黑曲霉发酵豆粕的研究

以发酵豆粕蛋白含量作为指标,从5株真菌中筛选出一株有较强分解能力,能显著提高发酵豆粕蛋白质含量的黑曲霉菌株。通过正交实验对影响其发酵豆粕的因素:发酵时间、接种量、料水比、起始温度和发酵量进行优化,得到最佳的发酵工艺条件:接种量0.5%、料水比1:1、发酵时间3d、温度35℃、发酵量20g(直径7cm×高8cm罐头瓶中)。发酵后豆粕中粗蛋白从发酵前43.5%提高到60.13%,增加了38.23%(P<0.01)。氨基酸含量比发酵前提高了35.76%。同时经黑曲霉发酵后豆粕中的主要抗营养因子也得到很大程度的降解。发酵前后胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量从1720TIU/mg下降到480TIU/mg;植酸含量从9.513mg/g下降到0.535mg/g;脲酶活性由0.136到完全被分解;大豆凝血素(效价)由10240下降到80。     

不同蛋白酶对豆粕抗原蛋白降解程度的比较分析

为提高豆粕蛋白质利用率和动物生产性能,分析了不同来源的蛋白酶对豆粕中抗原蛋白(大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白)含量的影响,将经过蛋白酶处理的豆粕进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测分析。结果表明,同等酶活的不同蛋白酶对豆粕中的抗原蛋白降解程度有较大差别。经过发酵条件的优化,最终选择酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、乳酸菌和枯草芽孢杆菌混合发酵方式,最终使得发酵豆粕乳酸含量达到2.76%,酸溶蛋白含量14.76%,大豆球蛋白含量降低至25.3 mg/g。     

芽孢杆菌在豆粕固态发酵中的应用研究

研究利用芽孢杆菌对豆粕进行固态发酵试验,通过监测发酵前后的酸溶性蛋白(TCA-N)含量的变化来评价发酵的效果。菌株组合JM1+JM3正交实验后得到的最佳发酵工艺条件为:料水比为1:0.6,初始发酵温度为34℃,接种量为10%,菌种比(JM1:JM3)为1:1,灭菌时间为20 min,发酵时间为48 h。发酵后样品中粗蛋白含量从50.6%增加到54.1%,TCA-N含量从2.4%增加到38.8%,大豆肽含量从1.8%提高到29.5%,乳酸含量从0.7%增加到4.7%,游离氨基酸含量从5.57 mg/g增加到92.65 mg/g。SDS-PAGE电泳分析的结果表明,发酵后大豆抗原已经完全被分解,大分子蛋白质基本上都被降解成10 kD以下的小分子肽,各种主要抗营养因子的降解率达90%以上。     

青贮红花苜蓿替代豆粕对奶牛营养价值的评估

文章旨在评估全混合口粮用青贮红花苜蓿替代豆粕对瘤胃非降解蛋白和肠道可消化蛋白的影响。试验日粮用不同水平的青贮苜蓿代替豆粕,全混合日粮的粗饲料和浓缩料按照3∶1组成,在干物质基础上,全混合日粮中的青贮苜蓿比例为15%、30%、45%和60%。采用尼龙袋法测定粗蛋白质的瘤胃降解,分别将饲料样品孵育2、8、16、24、32、72 h,日粮瘤胃非降解蛋白含量用2%、5%和8%/h的转运速率表示。此外,将日粮样品在瘤胃中孵育16 h,测定瘤胃非降解蛋白在肠道的消化率。结果显示:随着日粮青贮苜蓿添加水平的升高,快速降解蛋白从26.2 g/kg显著升高至212 g/kg(P 0.05),瘤胃可降解蛋白质从810 g/kg线性降低至676 g/kg(P 0.05)。当转运速率传为8%/h,瘤胃非降解蛋白从315 g/kg线性下降到253 g/kg(P 0.05)。随着日粮青贮苜蓿水平的增加,瘤胃非降解蛋白在十二指肠的消化率从760 g/kg下降到574 g/kg(P 0.05)。粗蛋白质在瘤胃内降解增加,但十二指肠吸收的瘤胃非降解蛋白量从184 g/kg线性下降至79 g/kg(P 0.05)。结果表明,高产奶牛日粮中青贮苜蓿完全替代豆粕不可行。替代水平达到30%时对瘤胃非降解蛋白含量及消化率无显著影响。     

