日粮添加甘露寡糖对沙门氏菌感染肉鸡盲肠相关参数及肠道细菌含量的影响

本研究首先探讨了饲料中添加2.5%甘露寡糖或棕榈粕对肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响。其次研究了饲料中添加鸡盲肠内容物和甘露寡糖或棕榈粕对鸡盲肠主要菌群的影响及其对肠道沙门氏菌定植的抑制作用。结果显示,添加组较对照组显著增加了双歧杆菌数量(P 0.05),有降低拟杆菌和肠球菌数量的趋势(P=0.07)。与无盲肠内容物的对照组相比,添加盲肠内容物组的雏鸡厌氧菌数量升高,而包括大肠杆菌和肠炎沙门氏菌在内的需氧菌数量降低。与对照组相比,在采食添加甘露寡糖或棕榈粕饲料的雏鸡中肠炎沙门氏菌定植随时间的推移而减少。与第2周相比,棕榈粕组肉鸡在4周时双歧杆菌和乳酸菌数量增加(P 0.05),而肠炎沙门氏菌减少(P 0.05)。结论 :在含盲肠内容物的饲料中添加甘露寡糖或棕榈粕对肉鸡肠道菌群的影响是双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌增加,而肠杆菌减少,它们还降低了雏鸡对肠炎沙门氏菌定植的敏感性。     

健康与腹泻断奶仔猪肠道菌群的研究

为了解腹泻仔猪肠道菌群的变化,从而科学有效地防治断奶仔猪腹泻,选择吉林农业科技学院实习猪场的35日龄断奶仔猪20头,分成健康组(10头)和腹泻组(10头),采用无菌手术的方法,从活体仔猪肠道内采集肠内容物,进行细菌的分离培养及鉴定。结果表明:从十二指肠、回肠、结肠三种肠段中测得8种细菌,随着肠段的后移细菌数量逐渐增加。健康仔猪肠道内有益优势菌群为乳杆菌拟杆菌双歧杆菌;腹泻仔猪肠道内有害优势菌群为大肠杆菌沙门氏菌。腹泻组仔猪肠道内乳杆菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌的数量较健康组明显下降,大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌的数量较健康组明显上升,差异均显著(P0.05),肠球菌、梭菌、葡萄球菌的数量无显著变化(P0.05)。     

微生态制剂、环丙沙星对雏鸡消化道菌群的影响

通过微生态制剂、环丙沙星对雏鸡微生物菌群的影响 ,并对雏鸡消化道 6个部位 (嗉囔、腺胃、十二指肠、空肠、盲肠、直肠 )内容物的 8种细菌 (乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠球菌、消化球菌、类杆菌、棒状杆菌、大肠杆菌和梭菌 )进行了分离、计数。结果表明 ,微生态制剂能使雏鸡消化道正常菌群迅速建立 ,而环丙沙星则抑制雏鸡消化道正常菌群的形成。     

牛至油对肉鸡肠道微生物菌群的影响

选用100只1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组2个重复,每重复25只.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加100mg/kg的10%牛至油预混剂,连续饲喂30天.每组随机抽取10只鸡,测定空肠和盲肠的大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量.结果表明:试验组与对照组比较,空肠中乳酸杆菌数量增加(P＜0.05),双歧杆菌和大肠杆菌数量变化不显著(P＞0.05);盲肠中双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量增加(P＜0.05),大肠杆菌数量下降(P＜0.05).结论:牛至油可以改善肉鸡肠道微生物菌群结构.     

