水稻光周期调控开花的研究进展

水稻抽穗期作为重要的农艺性状,由自身遗传因素和环境因素共同决定,对品种生态适应区域和产量因子均有较大影响。过去的二十年里,从叶片的日长识别到茎尖分生组织的成花激活,水稻光周期诱导抽穗开花分子调控机理已取得较大进展,分离并克隆大量与成花相关的调控基因,并整合到光周期调控分子网络中。当植物处于有利条件时,该网络激活成花调控基因,促进成花素表达,将成花素运输至顶端分生组织,从而驱动分生组织细胞发育,最终成花。本文以拟南芥为对照参考,对水稻光周期调控网络及由低纬度地区向高纬度地区扩展遗传变异进行讨论,以期为生态型品种培育和光周期调控成花分子机理研究提供参考。     

水稻抽穗期途径基因的磷酸化、泛素化研究进展

水稻是一种广泛种植的兼性短日照植物.水稻抽穗期是直接影响产量和品种地域适应性的重要农艺性状.因此,研究该性状的影响因素并使植株在适宜的时间抽穗具有重要意义.水稻抽穗期作为一个复杂的数量性状,受内在基因网络和外界光温等条件的共同调控.目前,已经鉴定和克隆出多个控制抽穗期的关键基因,发现磷酸化和泛素化修饰在抽穗期分子机制中...     

Breeding efforts to mitigate damage by heat stress to spikelet sterility and grain quality

Global warming is predicted to aggravate the risk of unstable crop production. It is of great concern that damage to rice spikelet sterility and grain quality will increase, resulting in yield and economic losses. To secure the global food supply and farmers’ income, the development of rice cultivars with heat resilience is a pressing concern. Regarding spikelet sterility, rice cultivars with heat tolerance at different growth stages have been identified in recent years. The early-morning flowering (EMF) trait is effective in heat escape because it shifts the time of day of flowering to earlier in the morning when it is cooler. Although varietal differences are very small, there are some genetic resources for EMF in wild rice accessions. Regarding heat-induced grain chalkiness, heat-tolerant japonica cultivars for mitigating white-back type of chalky grains (WBCG) were found. Quantitative trait loci for heat tolerance at flowering, EMF, and for WBCG in grain quality have been mapped on the rice chromosomes. Further genetic efforts have been successfully connected to the development of near-isogenic lines for each trait with tagged molecular markers. These breeding materials are quite unique and useful in facilitating marker-assisted breeding toward the development of heat-resilient rice in terms of spikelet sterility and grain quality.     

Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Pollen Fertility under High Temperature Stress at Flowering Stage in Rice (Oryza sativa)

High temperature stress (HTS), an increasingly important problem in rice production, significantly reduces rice yield by reducing pollen fertility and seed setting rate. Breeding rice varieties with tolerance to HTS at the flowering stage is therefore essential for maintaining rice production as the climate continues to become warm. In this study, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying tolerance to HTS were identified using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between an HTS-tolerant rice cu...     

成花素的移动性及其在育种中的应用

开花是植物从营养生长进入生殖生长的转折点。近年的研究表明,FT就是寻找多年的成花素。FT蛋白在叶片合成,通过韧皮部从芽接部位移动到接穗或根部,其过表达常导致植物提早开花,以上特点在促进木本植物提早开花、缩短童期、加速育种具有重要价值。综述FT蛋白的移动为成花必须,FT蛋白芽接移动性在一年生及多年生植物的差异、FT促进观赏植物提早开花、利用FT加速育种进程等方面的进展,为相关研究提供参考。     

水稻开花的光温调控分子机理

水稻一生要经历营养生长和生殖生长两个阶段,只有顺利从营养生长向生殖生长转变,水稻才能开花结实。水稻的开花是环境因素与控制水稻开花基因网络相互作用的结果,光照和温度是调控水稻开花的两个重要的环境因子。关于水稻如何感知光照和温度变化,然后启动内部基因的表达来调控水稻开花,科学家提出了一些假说试图解释这个问题。近几年对水稻的开花调控途径的研究有了长足进展,人们对该问题有了新认识。结合前人的研究结果,分析了水稻在不同光温调控下的分子机理。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术编辑粒长基因GS3改善粳稻花时

