Irrigation scheduling based on yield and quality in Bromus inermis北大核心CSCD

A suitably calculated irrigation regime can improve the productivity of artificial grassland，improve the quality of pasture and enhance water use efficiency in drier areas. In this research we compared the effects of two irrigation regimes（regulated deficit irrigation at different growth stages，I1；regulated deficit irrigation over the whole growth period ，I2）on yield and quality of Bromus inermis in the Hexi Corridor. Irrigation scheduling was optimized by considering the results of field trials and simulations of irrigation scheduling in typical dry years to provide a theoretical basis for local production practices. The results showed that：The yield of B. inermis in I1 initially increased and then decreased with successive increases in the amount of water applied，while in I2 B. inermis yield showed an increasing trend across the range of irrigation rates tested. In both irrigation regimes，the crude protein content of B. inermis gradually decreased with increasing water supply，while the acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents increased somewhat. Compared with I2，B. inermis yield was increased by 23.11% on average and crude protein content by 6. 09% on average in I1；therefore，the I1 irrigation regime was superior. Based on the field trial combined with the simulation of irrigation scheduling in a typical dry year，it was found that a treatment designated ［greening stage （75%-85% θFC），jointing stage （65%-85% θFC），and tasseling stage （65%-85% θFC），I1DF1］，irrigation frequency of 12 times，and a total irrigation amount of 521. 76 mm provided water-saving benefits and stable yield in B. inermis in the Hexi Corridor. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

肉牛养殖中饮水管理注意事项

随着肉牛养殖业的不断发展,养殖户越来越注重精粗饲料的高效利用以及饲养管理水平的提升,往往容易忽视养殖过程中最基础同时也是非常重要的环节——饮水管理。适宜的饮水条件不仅可以降低肉牛疾病的发生,还可提高饲料消化率及生产性能,从而提高经济效益。     

基于EPIC模型的四川丘陵区黑麦草生长过程及其土壤水分动态变化模拟

明确黑麦草田土壤水分变化规律,对提高四川丘陵区人工草地管理水平具有重要的现实意义;校验EPIC模型,有利于改进并提高模型对黑麦草的模拟精度,对推进作物生产系统模拟与决策技术在草粮轮作系统的应用具有重要的实践意义。本研究通过田间试验与计算机模型相结合的方法,研究了四川丘陵区黑麦草生长过程及其土壤水分动态变化规律,明确了EPIC模型对黑麦草生长过程及土壤水分变化规律的模拟精度。结果表明,1)四川丘陵区黑麦草田土壤有效含水量在3-5月较低,深层(0.4~0.6 m)土壤水分在5-10月间可以得到较好恢复,适当增加氮肥投入,可以显著提高黑麦草最大叶面积系数和饲草产量,在刈割4茬的条件下,氮肥施入量不宜低于75 kg/hm²,且不高于225 kg/hm²;2)黑麦草田0~1 m土层土壤有效含水量模拟值和观测值间的r值为0.86~0.95,RRMSE值为6.0%~17.2%,土壤水分剖面分布动态变化的模拟值和观测值间的r值介于0.57与0.92之间,且大部分大于0.85;3)EPIC模型模拟的黑麦草叶面积系数和株高与观测值间的r值均大于0.90,在统计范围内模拟值和观测值间差异不显著;黑麦草产量模拟值和观测值间的r值大于0.90,ME值和R²间差异小于0.02。总体而言,EPIC模型能够较好地模拟黑麦草生长过程,对黑麦草田土壤水分动态变化规律模拟较为准确,可以用来评价四川丘陵区以黑麦草为主的草粮轮作系统对当地气候条件的适应性。     

再生水灌溉对苜蓿、白三叶生长及品质的影响

为了推广再生水在牧草灌溉方面的安全利用,在沧州污水处理厂采用田间试验,研究了3年再生水灌溉对苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)和白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)2种豆科(Leguminosa)牧草生长及品质的影响。结果表明:与自来水灌溉相比,再生水灌溉初期对苜蓿、白三叶生长高度无明显影响,但能显著增加其产量;再生水的3年灌溉对苜蓿、白三叶植株体内粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪含量无显著影响;再生水灌溉在一定程度上增加了2种牧草植株体内矿质元素的含量;本试验通过再生水的3年灌溉并未发现氯随着再生水灌溉的输入对苜蓿、白三叶的生长产生抑制作用;再生水灌溉的苜蓿植株体内3种重金属含量与自来水灌溉相比无显著差异,且均未超过饲料卫生标准,初步说明短期再生水灌溉不会引起苜蓿和白三叶植株体内重金属的累积。     