猪源乳酸杆菌的分离及API系统快速鉴定

健康仔猪肠道存在正常微生物群（normal microbiota）,主要是通过产道时获得了母体的微生物,并在生长环境中进一步接触了各种微生物,经过相互适应和选择,一些特定的微生物在肠道内定植。研究显示,新生仔猪出生24h胃肠内已定植了乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠球菌、大肠杆菌、消化球菌、拟杆菌和酵母等,8～22日龄时形成以乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、大肠杆菌和消化球菌为优势菌的定型菌群。     

病、健仔猪不同肠段菌群的研究

对30例5个日龄的下痢仔猪和同窝健康仔猪,从空肠、直肠无菌采集肠内粪便各1克,通过稀释,选择不同的稀释度,定量接种在12种选择性培养基上,用需氧和厌氧培养,发现需氧菌与厌氧菌,大肠杆菌与双歧杆菌等在病、健仔猪肠内定居有以下特性: 一、空肠、大肠杆菌等6个需氧菌属,与双歧杆菌等6个厌氧菌属,对数均值之比由正常时的1:100,下痢时下降为1:1。直肠,6个需氧菌属与6个厌氧菌属对数均值之比由1:1000下降为1:100。表明仔猪下痢出现菌群比例失调。 二、空肠,大肠杆菌(P<0.01),拟杆菌(P<0.01),双歧杆菌(P<0.05)。直肠,大肠杆菌(P<0.05),拟杆菌(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌(P<0.05)。表明仔猪下痢时大肠杆菌在空肠繁殖很快,由正常时的第六位一跃而为第一位。乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和拟杆菌显著降低,而肠球菌、葡萄球菌、沙门氏杆菌、酵母菌、需氧芽胞杆菌、真杆菌、消化球菌和小梭菌均无显著差异。     

酵母培养物对肉鸭生长性能和肠道菌群影响的研究

选取450只1日龄仙湖肉鸭,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复50只鸭。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%和0.1%酵母培养物,试验期为42d。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组体重提高4.3%,平均日增重提高4.4%,料肉比下降4.9%,差异显著(P0.05)。盲肠中乳酸杆菌数量提高63.6%,双歧杆菌数量提高2.1倍,大肠杆菌数量减少20倍,差异极显著(P0.01);试验Ⅰ组生长性能优于对照组(P0.05),盲肠中乳酸杆菌数量提高54.5%,双歧杆菌数量提高2.1倍,大肠杆菌数量减少1倍,差异极显著(P0.01)。肉鸭空肠中菌群结构与盲肠中结果一致。     

人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫对雏鸡盲肠正常菌群的影响

在对雏鸡人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫后6、8、13、20天,分别对感染雏与未感染雏盲肠内容物中梭杆菌、真杆菌、消化球菌、乳酸杆菌、类杆菌、肠球菌、葡萄球菌和肠杆菌等8种主要正常菌群进行定性、定量分析。结果发现在球虫感染第20天,感染组有益菌如乳酸杆菌的数量低于对照组,差异极显著(P<0.01),有害菌如梭杆菌、葡萄球菌数量感染组高于对照组,其中梭杆菌差异显著(P<0.05),葡萄球菌差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

低聚果糖调节人体肠道菌群功能的研究

为了研究低聚果糖调节人体肠道菌群的功能和效果,采用卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》调节肠道菌群功能检验方法进行检验,并将体检指标全部合格的120例成年志愿者随机分为试食组和空白对照组,试食组每天分别服用含量大于等于55%的低聚果糖6mL,空白组则采用果葡糖浆作为安慰剂,连续30d,比较摄食前后两组肠道菌群的变化情况。试验结果表明,试食组试验后较试验前粪便中双歧杆菌数量增加5.8%(P0.01),乳酸杆菌增加0.4%(P0.05),产气荚膜梭菌数量减少8.6%(P0.01),拟杆菌数量增加1.0%(P0.01),肠杆菌和肠球菌分别增加0.4%和0.8%(P0.05);与对照组相比,试验后试食组双歧杆菌增加4.2%(P0.01),乳酸杆菌减少21%(P0.05),产气荚膜梭菌减少7.2%(P0.01),拟杆菌减少0.4%(P0.05),而肠杆菌和肠球菌数量无明显变化(P0.05)。因此,每日摄食3.3g的低聚果糖亦具有调节人体肠道菌群,激活益生菌增殖并抑制有害菌的作用。     