【目的】花时不遇是影响杂交水稻制种产量的直接因素之一,已有研究表明水稻粒型差异对花时有影响。本研究采用GS3功能缺失突变来研究粳稻花时差异,以期为粒型影响花时提供佐证。【方法】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术来定向编辑控制粒长基因GS3,获得13对粒型差异的近等基因系粳稻,小区种植,采用目测法来调查花时。【结果】获得转基因T0植株并对其T1植株测序分析,发现长白25、吉粳102、浙粳88、武运粳27和J42均发生单碱基插入移码突变,垦鉴稻6号、空育131、浙粳22、扬粳4227、南粳9108、J5933、J6167和J5938均发生部分碱基缺失突变。对T1植株粒型考查表明,gs3突变体的粒长均显著长于野生型。对稳定的后代花时统计分析发现,粒型变长的突变体均比野生型花时有所提前,且吉粳102、空育131、浙粳88、武运粳27、扬粳4227这5个材料的gs3突变体花时均显著早于野生型,其余材料开花也提早,但不显著。【结论】长粒型粳稻GS3突变体的花时早于短粒粳稻野生型,这一研究可为粳稻粒型育种提供参考,加速长粒粳稻亲本选育,有望推动杂交粳稻发展。     

Accurate Evaluation of Photoperiodic Sensitivity and Genetic Diversity in Common Buckwheat under a Controlled Environment

Abstract

Photoperiodic sensitivity is one of the most important factors determining whether a crop can adapt to and be cultivated under a broad range of conditions. In common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), flowering time (flowering of the first flower) is a complex trait influenced by photoperiod, light quality, and temperature, which change daily under natural conditions, and their interaction. Common buckwheat shows a large genetic variation because of the outcrossing reproductive strategy of this species. Thus, flowering time variation within a population reflects both environmental and genotypic variations, and accurate evaluation of photoperiodic sensitivity in common buckwheat requires cultivation under controlled environmental conditions. Here, we investigated photoperiodic sensitivity and its genetic diversity in two buckwheat cultivars, the autumn ecotype Miyazakizairai and the summer ecotype Botansoba, by controlling photoperiod during cultivation under the same temperature regime. Our results showed that (1) the summer ecotype consisted of early-flowering genotypes, including genotypes not found in the autumn ecotype; (2) the autumn ecotype consisted of various genotypes, including early-flowering genotypes and a large number of late-flowering genotypes not found in the summer ecotype; (3) the autumn ecotype showed larger genetic diversity than the summer ecotype in long-day treatments; and (4) genetic diversity first became evident in the 14.5-hr photoperiod in the autumn ecotype, and in the 15.0-hr photoperiod in the summer ecotype. These results support the hypothesis based on previous studies that common buckwheat summer ecotypes were derived from autumn ecotypes by adaptation to climate in northern Japan.     

Evaluation of Agronomic Traits in Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines of KDML105 Containing Drought Tolerance QTL under Drought Stress

Drought is a major abiotic constraint to rice production in rainfed lowland and insufficiently irrigated areas.The improvement of drought tolerant varieties is one of the strategies to reduce the negative effects of drought.Quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for primary and secondary traits related to drought tolerance(DT) on chromosomes 1,3,4,8 and 9 that determined from double haploid lines derived from a cross between CT9993 and IR62266 were introgressed and dissected into small pieces in the genetic background of Khao Dawk Mali 105(KDML105) to develop chromosome segment substitution line(CSSL) population.The CSSLs were evaluated at the reproductive stage for their agronomic performance and yield components under drought stress,and results were compared with irrigated condition.The flowering of CSSL lines was 6 to 7 d earlier than KDML105.The mean values of grain yields in the CSSLs were higher than KDML105 under drought and irrigated conditions.At irrigated condition,the grain yields of introgression lines carrying DT-QTLs from chromosomes 4 and 8 were higher than that of KDML105,whereas other traits showed little difference with KDML105.Analysis indicated that grain yield has positive correlation with plant height,tiller and panicle number per plant,and total grain weight per plant under drought stress while negatively correlated with days to flowering.As mentioned above,CSSLs showing good adaptation under drought stress can be used as genetic materials to improve drought tolerance in Thai rainfed lowland rice breeding program,and as materials to dissect genes underlying drought tolerance.     

抽穗开花期喷施茉莉酸甲酯对不同生态区粳稻花时和株型的影响

目的 研究不同浓度MeJA调控不同生态区育成的粳稻品种花时性状的效果及其对株型性状的影响,为利用MeJA调控杂交亲本的花时,提高亚种间杂交稻的制种产量提供科学依据。方法 以来自不同生态区的35份粳稻品种为试材,于抽穗开花期喷施不同浓度的MeJA,调查不同生态区育成的粳稻品种对MeJA响应的差异及其对株型性状的影响。【结果】MeJA对不同生态区的粳稻花时性状均有显著的促进效应。与对照相比,处理后第一天,不同浓度MeJA处理下粳稻开花时间均显著提前,且随着MeJA浓度的升高,粳稻始花、盛花、终花均显著提前,始-盛持续时间、始-终持续时间均显著缩短。处理后第二天、第三天,MeJA调控效应快速消失,低浓度处理下始终有开花现象,高浓度、中浓度处理下无开花现象。不同生态区粳稻品种对MeJA调控的敏感性不同,其中,辽宁稻区粳稻品种的花时性状对MeJA的调控最为敏感;黑龙江稻区第三积温带的粳稻品种花时性状对MeJA的调控最为迟钝。喷施MeJA对不同生态区的粳稻株型性状有显著影响。株高、颈穗弯曲度随着MeJA浓度的升高而下降,各浓度处理与对照相比均差异显著;剑叶长、倒二叶长随MeJA浓度的升高而变长。【结论】MeJA对不同生态区的粳稻花时性状均有显著的促进效应。MeJA浓度越高,花时提前的效果越明显。各生态区粳稻对MeJA响应的敏感性存在差异。MeJA对粳稻株型性状有一定的影响。粳稻株高、穗颈弯曲度均随着MeJA浓度的升高而下降,且与对照差异显著。MeJA对粳稻其他株型性状的影响大多未达到显著水平。     

水稻落粒性的研究进展

落粒性是野生稻适应自然环境和保持群体繁衍的重要性状,落粒性的丧失是水稻驯化过程中的一个关键事件。落粒程度既直接影响水稻的产量,也影响其对现代化机械收割方式的适应性。本文综述了近年来水稻落粒性的研究进展,包括水稻落粒的生理基础、落粒性基因的定位与克隆,以及调控落粒性的分子机理。     

水稻落粒性的研究进展

落粒性是野生稻适应自然环境和保持群体繁衍的重要性状，落粒性的丧失是水稻驯化过程中的一个关键事件。落粒程度既直接影响水稻的产量，也影响其对现代化机械收割方式的适应性。本文综述了近年来水稻落粒性的研究进展，包括水稻落粒的生理基础、落粒性基因的定位与克隆，以及调控落粒性的分子机理。     

湘南双季稻区气候特点与两系杂交稻秋季制种技术

分析了湘南地区的气候特点与两系杂交稻制种季别的关系,认为湘南双季稻区两系杂交稻制种以发展秋制为宜。秋制中不育系育性转换敏感期安排以８月上旬为最佳,抽穗扬花授粉期可安排在８月１６日～９月５日之间,以８月下旬为优。对两系杂交稻秋季制种主要技术进行了总结。     

Relationship of milled grain percentages and flowering-related traits in rice

The economic value of harvested rice is determined by the grain yield and the percentages of head rice (at least 3/4 the length of a head or kernel) and total milled rice. This study was conducted to determine the effects of flowering-related traits such as duration of flowering, rate of flowering, heading, and duration from heading to maturity on head rice and total milling percentages of rice. Flowering data, gathered for two years from 105 long grain rice genotypes grown in Beaumont, Texas were analyzed for their effects on and relationship with milling traits. A positive linear relationship was obtained for rate of flowering and the duration from heading to maturity but negative for duration of flowering and days to heading. Genotypes with early heading had relatively shorter flowering durations, and genotypes with shorter flowering duration had higher head rice and total milled rice. A faster rate in attaining 100% flowering and more days from heading to maturity were favorable in increasing head rice and total milled grains. The duration from the start of flowering to heading or to 100% flowering can be used in the evaluation and selection for high head rice and total milled rice percentages in rice.     