再生水灌溉对冷季型草坪草生长的影响

再生水用于草坪绿地灌溉对拓宽再生水的应用范围、缓解城市用水危机具有重要意义。本研究采用自来水和再生水两种水源灌溉供试草坪，分析其在再生水灌溉条件下的生长、生理指标的变化。供试草种为冷季型草坪草多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)品种潘多拉(Panterra)、首相(Premier)，高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种凌志（Barlexas）、易凯（Easy care），草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)品种百胜(Barvictor)、百斯特（Barrister），研究结果表明，再生水灌溉使各草坪草的再生量提高，叶绿素含量也显著提高，灌溉后期草坪草叶宽显著提高，但对叶片细胞膜透性和根系活力没有显著影响。再生水用于草坪灌溉在兰州市具有良好的应用前景。     

交替灌溉对紫花苜蓿生物量分配与水分利用效率的影响

交替灌溉是一种节水灌溉技术,广泛用于籽实作物和园艺作物的生产灌溉管理.本研究采用田间试验,分析了交替灌溉对紫花苜蓿地上生物量及其构成要素,根系生物量,地下地上生物量比和水分利用效率的影响,以期为紫花苜蓿生产中应用交替灌溉技术提供科学依据.结果表明,交替灌溉显著提高了紫花苜蓿水分利用效率,但没有显著影响紫花苜蓿的地上生物量;交替灌溉虽然增加了紫花苜蓿单株分枝数,但减少了单株叶片数;交替灌溉增加了0~20 cm土层的根系生物量,降低了20~60 cm 土层根系的生物量,整体上增加了0~60 cm 土层根系的总生物量;交替灌溉增加了紫花苜蓿的地下地上生物量比,提高了紫花苜蓿植株适应干旱的能力.上述结果说明,交替灌溉能够提高紫花苜蓿水分利用效率而不减产,一方面通过增加紫花苜蓿根系发育能力而提高其耐旱性,另一方面增加了单株分枝数,因此交替灌溉能够适用于收获营养体的紫花苜蓿生产的灌溉管理.     

水资源紧缺条件下永昌县农户苜蓿灌溉及种植效益调查

永昌县属水资源紧缺地区,以随机走访的方式,调查了当地井灌区、河灌区55户农户的灌溉和种植效益情况,发现对苜蓿、小麦、大麦在河灌区与井灌区采取不同的灌溉方式:河灌区为多量少次,井灌区为少量多次;河灌区作物灌溉总量显著高于井灌区(P<0.05),井灌区种植作物更加节水;苜蓿的净收益在河灌区较小麦好,而在井灌区却低于小麦,河灌区是苜蓿种植的理想地方,虽然苜蓿在井灌区的灌溉水效益高于河灌区,从节水角度,在井灌区种植苜蓿比较适宜,而农户考虑的主要是经济效益,所以河灌区固然浪费水,但仍有相当大面积的苜蓿种植。应通过政策引导,使节水的同时经济效益也较好,这将有利于苜蓿经济效益与节水效益共同提高。     

赤红壤坡地果园间种不同牧草的适应性及其持续利用研究

通过果园间作6种不同牧草对比试验，筛选出4种适宜于赤红壤坡地种植的牧草。同时开展了利用刈割后的牧草覆盖野生蔬菜地和覆盖、填埋果树周围（树冠滴水线以外）土壤的试验，结果表明，利用刈割牧草覆盖填埋处理来改良土壤，可明显增加土壤水分，提高土壤肥力，进而促进果树生长。这种方式是解决牧草持续利用的一种好的途径。     