健康和腹泻川金丝猴粪样菌群比较分析

通过对比健康与腹泻成年川金丝猴粪便菌群,初步探讨腹泻对川金丝猴粪便细菌区系的影响。采集成年川金丝猴稀软粪样和正常粪样各7份,利用变形梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和实时荧光定量(Real-time PCR)技术分别定性和定量检测粪样菌群变化。结果表明,健康与腹泻粪样菌群DGGE指纹图谱形成2个聚类,相似性为0.78,细菌多样性指数差异不明显。健康成年川金丝猴粪样菌群以梭菌属(包括柔嫩梭菌、梭菌clusterⅪVa、梭菌clusterⅣ)、拟杆菌-普氏菌属为主要优势菌群;肠道微生物定植抗力指标B/E值为0.97;腹泻粪样中双歧杆菌数量(P0.01)、乳酸杆菌数量(P0.05)显著低于正常粪样,而梭菌clusterⅠ和肠杆菌显著(P0.05)高于正常粪样,其他菌群差异不显著,B/E值(P0.01)极显著降低。表明腹泻导致川金丝猴粪样菌群结构失调。     

Granulomatous enteritis following oral inoculation of newborn rabbits with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis of bovine origin.

To assess the rabbit as a model for the study of paratuberculosis infection, two groups of newborn rabbits were orally inoculated at one to two days of age with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (ATCC 19698 or field strain 22206) and compared to uninoculated controls. Nine of thirteen rabbits (69%) inoculated with ATCC 19698, and all three rabbits inoculated with 22206, experienced episodes of intermittent diarrhea starting four months after inoculation. Multifocal granulomas containing acid-fast organisms were observed in the sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix of the cecum in three of nine rabbits (all with diarrhea) that had been inoculated with ATCC 19698. Although M. paratuberculosis was not recovered from inoculated rabbits when fecal cultures were incubated three months in vitro, a slow-growing mycobactin-dependent form of Mycobacterium was recovered from feces and ileal tissue after incubation for 11-15 months. Reduced feed intake, body weight loss and reduced abdominal fat at necropsy, were not observed. Epithelial transport function across the distal ileum in vitro was not altered nine months subsequent to inoculation. Diarrhea and the histological lesions indicate that the rabbit may be a useful model for the study of paratuberculosis infection.     

Ultrasound and computed tomography of sacculitis and appendicitis in a rabbit

A 9‐month‐old neutered male rabbit was referred for lethargy, anorexia, and gastrointestinal stasis. Routine hematology, serum biochemistry, and diagnostic imaging were performed. Computed tomography revealed a wall thickening of the sacculus rotundus and appendix, which was further confirmed on abdominal ultrasound. Full thickness biopsies were collected with histopathology diagnosing a chronic multifocal heterophilic granulomatous sacculitis and appendicitis. The patient was treated medically and at 6 weeks follow‐up, clinical signs and intestinal changes had completely regressed. Inflammation of the sacculus rotundus and appendix should be considered as a cause of gastrointestinal stasis in rabbits.     

