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1.
This study assessed the importance of spatial and temporal variation in plant quality and quantity for determining sustainable stocking rates in game, commercial and communal ranches in semi-arid savanna of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa, in wet and dry seasons over a two-year period. We focussed on variation in plant biomass, phosphorus (P), crude protein (CP) concentrations and dry matter digestibility as parameters most likely to affect sustainable stocking rates. Habitat type had greater effects on plant quality, plant biomass and species composition than management type. The commercially-managed area had the highest tree density in the rocky habitat and lower plant quality than other management types. All of these features indicate that land degradation is occurring on commercial ranches in spite of rotational grazing and lower stocking density than on communal ranches. We recommend that commercial ranchers should introduce a greater variety of stock and/or game to reduce selective grazing of certain plant species. Quality measures (CP and P) gave more conservative predictions of stocking density than biomass. In this region of the Northern Cape, seasonally-inundated pan habitats are particularly valuable in spite of low-standing crop because they have the highest year-round quality. Contrastingly, ranchers should only lightly stock open savanna habitats, in spite of high standing biomass, because they have low vegetation quality and may be particularly susceptible to degradation and invasion by poisonous and unpalatable plants.  相似文献   

2.
Herd dynamics of indigenous pigs were determined in a semi-arid farming area of Chirumanzu, Zimbabwe. Thirty-two pig herds were monitored once every month for 12 months. Consequently, pig production potential (PPP) and pig production efficiency (PPE) were computed for each month. Incidences of farrowing were higher in times of pig confinement (57%) than in times when the pigs were free ranging (43%). About 23% of the farmers interviewed had access to irrigation. The mean pig herd size per household was 3.3. The average litter size per farrowing was 7.7. Pigs were free ranging for most of the year and penned during the rainy season. Herd sizes changed with month (P < 0.05). Farmers who had access to irrigation had higher (P < 0.05) herd sizes, number of piglets and the number of adult pigs. Highest piglet numbers were observed during the rainy months. The number of mature pigs contributing to pig production efficiency was low. Piglet mortality was the major cause of exits from the herd and was higher in farmers with no access to irrigation facility (P < 0.05). The PPP was highest in farmers who had access to irrigation (P < 0.05), except in June and July. The PPE was low and not affected by either month, village or access to irrigation (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that pig production efficiencies were low and intervention strategies to improve them need to be developed.  相似文献   

3.
通过在燕麦Avena sativa拔节期喷施1%的矮状素和10%乙烯利,研究生长调节剂对不同燕麦品种株高、节间长度、分蘖成穗、产草量和种子产量等性状的影响.结果表明,矮壮素处理后,燕麦株高比对照降低了10~12 cm;品种4628基部节间受影响最大,矮壮素和乙烯利处理后其倒四节间长度有显著下降,仅为对照的58.2%和64.8%.矮壮素和乙烯利处理下燕麦干草和鲜干比变化也比较大,不同品种对2种调节剂的反应不同.喷施生长调节剂后燕麦成穗有显著增加,但穗长、穗粒数有减少的趋势,对千粒重也有影响;种子产量有所增加.3个品种中以4628进行矮壮素处理的效果较好,有效穗数和产量与对照相比显著增加.  相似文献   

4.
合理耕作可增强土壤水分供给能力和促进作物根系发育,进而提高作物抗旱性和生产力,将是进一步挖掘半干旱区马铃薯产量和水分利用效率潜力的有效途径。在西北黄土高原半干旱区于2016-2017年设置定位试验,在全膜覆盖垄作模式下设计立式深旋松耕40 cm(VRT)、深松耕40 cm(DLT)和传统旋耕15 cm(TT)3个处理,测定土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量、毛管含水量以及田间持水量和萎蔫系数、生育期土壤含水量、马铃薯产量等,计算土壤有效贮水量、耗水量和水分利用效率等指标,研究立式深旋松耕对土壤物理性状、马铃薯产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明,VRT显著降低了040 cm土层的土壤容重,较DLT和TT分别下降了10.8%25.3%和11.2%24.8%;土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度分别提高了12.3%23.7%和29.7%46.6%,饱和含水量和土壤毛管含水量分别增加了26.1%54.4%和38.8%82.9%,萎蔫贮水量下降了11.0%49.0%。与TT相比,DLT降低了2040 cm土层的土壤容重和萎蔫贮水量,显著提高了饱和含水量、毛管含水量、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度。基于土壤物理性状和水分特性的优化,VRT在040 cm土层的有效贮水量显著高于DLT和TT,分别增加了34.3%136.9%和44.6%75.2%,DLT较TT在2040 cm土层也有显著增加。较高的土壤有效贮水量促进马铃薯生长,并显著提高块茎产量,VRT分别较DLT和TT增产24.8%156.8%和47.8%41.0%,水分利用效率(WUE)分别提高18.9%92.3%和19.2%26.6%,干旱年份(2016)的增加幅度显著高于正常降水年份(2017)。因此,立式深旋松耕显著优化了土壤的水分特性,提高了土壤有效水含量,促进马铃薯发育,提高块茎产量和WUE,这一效果在干旱年份尤为明显,是适合于黄土高原半干旱区抗旱增产、水分高效的耕作方法。  相似文献   