3株芽孢杆菌对不同饲料组合的消化对比研究

选择3株益生芽孢杆菌,研究其对于玉米-菜粕、玉米-豆粕、玉米-麸皮和玉米-棉粕4种饲料组合的消化效果。研究发现,3株芽孢杆菌对饲料纤维素的降解均不明显,但对半纤维素消化降解明显,半纤维素降解最高可达到23.5%;芽孢杆菌作用后还原糖含量增加显著,处理后还原糖含量最高可达28.2 mg/g;芽孢杆菌对饲料蛋白质分解亦有明显效果。试验结果表明:芽孢杆菌可以促进饲料的消化,芽孢杆菌对饲料的消化效果与饲料组合有关,也与菌株本身有关。     

龙眼干果与鲜果的糖组分分析

利用高效液相色谱法 (HPLC) 分析了石硖、储良、东壁、青壳宝圆、冬宝9号、公妈本、九月乌、施冲浦、晚香等9个龙眼品种干果和鲜果的糖组分含量。结果表明,9个龙眼品种干果和鲜果中的可溶性糖主要有果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;鲜果中的果糖含量16.4 ~ 36.0 mg/g,葡萄糖含量14.9 ~ 33.7 mg/g,蔗糖含量87.5 ~ 161.7 mg/g,总糖含量135.7 ~ 193.0 mg/g,甜度值144.5 ~ 200.8;干果中的果糖含量84.5 ~ 160.7 mg/g、葡萄糖含量67.5 ~ 125.8 mg/g、蔗糖含量169.0 ~ 356.8 mg/g、总糖含量444.6 ~ 538.2 mg/g、甜度值497.2 ~ 590.7;龙眼干果和鲜果中均以蔗糖含量最高;与鲜果相比,干果中的果糖、葡萄糖占比提高,蔗糖占比降低。     

菌酶协同处理豆粕制备饲用小肽的研究

以小肽含量为指标研究了芽孢杆菌、酵母菌和中性蛋白酶协同发酵、酶解处理豆粕制备饲用小肽的工艺条件。结果表明:菌酶协同处理豆粕的最佳条件为混合菌接种量1.5%、加酶量450 U/g、料水比1∶1.4、发酵温度40℃、发酵时间48 h。在此条件下,豆粕经菌酶协同处理后,小肽含量从11.40 mg/g提高到199.65 mg/g,粗蛋白质含量从47.62%提高到56.72%。     

黑曲霉Asp-1发酵棕榈粕生产高β-甘露聚糖酶生物饲料

采用黑曲霉ASP-1,以麸皮和豆粕为辅助发酵料,料水比1:1.2,温度30℃,121℃灭菌30min,接种量按孢子量106个/g添加孢子悬浮液,对棕榈粕进行发酵。通过正交实验得出最佳发酵配方为:棕榈粕90%、麸皮8%、豆粕2%,;最佳发酵时间48h;发酵后能量值为18413J/g;还原糖含量为5.1%,水解完全;β-甘露聚糖酶可达205.7U/g。     

豆粕的加工种类及其掺假鉴别

豆粕作为高蛋白原料,无需脱毒即可用作饲料.其蛋白质含量为40％～48％,赖氨酸含量为2.5％～3.0％,色氨酸含量为0.6％～0.7％,蛋氨酸含量为0.5％ ～0.7％,胱氨酸0.5％～0.8％;胡萝卜素较少,仅0.2～0.4 mg/kg,硫胺素、核黄素各3～6 mg/kg,烟酸15～30 mg/kg,胆碱2200～2800 mg/kg;粗纤维主要来自豆皮,无氮浸出物主要是二糖、三糖、四糖,淀粉含量低,矿物质含量低,钙少磷多,维生素较少.美国依利诺斯大学的实验表明,豆粕具有同猪肉一样的高蛋白,却不含影响营养消化的低糖酸盐.     

降解豆粕中抗原菌株的筛选及大豆肽制备的研究

通过对多种微生物降解豆粕中抗原和增加其小分子肽等能力的比较分析,筛选出效果较好的4种菌株,并研究它们混合培养对豆粕中抗原的降解作用。结果表明,在豆粕浓度为15%,接种量为5%(B-913∶B-514∶B-515∶M-520为1∶1∶1∶1),培养温度为35℃,210r/min,pH自然的条件下发酵60h,豆粕中的抗原接近0,小肽含量高达36.9%,活菌总含量达2×1010CFU/mL。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein