变异为28.62%,水系间为1.22%。结果发现麦穗鱼遗传分化与当前水系的分布格局不吻合。Fu’s Fs中性检验结果和核苷酸不配对分析结果均表明,云南四大水系麦穗鱼群体未发生扩张。麦穗鱼进入云南各水系后,单倍型多样性较高,可能来源于多个地区。在后续对麦穗鱼的管理过程中,需要注意避免单倍型特殊的群体与其他地区群体的交流,减少水系间相互引种。此外,通过开发麦穗鱼资源利用方式来提高麦穗鱼利用率,以控制其群体数量,从而减小其对当地土著物种和渔业养殖的危害。     

基于两种对虾参考基因组的中国明对虾性别分化区域初步探查

中国明对虾是我国最重要的养殖虾类之一。性成熟后的中国明对虾在生长和体色上表现出性别二态性。为了探查基因组上潜在的性别分化相关区域,对中国明对虾进行了全基因组重测序研究。分别使用中国明对虾基因组和其近缘物种凡纳滨对虾的基因组作为参考基因组,计算了雌雄中国明对虾之间的遗传分化指数F_st,以筛查基因组上的性别分化相关区域。当使用中国明对虾参考基因组时,有约89%的中国明对虾测序读段全部或部分比对到中国明对虾参考基因,覆盖度大约为84%。基因组上F_st出现较多杂乱的峰,其中LG5的F_st值整体呈升高的趋势,另外LG13、LG17及LG35均有F_st指数相对较高的区域。而当使用凡纳滨对虾参考基因组时,有约60%的中国明对虾测序读段全部或部分比对到凡纳滨对虾参考基因,覆盖度约为52%。Scaffold 2550和Scaffold 3683上分别有2个最显著的峰。将雌雄中国明对虾转录组测序数据与凡纳滨对虾的参考基因组比对后,获得了中国明对虾的粗略表达谱,挖掘出了丰富的差异表达基因。分析了前述2个Scaffold上...     

Investigation of movement and factors influencing post-release survival of line-caught coral reef fish using recreational tag-recapture data

Six species of line-caught coral reef fish (Plectropomus spp., Lethrinus miniatus, Lethrinus laticaudis, Lutjanus sebae, Lutjanus malabaricus and Lutjanus erythropterus) were tagged by members of the Australian National Sportsfishing Association (ANSA) in Queensland between 1986 and 2003. Of the 14,757 fish tagged, 1607 were recaptured and we analysed these data to describe movement and determine factors likely to impact release survival. All species were classified as residents since over 80% of recaptures for each species occurred within 1 km of the release site. Few individuals (range 0.8–5%) were recaptured more than 20 km from their release point. L. sebae had a higher recapture rate (19.9%) than the other species studied (range 2.1–11.7%). Venting swimbladder gases, regardless of whether or not fish appeared to be suffering from barotrauma, significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) the survival of L. sebae and L. malabaricus but had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on L. erythropterus. The condition of fish on release, subjectively assessed by anglers, was only a significant effect on recapture rate for L. sebae where fish in “fair” condition had less than half the recapture rate of those assessed as in “excellent” or “good” condition. The recapture rate of L. sebae and L. laticaudis was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by depth with recapture rate declining in depths exceeding 30 m. Overall, the results showed that depth of capture, release condition and treatment for barotrauma influenced recapture rate for some species but these effects were not consistent across all species studied. Recommendations were made to the ANSA tagging clubs to record additional information such as injury, hooking location and hook type to enable a more comprehensive future assessment of the factors influencing release survival.     

我国五大湖日本沼虾线粒体COI基因部分片段序列比较

对我国五大湖日本沼虾100个野生个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）部分序列进行了测定和分析,经比对获得578bp核苷酸片段,发现49个变异位点,得到35个单倍型,包括7个共享单倍型,各群体都具有较好的单倍型多态性和核苷酸多态性,其中鄱阳湖群体遗传多样性相对最高。AMOVA分析表明,五群体间总遗传分化系数F_st＝0.31873 （P<0.05）, 群体间具有较高的遗传分化。MEGA3.1软件计算五群体的Kimura 2-paramter遗传距离,洞庭湖群体和巢湖群体之间的遗传距离最远为0.0191,巢湖群体和洪泽湖群体之间的遗传距离最近为0.0051。以同属胖掌沼虾（Macrobrachium inflatum）为外群分别构建了NJ和UPGMA系统树,结果显示洞庭湖和鄱阳湖为一族群,太湖、巢湖和洪泽湖为一族群。     

Age and growth of the largemouth perch Percichthys colhuapiensis in the Negro river, Argentine Patagonia

Largemouth perch (Percichthys colhuapiensis) represents one of the most economically important fish species in the Argentine Patagonia. However, little research has been done on the age and growth and population dynamics of this fish, though both studies are essential to properly deal with fisheries forecasts and management. As a contribution to elaborating management programmes for P. colhuapiensis, we evaluated the age and growth of this species in the Negro river via scale and whole otolith reading methods. The sample consisted of 579 specimens ranging in total length (TL) from 90 to 475 mm, captured seasonally from December 1994 to December 1995. The formation of scale annuli (end of winter) and the hyaline zone on otoliths (winter) of adult fish coincided with the beginning of the spawning season (end of winter-beginning of spring). The maximum estimated age was 11 years, which indicates that this is a relatively long-lived species. Otoliths were useful for ageing specimens 1–5 years-old, but above this age whole otoliths yielded lower age estimates than scales. Isometric growth of weight with length was found for total population, juveniles, and separate sexes (p > 0.25 in all cases). No significant differences between the length–weight relationships of sexes were observed (p > 0.10). Length at first maturity was significantly higher for males (TL₅₀ = 271 mm TL; r = 0.88) than for females (TL₅₀ = 243 mm TL; r = 0.96) (p < 0.01). Largemouth perch exhibited a consistent pattern of increase in length with age, with a period of fast growth during the first 5 years, and a slow-growing phase during the rest of his life. The growth parameters based on scale data were L∞: 462.1 mm, k = 0.23 and t₀ = −0.94 for total population, L∞: 402.3 mm, k = 0.33 and t₀ = −0.67 for males, and L∞: 548.4 mm, k = 0.15 and t₀ = −1.59 for females, whereas those based on otolith reading were L∞: 537.4 mm, k = 0.17 and t₀ = −1.0 for total population, L∞: 497.6 mm, k = 0.21 and t₀ = −0.79 for males, and L∞: 582.0 mm, k = 0.14 and t₀ = −1.53 for females. Scales are concluded to be the best structure to age P. colhuapiensis because they rendered L∞ values closer to the maximum TL observed, high precision, easiness of collection, low processing time, and the possibility of performing non-destructive monitoring studies.     

缢蛏EGFR基因内含子1内SNP位点多态性与生长性状相关性

为研究缢蛏表皮生长因子受体基因(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)与生长性状(壳长、壳宽、壳高和体质量)的相关性。本实验利用直接测序法从缢蛏EGFR基因的第一个内含子序列中共筛选到17个SNP位点。卡方检验结果显示,在17个位点中,有13个位点符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,位点多态性检测显示17个位点中有10个位点表现为中等多态性(0.25PIC0.5)。利用一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)及多重比较对缢蛏EGFR基因中17个SNPs的多态性与生长性状(壳长、壳宽、壳高和体质量)进行相关性分析,结果显示,16个SNP位点均与缢蛏的壳长、壳宽、壳高及体质量呈显著性相关。由此可见,EGFR基因可作为缢蛏生长性状改良的候选辅助分子标记,并且为进一步研究其生长相关功能奠定基础。     

大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体遗传多样性比较

基于线粒体DNA控制区高变区部分序列和4对微卫星标记,对大泷六线鱼放流群体及自然海域群体的遗传多样性与遗传差异进行了比较分析。线粒体DNA控制区序列分析的结果显示,413尾个体共检测到单倍型117种,其中仅Hap_3、Hap_7和Hap_17为共享单倍型,占总单倍型数目的2.5%;放流、野生群体特有单倍型分别为20种和66种,分别占总单倍型数的17.09%和56.41%,放流群体特有单倍型数明显低于野生群体;放流群体和野生群体核苷酸多样性分别为0.005 1~0.006 7和0.005 8~0.007 5,单倍型多样性分别为0.856 7~0.949 9和0.883 1~0.954 9,遗传多样性均较高。微卫星标记分析结果显示,放流、野生群体平均等位基因数(N_a)分别为13~44和13~27,平均多态信息含量为0.885 6和0.874 0,均具较高的遗传多态性;群体遗传结构分析结果表明,放流、野生群体间遗传分化水平较低。研究表明,山东近海大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体均具有较丰富的遗传多样性,且遗传结构未存在显著的群体分化。     

The risk of parasite transfer to juvenile fishes by live copepod food with the example Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus

Natural zooplankton is a potential food resource for juvenile fish in fish farms as it is a good source of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. However, it is also a potential source of parasites and pathogens. The present study was conducted (1) to estimate the risk of parasite transfer by live copepod food under intensive farming conditions using the parasites Triaenophorus crassus and Triaenophorus nodulosus as example and (2) to look for strategies to avoid parasite infestation of juvenile fish.An easy and routinely applicable aniline blue staining method was developed to check the infestation levels of copepods with procercoids during the on-growing season of juvenile fish. From the copepod species occurring in zooplankton Cyclops spp. was infested frequently (9.4 ± 12.0%, maximum 38.7%), Diaptomus spp. infrequently (1.5 ± 1.6%, maximum 3.2%), Daphnia spp. never. Juvenile grayling, Thymallus thymallus, and corgonids, Coregonus sp., which had been fed with natural zooplankton revealed infestations rates with T. crassus of circa 5%, with T. nodulosus of circa 10%. As the occurrence of procercoids in the zooplankton was temporary limited, Triaenophorus infestation can be avoided by using artificial food instead of live copepods during the risky season.To prevent parasite infestation of juvenile fish methods were investigated to eradicate procercoids from copepods by chemical treatment (sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, citric acid treatment) and by freeze-thawing methods. Chemical methods failed to remove procercoids. In fish, which had been fed with frozen thawed zooplankton, no Triaenophorus spp. infestation was observed. Their survival rates were similar as in the control fed with live zooplankton, however the weight of the fish was significantly lower.     

Gametogenic asynchrony of mussels Mytilus in a mixed-species area: Implications for management

Marine mussels Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilus trossulus and their hybrids have recently been reported to occur sympatrically in both wild and farmed populations in Scotland. The presence of M. trossulus has led to significant economic losses at some aquaculture sites. Interest in understanding the reproductive cycles of these mussels in a mixed-species aquaculture area, and the potential to use this information to favour cultivation of the preferred species M. edulis, has motivated a seasonal study of the maturation stages of M. edulis, M. trossulus and M. trossulus × M. edulis hybrids, the most frequent genotypes at one site in Loch Etive, Scotland. To investigate larval abundance of these genotypes, plankton samples were collected simultaneously at the same site over the year and analysed using a real-time PCR assay for the identification of Mytilus species-specific alleles. The main spawning events of M. trossulus and M. trossulus × M. edulis hybrids occurred slightly later, but also more frequently and over a longer period than those of M. edulis. M. trossulus alleles were detected in plankton samples throughout the year, always in larger numbers than M. edulis alleles, except during February. Overall, results suggest that the settlement of M. trossulus and/or M. trossulus × M. edulis hybrids may occur during most of the year. This implies that management of the timing of the deployment of settlement ropes to significantly favour the settlement and production of M. edulis is unlikely to be successful. The real-time PCR methodology has provided valuable information on the temporal patterns of abundance of alleles of each species at the planktotrophic stage of development, and demonstrated the potential to identify and quantify Mytilus larvae in plankton samples.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea populations of Japanese Spanish mackerel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomberomorus niphonius</Emphasis>

Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius is a commercially important species in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea, but there is limited knowledge of its genetic population structure. In order to detect its genetic structure, sequence variation of the first hypervariable segment of the control region was analyzed among eight populations of S. niphonius from the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. A total of 119 polymorphic sites were detected in the 505-bp segment of the control region among 134 individuals of S. niphonius, defining 112 haplotypes. Mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity for the eight populations were 0.9963 ± 0.0017 and 0.0236 ± 0.0119, respectively. As expected, analysis of molecular variance detected no significant differences at all hierarchical levels, and most of the conventional population Φ_ST statistics were negative, indicating that no significant population genetic structure exists in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. Moreover, the exact test of differentiation supported the null hypothesis that S. niphonius within the East China Sea and Yellow Sea constitutes a panmictic mtDNA gene pool. Neutrality tests and mismatch distribution revealed that S. niphonius underwent population expansion in the late Pleistocene. Strong dispersal capacity of larvae and adults, long-distance migrations, and ocean currents in the studied area could be the reasons for genetic homogeneity in this species in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea. Insufficient time to accumulate genetic variation might be another explanation for the lack of genetic structure in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea.     

基于线粒体COⅠ和Cytb基因序列的北太平洋柔鱼种群遗传结构研究

为准确掌握柔鱼的种群遗传结构,拟通过线粒体DNA的COI和Cytb基因序列分析方法对柔鱼不同产卵季节群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究。经PCR扩增与测序分别获得600 bp COI与481 bp Cytb基因序列。基于COI基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为24、(0.729 ±0.033)、(0.005 70 ± 0.003 25)和3.421。基于Cytb基因序列分析得到的单倍型数、单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数及平均核苷酸差异数分别为28、(0.852 ± 0.016)、(0.006 45 ± 0.003 73)和3.101。分析认为, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体均具有较高的单倍型多样性指数和较低的核苷酸多样性指数。单倍型邻接树、两两群体间的F_st值以及AMOVA分析结果均表明, 北太平洋柔鱼2个产卵季节群体间的遗传差异不显著, 不存在显著的群体遗传结构。初步认为, 该海域因缺乏地理上的障碍, 加之北太平洋海流的作用以及柔鱼个体较强的游泳能力, 使得群体之间具有较强的基因流。