5.
采用田间试验,研究在氮、磷、钾及微量元素充分供应情况下,基施不同量硒肥对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)不同生育期草产量及农艺性状的影响。结果表明,施硒可不同程度地提高紫花苜蓿不同生育期草产量、干物质积累速率、株高和叶茎比。基施0.45 kg·hm-2硒的紫花苜蓿在分枝期、现蕾期和初花期,其草产量、株高和叶茎比方面均表现最佳,草产量分别比未施硒提高32.67%、24.78%和37.93%,株高分别比未施硒提高10.01%、14.00%和10.51%。叶茎比分别比未施硒提高6.43%、8.00%和12.80%。而干物质积累在分枝期、现蕾期和初花期分别以0.45、1.05和0.75 kg·hm-2处理积累速率最高。未施硒处理生长高峰出现在现蕾期,初花期有所下降,但施硒处理均进入生长高峰,积累速率继续上升。  相似文献   

6.
垄沟集雨种植对土壤水热效应及紫花苜蓿产量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探索和解决半干旱黄土高原区垄沟集雨种植紫花苜蓿的可持续性,采用完全随机设计布置大田试验,以传统平作为对照,研究不同垄覆盖材料(土壤结皮、生物可降解地膜和塑料地膜)和不同沟垄比[沟宽(cm)∶垄宽(cm)分别为60∶30、60∶45和60∶60]对垄沟集雨种植土壤水热效应、紫花苜蓿产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,紫花苜蓿连续种植第4和5年,深度0~3.0 m土壤含水量随紫花苜蓿生育期和生育年限增加而降低,排列次序为塑料膜垄>生物可降膜垄>土垄>传统平作,土壤含水量随集雨垄宽度的增加而增加。垄沟集雨连续种植第4和5年紫花苜蓿全生育期各处理表层(0~1.2 m)土壤处于干旱胁迫状态,随生育期和生育年限延伸,干旱胁迫程度加剧,尤其传统平作。不同处理之间沟中土壤温度差异不明显,垄上土壤温度差异明显,随集雨垄宽度增加而增加。与传统平作相比,MCS30、MCS45、MCS60、BF30、BF45、BF60、PF30、PF45和PF60(MCS、BF和PF分别代表土垄、生物可降解膜垄和塑料膜垄,下标分别表示垄宽为30、45和60 cm)的2年垄上平均土壤温度分别增加0.68、0.99、1.49、2.49、3.05、3.44、3.44、4.03和4.29 ℃。垄沟集雨种植具有调温保墒的作用,促进紫花苜蓿生长发育和产量形成,与传统平作相比,MCS30、MCS45、MCS60、BF30、BF45、BF60、PF30、PF45和PF60的2年紫花苜蓿全生育期平均实际干草产量分别增加7.77%、7.30%、2.11%、32.23%、29.95%、22.47%、40.88%、38.44%和28.37%,WUE分别增加17.94、26.16、29.57、17.35、19.47、17.85、20.99、22.66和20.63 kg·hm-2·mm-1。多年生深根性豆科牧草紫花苜蓿的根系层土壤干燥化机理需要做进一步研究。  相似文献   

7.
播量与留茬高度对老芒麦产量及品质的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究不同播量和留茬高度对老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)栽培草地草产量及品质的影响,本研究分析评价了肃南牧区3个不同播量处理的老芒麦在5种留茬高度处理下的再生性能,产量性状和粗蛋白质(CP)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)3个品质性状。结果表明,播量对老芒麦再生性能、草产量、粗蛋白质产量、ADF和NDF含量影响极显著(P0.01),而对粗蛋白质含量无显著影响(P0.05),且各指标均在播量S2(45kg·hm-2)处理下表现最好。留茬高度则对其都有极显著的影响,且各指标均在留茬高度H6(6 cm)处理下表现最好。两者的互作对再生强度、草产量和ADF含量影响极显著。总体而言,肃南牧区老芒麦栽培草地的利用,在播量45 kg·hm-2、留茬高度6 cm时,不仅再生性能好、干物质产量和粗蛋白质产量高,而且品质好。  相似文献   

8.
刈割时间与留茬高度对羊草草甸草产量和品质的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
为揭示刈割时间与留茬高度对羊草(Leymus chinensis)草甸草产量和干草品质的影响,确定适宜刈割时间与合理留茬高度,本研究以吉林省大安市姜家甸羊草草甸为研究对象,于2014年通过刈割时间与留茬高度两个因素,各设3水平进行随机区组试验研究。结果表明,在8月1日至9月1日间,随刈割时间的推迟,群落盖度呈明显的递增趋势(P0.05),群落和羊草干草粗蛋白(CP)含量呈显著的下降趋势(P0.05),0-10、10-20和20-30 cm三个土层深度的群落根系生物量呈现出由增到减的变化过程,而羊草根系生物量在10-20 cm土层呈减少。8月15日刈割,群落和羊草产量均最高;留茬高度8 cm处理群落产量最高,留茬高度2cm处理羊草产量最高,但在2~8 cm留茬高度范围内,群落和羊草营养成分含量均无显著变化。吉林省西部羊草草甸8月15日刈割、留茬高度2 cm,可收获当年最高羊草产量和干草品质。  相似文献   

9.
The Nama-Karoo is the largest of the three biomes that comprise the semi-arid Karoo-Namib ecoregion of southern Africa. Large tracts of Nama-Karoo rangeland have been invaded by alien leguminous trees of the genus Prosopis. We assessed the impact of Prosopis invasion and clearing on vegetation cover in heavily grazed Nama-Karoo rangeland on two sheep farms in the Beaufort West district of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Our results suggest that, below critical threshold cover levels, Prosopis trees do not affect indigenous vegetation and add to overall rangeland vegetation cover. However, once Prosopis cover exceeds critical thresholds, the trees begin to negatively impact on indigenous vegetation (especially grasses) and overall vegetation cover. In addition, our data suggest that vegetation cover recovers after Prosopis clearing, being temporarily higher than pre-invasion levels possibly as a result of enhanced post-invasion soil fertility. Lastly, our results suggest that Prosopis trees reduce rangeland erosion potential at low cover and increase it after they exceed critical threshold cover. Information about thresholds of Prosopis impact can be used to direct clearing efforts for maximum benefit when resources are limited.  相似文献   

10.
The Nama-Karoo biome occupies 28% of South Africa’s land area. Alien leguminous trees of the genus Prosopis have invaded large tracts of Nama-Karoo rangeland. We evaluated the impact of Prosopis invasion and clearing on vegetation species composition and diversity (alien and indigenous species richness and cover) in Nama-Karoo rangeland on two sheep farms in the Beaufort West district of the Western Cape province of South Africa. Our results suggest that Prosopis invasion and clearing can significantly change Nama-Karoo rangeland species composition. Invasion and clearing appear to have no effect on alien species richness. Invasion, however, increases alien species cover, while clearing restores it to pre-invasion levels. In contrast, invasion reduces indigenous species richness while clearing restores it to pre-invasion levels. Invasion appears to have no effect on indigenous species cover. This lack of effect appears to be the serendipitous result of a site-specific trade-off between a decline in cover of grasses that are negatively affected by Prosopis invasion and a concomitant increase in the cover of positively affected grasses. Clearing increases indigenous species cover to above pre-invasion levels. The higher than usual indigenous species cover after clearing could be a transient legacy of Prosopis soil nutrient enrichment.  相似文献   

11.
分蘖与株高是禾本科草类植物重要的农艺性状,明确参与调控分蘖与株高的基因类型对牧草和草坪草分子辅助育种具有重要意义。以表型差异明显的两个高羊茅品种“Kentucky-31”(K31)和“Regenerate”为材料,旨在构建高羊茅分蘖节转录组图谱,挖掘在分蘖节部位调控生长发育相关的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)。基于高通量测序技术平台Illumina HiSeq 2500×Miseq 300进行转录组测序,并将得到的数据进行de novo组装,结果共获得77872条单基因簇(unigene)。将获得的unigenes与非冗余蛋白数据库(non-redundant protein database,NR)、蛋白质数据库(universal protein,Uniprot)、基因本体数据库(gene ontology,GO)、东京基因与基因组数据库(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)以及直系同源蛋白簇(clusters of orthologous groups,COG)数据库进行比对,结果显示:分别有59927、40213、44447、15146和13767条unigenes成功获得注释。“Regenerate”与“K31”对比有1573个上调DEGs和1441个下调DEGs。GO富集分析发现,DEGs主要富集在细胞、细胞组分、大分子复合物组装等生物过程。DEGs中共注释到42个差异表达转录因子,主要包括TCP、WRKY和ARF等19种类型。还注释到与8类植物激素相关的DEGs,包括生长素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、赤霉素、乙烯、油菜素甾醇、水杨酸和茉莉酸。利用实时荧光定量PCR对DEGs进行表达模式验证,发现其与RNA-Seq测序结果一致,证实了测序结果的准确性。研究结果丰富了高羊茅的转录组序列资源,初步获得控制株高及分蘖发育的候选因子,为进一步开展基因功能及分子育种研究提供了理论支持。  相似文献   