Computed tomographic findings of the gastrointestinal tract in rabbits

BackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) diseases are common in rabbits. Although diagnostic imaging studies can assist clinicians in selecting therapeutic approaches, there are few reports of advanced imaging findings in normal rabbits. Computed tomography (CT) is recognized as a useful tool in dogs and cats, but there are few reports of normal findings on multidetector computed tomography (MDTC) in rabbits. The goals of this study are to describe the CT anatomic imaging appearance of the GI tract and their normal variation in healthy pet rabbits and to obtain the normal wall thickness measurements of normal GI tract structures.MethodsTwenty-three rabbits were scanned under general anesthesia and the CT abdominal images were analyzed by two experienced radiologists. Location and size of the major GI organs and structures were determined, and wall thickness of the stomach, small and large intestines were measured, including the interobserver agreement. Statistical analysis of quantitative and qualitative variables was performed.ResultsWall thickness values were established for the different parts of the stomach (cardia: 3.4 ± 0.4mm; fundus: 1.4 ± 0.2mm; body: 1.4 ± 0.1mm; pylorus: 2.9 ± 0.5mm), small intestines (duodenum: 1.4 ± 0.1mm; jejunum: 1.2 ± 0.1mm; ileum: 1.4 ± 0.1mm), and large intestines (cecum: 1.2 ± 0.1mm; colon ascending: 1.4 ± 0.3 mm and descending: 1.3 ± 0.3mm). When distended the stomach did not extend beyond the caudal limits of the L2 vertebra. The cecum occupied the ventral abdominal region from T12/T13 to L7/S1, the sacculus rotundus was identified in 11 of the 23 rabbits. The sacculus rotundus and vermiform cecal appendix were identified only in rabbits with mild large intestinal distension.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIt was possible to use CT to evaluate the different portions of the GI tract that are not normally readily visible on radiographs and ultrasound (US). Normal wall thickness values of the different portion of the GI tract were stablished. These results provide new and important reference values for CT studies in normal pet rabbits and provide data for further studies in rabbits with GI diseases.     

家兔不同组织抗菌蛋白活性及稳定性检测

从家兔8种不同组织(包括肝脏,肾脏,心脏,肺,圆小囊,蚓突,脾脏和肾上腺)提取了具有抗菌活性的蛋白粗提物,并进行了抗菌活性和稳定性检测。试验表明,家兔不同组织抗菌蛋白粗提物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有明显的抑菌活性,其中脾脏抗菌蛋白粗提物表现出最强的抑菌活性,且具有良好的耐高温和耐强酸强碱特性。     

The identification of intestinal M cells in the sacculus rotundus and appendix of the Angora rabbit

The present study was aimed at the immunohistochemical demonstration of M cells, found in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the sacculus rotundus (SR) and appendix of the Angora rabbit, using anti-vimentin primary antibodies, and at the determination of certain fine structural characteristics. Ten adult Angora rabbits constituted the material of the study. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that many cells composing the FAE, which covered the dome regions of the SR and appendix, reacted positively with vimentin. FAE contained two different types of vimentin-positive cells. The first type surrounded intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) with a basolateral invagination in the apex and periphery of the dome epithelium, whilst the second type consisted of columnar cells found in the FAE near crypts. The immunoreactivity of the cells found in the FAE covering the apex and periphery of the domes was observed particularly in the perinuclear cytoplasm and the cytoplasm surrounding the IEL. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the M cells found in the FAE covering the apex and periphery of the dome regions of the SR and appendix did not exhibit any microvilli on their apical surface. The FAE near crypts contained columnar cells, which resembled enterocytes. The apical membrane of these cells exhibited shorter and irregular microvilli, in contrast to neighbouring enterocytes. It was determined that M cells, found in the FAE of the SR and appendix in the Angora rabbit, displayed similarities in terms of localization and fine structure. This situation may be indicative of the two lymphoid structures with different localization having similar functional properties.     

Penetration in vitro of newly excysted juvenile flukes of Japanese Fasciola sp. through ligated intestines of rabbits, mice, rats and chickens.

Ligated intestines of rabbits, mice, rats and chickens were used to examine the penetration of newly excysted juvenile flukes of Japanese Fasciola sp. in vitro. In rabbit intestines, the penetration rate was relatively high in the rectum and duodenum. Penetration rates in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were comparable to those in the rectum and duodenum, although it was lower in the appendix. In the case of mouse, juvenile flukes penetrated the duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and rectum at considerably high rates. In rat intestine, penetration by flukes was less in the duodenum and rectum, although flukes were detected in the jejunum. In chicken intestine, flukes barely penetrated the duodenum, jejunum and rectum. Consequently, newly excysted flukes of Fasciola sp. seem to penetrate any region of the intestine in rabbits and mice. In rats, the middle small intestine may be the site suitable for flukes to penetrate. In chickens, the difficulty in penetration of the intestinal wall may be one of the reasons why chickens are scarcely infected with Fasciola sp.     