油菜开花期的遗传调控及ＱＴＬ研究进展

油菜开花期影响油菜的成熟期和产量，是重要的农艺性状。目前国内外学者对油菜开花期已经展开了深入研究。本文主要从模式植物拟南芥开花期的遗传调控、油菜开花期性状QTL定位群体种类、油菜开花基因QTL定位及克隆等方面阐述研究进展，并指出目前存在的问题和对油菜开花期性状研究进行展望，以期对开花期进一步的QTL精细定位、基因克隆和分子标记辅助选择提供理论依据。     

联合QTL定位和转录组分析揭示玉米开花期的遗传基础

开花期对玉米适应不同环境具有决定性作用，是重要的育种目标，对玉米开花期进行QTL定位是进行花期性状改良的基础工作。以玉米自交系黄早四和1462为亲本构建的F_2:3群体为材料，结合高密度SNP标记对玉米抽雄期和散粉期进行QTL定位。结果表明，F_2:3群体的抽雄期和散粉期呈正态分布，且两性状之间呈极显著相关。利用WinQTLcart 2.5软件的复合区间作图法共检测5个控制抽雄期的QTL，分别位于3、5、6、7、9号染色体上，贡献率在6.19%～26.39%；同时检测到4个控制散粉期的QTL，位于3、5、6、7号染色体上，贡献率7.48%～28.28%，这些QTL的基因作用方式以部分显性和超显性为主。共计发现3个主效QTL(贡献率超过10%)，分别位于3号和6号染色体上。利用两个亲本的V6时期的茎尖进行转录分析，在主效QTL置信区间内共发现21个差异表达基因，其中包含可能控制玉米花期的候选基因。     

Molecular Regulatory Network of Flowering by Photoperiod and Temperature in Rice

Plants have an ability to flower under optimal seasonal conditions to ensure reproductive success.Photoperiod and temperature are two important season-dependent factors of plant flowering.The floral transition of plants depends on accurate measurement of changes in photoperiod and temperature.Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics on Arabidopsis and rice reveals that the regulation of plant flowering by photoperiod and temperature are involved in a complicated gene network with different regulatory pathways,and new evidence and understanding were provided in the regulation of rice flowering.Here,we summarize and analyze different flowering regulatory pathways in detail in rice based on previous studies and our results,including short-day promotion,long-day suppression,long-day induction of flowering,night break,different light-quality and temperature regulation pathways.     

Genotype × Environment Interactions for Agronomic Traits of Rice Revealed by Association Mapping

Agronomic traits are important determinants to rice yield, which are controlled by complex genetic factors as well as genotype by environment(G×E) interaction effects. The G×E effects for agronomic traits of rice have been dissected with various approaches, but not with the current available approach, the association studies. In this study, a total of 32 655 single nucleotide polymorphisms were used to carry out associations with 14 agronomic traits among 20 rice accessions in two environments. The G×E interaction effects for all the agronomic traits were at highly significant levels(P 0.01), accounting for 3.4%–22.3% of the total sum of squares except for the length of brown rice. Twenty three putative quantitative trait loci(QTLs), including five previously known and several new promising associations, were identified for 10 of 14 traits. Analysis of the relationships between the traits for which QTLs and the genotype effects could be identified suggested that the higher the genotypic effect, the higher the possibility to identify QTLs for the given trait. The new QTLs detected in this study will facilitate dissection of the complex agronomic traits and may give insight into the G ×E effects with association mapping.     

灌浆结实期不同时段温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响

利用人工气候箱在水稻灌浆结实期不同时段进行温度试验,研究温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响。结果表明,灌浆结实期40℃高温处理后籽粒结实率显著降低,粒重下降,外观品质和食味品质变差。不同水稻品种对灌浆结实期温度的响应表现不一致。在试验条件下,华粳1号开花受精的敏感温度为35℃,而特优559开花、灌浆结实的最适温度为30℃,该温度处理结实率、粒重较高,外观品质以及食味品质较优。此外,灌浆结实期不同时段的高温对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响也存在显著差异：结实率对高温最敏感的时期是开花后1~5 d,粒重对高温最敏感的时期是开花后11~20 d;而温度对稻米品质影响最大的时期主要在花后16~20 d,25 d后温度处理影响较小。因此,灌浆前期适宜的温度条件对水稻优质栽培意义重大。