12.
青南牧区草地牧草产量与水,热因子的灰色关联分析   总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7  
巩爱歧  彭毛 《草业科学》1999,16(4):37-41
利用灰色理论,对青海省青南牧区天然草地产草量与水,热两因子的关联程度进行分析,其目的是从量的角度,探索该区域草地的主导制约因子,研究主要采用选点,曲型抽样,收集资料的方法,以1988~1997年10月间的草地产量实测值为对照列,以≥0℃年积温,年降水量,3-9月间的月均温,月降水量为对比例,经计算,其结果是水,热两因子与产草量的关联度是基本相等,但在该区域水分条件较好的情况下,热量条件是主导因子,  相似文献   

13.
氮磷钾配施对甘草生长动态和产量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为研究氮磷钾配施对甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensi)生长动态和产量的影响,对其进行“3414”氮磷钾配施试验。结果表明,氮、磷、钾配施对株高的促进效应主要表现在6月下旬之前的主茎快速生长期,对根干质量增加效应则主要表现在7―8月根粗和根长增加高峰期;中等水平氮(N2)、磷(P2)、钾(K2)对甘草生物量和产量促进效应最大;氮磷钾配施以N2P2K2时甘草产量最高,达6 500 kg·hm-2,较不施肥增产39.3%。推荐施氮量171 kg·hm-2,施磷量292.5 kg·hm-2,施钾量49.5 kg·hm-2。  相似文献   

14.
氮素和水分添加对荒漠草原短花针茅氮磷特征的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
植物氮(N),磷(P)含量特征为研究植物的养分利用状况提供了重要的手段.为判断草地生态系统植被限制性元素及对环境的适应策略,在短花针茅荒漠草原的自由放牧区进行了N和水分添加试验,研究在N和水分添加条件下优势植物短花针茅叶的N,P含量及其化学计量特征.通过对N添加,水添加和N水同时添加3个处理的测定表明,短花针茅通过提高叶N含量来增强对贫瘠生境的适应能力.N和水分是影响短花针茅N吸收的限制因子.短花针茅叶N,P含量及N:P对N添加和水添加的响应在成熟期较枯萎期敏感;N对成熟期叶的N,P含量,N:P以及枯萎期的N:P有显著影响,而水分仅对成熟期叶的N,P含量有影响.  相似文献   

15.
研究了北方农牧交错区垄沟集雨种植措施对老芒麦Elymus sibiricus生长发育的影响。覆膜垄沟集雨种植可以使有限降雨在沟内富集累加,垄面径流效率达到80%左右。老芒麦2008和2009年营养生长阶段,处理间高度差异显著。2008年处理1和CK相比,株高提高33.5%~61.3%;处理2和CK相比,株高提高20.1%~44.1%,处理1与处理2相比,株高提高9.2%~16.2%。2009年处理1与CK相比,株高提高93.2%~116.4%;处理2与CK相比,株高提高65.4%~82.3%;处理1与处理2相比,株高提高12.1%~19.4%。处理1、处理2与CK三者在密度方面差异不尽相同,总体表现出处理2和处理1老芒麦密度高于CK,2008年密度动态变化和单株分蘖数变化保持一致,2009年返青后,呈现出整体略微下降趋势,趋于稳定。  相似文献   

16.
为筛选出适宜甘肃陇西半干旱山区种植的优良燕麦(Avena sativa)品种及最佳播期,本文研究了7个燕麦品种在4个播期(5月6日、5月16日、5月26日、6月5日)的生产性能和营养品质,并运用灰色关联度和聚类分析进行了综合评价。结果表明:播期和品种互作对燕麦的干草产量、种子产量和饲草品质具有极显著影响(P < 0.01)。28个处理相比较,5月26日种植的‘梦龙’干草产量最高,为13 550.80 kg·hm?2;6月5日种植的‘莫妮卡’种子产量最高,为2 147.31 kg·hm?2;5月26日种植的‘青燕1号’粗蛋白含量最高,为6.94%。利用干草产量、粗蛋白含量、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和可溶性糖含量的相对值进行灰色关联度综合评价得出,5月6日种植的‘陇燕3号’综合表现最好,其次是5月26日种植的‘梦龙’。通过系统聚类将28个处理根据干草产量、种子产量、饲草粗蛋白含量聚为四大类。综上,在陇西半干旱山区选择适宜的播期种植可提高燕麦产量和营养品质,是适宜该地区燕麦草地的管理措施。  相似文献   