Development of a vivo rabbit ligated intestinal Loop Model for HCMV infection

Background: Human Cytomegalovirus(HCMV) infections can be found throughout the body, especially in epithelial tissue. Animal model was established by inoculation of HCMV(strain AD-169) or coinoculation with Hepatitis E virus(HEV) into the ligated sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix in living rabbits. The specimens were collected from animals sacrificed 1 and a half hours after infection.Results: The virus was found to be capable of reproducing in these specimens through RT-PCR and Western-blot.Severe inflammation damage was found in HCMV-infected tissue. The viral protein could be detected in high amounts in the mucosal epithelium and lamina propria by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescense.Moreover, there are strong positive signals in lymphocytes, macrophages, and lymphoid follicles. Quantitative statistics indicate that lymphocytes among epithlium cells increased significantly in viral infection groups.Conclusions: The results showed that HCMV or HEV + HCMV can efficiently infect in rabbits by vivo ligated intestine loop inoculation. The present study successfully developed an infective model in vivo rabbit ligated intestinal Loop for HCMV pathogenesis study. This rabbit model can be helpful for understanding modulation of the gut immune system with HCMV infection.     

Haematophagous bats in Brazil, their role in rabies transmission, impact on public health, livestock industry and alternatives to an indiscriminate reduction of bat population

Haematophagous bats exist only in Latin America, from México to the Northern provinces of Argentina. They are represented by three species, Desmodus rotundus, Diphylla ecaudata and Diaemus youngii. While two species feed only on blood of wild birds, one species, D. rotundus, causes losses feeding on livestock and could be a vector for rabies virus. The cases in which humans were bitten by the bat have increased in Brazil. Bats became a target of control activities by farming communities and local governments. Indiscriminate actions such as poisoning bats and destroying their roosts put the lives of other bat species, which are extremely important for the ecologic balance, at risk. The vaccination of exposed livestock against rabies, which would protect the endangered livestock, is not regularly carried out. The importance and current status of D. rotundus in the transmission of rabies in Brazil, the Public Health aspects, the importance for the livestock industry are shown and the consequences of reducing bat population are discussed. Alternatives to an indiscriminate bat-population reduction in the control of rabies are proposed.     

Identification of normal parameters for ultrasonographic examination of the equine large colon and cecum

Six healthy horses were examined by using transabdominal ultrasonography, as described (1-3), to evaluate activity and size of the large colon and cecum at various locations. Using size and number of sacculations, activity patterns and contractile frequency; significant differences that would allow ultrasonographic identification of dorsal versus ventral colons, if they were displaced, were not found. The cecum had significantly greater activity than the colon, and a trend was seen towards smaller sacculations in the cecum than in the large colon.     

鸡脑光信息通路的对侧联系

目的:为了进一步阐明光照对鸡生产性能的神经调节机制,为养鸡生产科学利用光照和兽医神经外科学提供一定的理论依据,用HRP追踪技术对鸡脑光信息通路的对侧联系进行了观察。方法:用脑立体定位仪向鸡脑圆核注射微量3%WGA-HRP,存活30小时后灌流固定,取脑并制作冰冻切片,用TMB法检测鸡脑光信息通路中投射向对侧的HRP标记神经细胞。结果:将WGA-HRP注入圆核后,除在同侧鸡离顶盖光信息通路的中央灰质层(SGC)和SP/IPS核见有大量HRP标记神经细胞外,在对侧SGC、SP/IPS核和圆核也观察到了一些HRP标记神经细胞体和纤维,但其数量较少,分布范围小,在对侧圆核的不同部位HRP标记细胞和纤维分布位置不同,标记范围呈前后小中间大的纺锤状。讨论:结果表明鸡离顶盖光信息通路主要是同侧投射,也有部分对侧投射。对侧投射可能通过对同侧投射辅助和抑制作用来整合信息,使特定单元结合和处理来自双眼的信息,有助于大脑获得更加精确而全面的信息。