17.
The shrub Osteospermum sinuatum, an important fodder plant in Karoo rangelands, flowered after heavy rain in autumn, winter and spring. The number of flowers produced per bush was positively conelated with basal stem diameter and rainfall in the 12 weeks before anthesis. Flowering increased when neighbouring plants of all species were removed. Grazing during flowering and seed set, by sheep stocked at recommended densities, reduced potential seed set by as much as 90%. Birds, hares and small antelope consumed 10–50% of the flowers. Size‐class distributions indicated that little recent recruitment had taken place on a ranch where palatable plants were scarce and where O. sinuatum flower production was severely depressed by grazing sheep.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of methoctramine, a cardioselective muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, on heart rate and small intestinal motor activity were compared to those of the nonselective competitive muscarinic antagonist, atropine. Methoctramine or atropine, 6, 10, 30, 60 μg/kg, or sterile isotonic saline, was administered intravenously to six conscious dogs in cross-over studies. Methoctramine administration caused dose-dependent tachycardia without affecting intestinal motility, while atropine administration caused dose-dependent tachycardia accompanied by significant reductions in small intestinal motility. Additionally, methoctramine did not inhibit intestinal smooth muscle contractile activity initiated by the muscarinic agonist bethanechol, while atropine inhibited bethanechol-induced contractile activity in a dose-dependent manner. Calculated dosages of methoctramine and atropine required to produce a 50% increase in heart rate over baseline were 35.1 ± 5.3 and 39.5 ± 6.2 μg/kg, respectively. This dosage of atropine caused a 93 ± 13.9% reduction in intestinal motility. These findings suggest that selective muscarinic antagonists may be useful drugs for those veterinary patients in which nonselective muscarinic antagonists have the potential to produce untoward effects on intestinal motility.  相似文献   

19.
植物甾醇对泌乳前期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
根据年龄、胎次、泌乳时间和产奶量选择24头泌乳奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。对照组饲喂奶牛场配制的全混合饲料,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组每头奶牛日粮中分别添加40 g/d和80 g/d植物甾醇,研究植物甾醇对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛的产奶量分别提高了2.07 kg/d(5.64%,P0.05)和1.74 kg/d(4.75%,P0.05);试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组奶牛乳脂率分别提高了8.22%(P0.01)和2.97%(P0.05);乳蛋白率分别提高了2.45%(P0.05)和1.05%(P0.05);非脂固形物分别提高了1.29%(P0.05)和0.23%(P0.05),体细胞数分别下降了37.31%和19.34%,但差异均不显著(P0.05);牛奶中乳尿素氮含量分别降低了5.29%(P0.05)和7.58%(P0.01)。结果表明泌乳前期奶牛补饲一定量的植物甾醇能够提高产奶量和改善乳成分。  相似文献   

20.
氮素在苜蓿产量累积与品质提升中发挥着重要作用,但其不合理添加不仅会造成资源浪费,还会加剧环境污染,且其添加效应因试验区域、添加模式和种植管理等因素不同存在较大差异。本研究通过整合已发表的相关田间试验数据,利用Meta分析方法定量研究了氮素添加对苜蓿产量与品质(粗蛋白含量、酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量)的效应及主要影响因素。结果表明,与不添加氮素相比,添加氮素可显著提高苜蓿产量与品质,其中产量和粗蛋白含量分别平均提高12.6%(置信区间9.0%~16.2%)和7.3%(置信区间4.1%~10.6%),酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量分别平均降低5.6%(置信区间3.5%~7.8%)和3.0%(置信区间1.0%~4.9%)。在甘肃,年平均气温<8℃和年平均降水量200~400 mm的地区,采用硝酸铵分次施肥及灌溉和播种量为26~30 kg·hm-2时,更有利于添加氮素对苜蓿产量和粗蛋白含量的提高效应及对酸性和中性洗涤纤维含量的降低效应;但适宜的施氮量及生长年限在产量与品质方面存在差异。该研究可为苜蓿生产力提升及氮营养高效利用提供参考。  相似文献   

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