水氮供应对地下滴灌紫花苜蓿生产性能及水氮利用效率的影响

为探讨不同水氮供应对紫花苜蓿生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响,确定地下滴灌紫花苜蓿栽培草地的合理施氮量和灌溉量,以紫花苜蓿‘巨能7号’为供试品种,采用田间试验,全生长季共设置4个总滴灌量水平:480 mm(W₁)、550 mm(W₂)、620 mm(W₃)和690 mm(W₄);施氮量共设置4个水平:无氮(N₀,0)、低氮(N₁,60 kg·hm^-2)、中氮(N₂,120 kg·hm^-2)和高氮(N₃,180 kg·hm^-2)结合灌溉进行,试验采用田间裂区设计,研究了不同水氮供应对地下滴灌紫花苜蓿全生长季内生长状况、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。试验结果表明:1)水氮供应对紫花苜蓿不同茬次的株高和茎粗均有不同的影响,表现为第1、2茬紫花苜蓿的株高均随施氮量和滴灌量的增加而增高,第1茬紫花苜蓿的茎粗随滴灌量的增加而增粗。2)第1、2茬紫花苜蓿干草产量均随滴灌量的增加而增加,施氮量对第1、4茬和全年的紫花苜蓿干草产量有显著的提高,其中滴灌量、施氮量和水氮互作对紫花苜蓿增产效应极显著(P<0.01)。3)增加滴灌量,降低施氮量,紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)均逐渐下降,WUE和IWUE最小值均出现在W₄N₀处理下,且该处理下的WUE和IWUE均明显小于其他处理。4)紫花苜蓿氮肥农学效率(ANUE)随施氮量增加在不同滴灌量下表现出不同的变化趋势,在W₁、W₂和W₃水平下,ANUE随施氮量的增加表现为先增大后降低趋势,ANUE最大值均出现在N₂水平,在W₄水平下,ANUE随施氮量的增加而降低;氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。ANUE随滴灌量的增加先降低后升高,而PFPN先增加后降低,说明适当增加滴灌量可以提高紫花苜蓿的ANUE和PFPN。综合考虑紫花苜蓿产量效应和资源利用、环境等综合效应,W₃N₂处理下(滴灌量为620 mm,施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2)宁夏引黄灌区地下滴灌紫花苜蓿种植较为适宜。研究结果可为宁夏引黄灌区紫花苜蓿大面积推广节水、高产优质种植提供理论依据。     

The dynamics, prevalence and impact of nematode infections in organically raised sheep in Sweden

A three-year survey (1997-99) was carried out on organically reared sheep flocks throughout Sweden. The aim was to determine the prevalence and intensity of nematode infections and to establish relationships between sheep management practices and parasite infections. Faecal samples from ewes and lambs were collected from 152 organic flocks around lambing-time and during the grazing-period for analysis. Results were compared with the different management practices that farmers use to prevent parasitism in their flocks. A high proportion of the flocks was infected with nematodes. The most prevalent species were Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumeincta, Trichostrongylus axei. T. colubriformis and Chabertia ovina and infections progressively increased during summer in lambs grazing on permanent pastures. Severity of parasitic infection in lambs was highly dependent on egg output from the ewes. H. contortus was found in 37% of the flocks, even at latitudes approximating the Polar Circle. Nematodirus battus was recorded for the first time in Sweden during the course of this study. Lambs turned out onto permanent pasture showed higher nematode faecal egg counts (epg) than lambs that had grazed on pastures, which had not carried sheep the previous year. This beneficial effect of lambs grazing non-infected pastures persisted if the ewes were treated with an anthelmintic before turn-out and if the lambs were kept on pastures of low infectivity after weaning. In lambs, the prevalence and the magnitude of their egg counts were higher during autumn in flocks where lambs were slaughtered after 8 months of age, compared with flocks where all lambs were slaughtered before this age. These results will be used in providing advice to farmers of ways to modify their flock management in order to minimise the use of anthelmintics, but at the same time efficiently produce prime lambs.     

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

A wide range of management techniques is available to enhance quantity and quality of forage supply to grazing animals throughout the annual production cycle. Within broad limits, dry matter (DM) production is relatively insensitive to management of defoliation frequency, severity and duration. However defoliation management has effects on feed quality which can be enhanced, in particular, by control of pasture growth in the spring through maintenance of relatively low average pasture masses. Treading damage can have significant immediate and ongoing effects on pasture production and farmers can use a range of management techniques to minimise these. Fertiliser application practices have a potent influence on pasture production and seasonality of that production. Available soil nitrogen is the primary nutrient deficiency limiting production in New Zealand's characteristically grass-dominant pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser usage has increased markedly in recent years, particularly to grow substantially greater amounts of forage during the cool season, and this trend looks set to continue. However, the use of nitrogen fertiliser has important environmental implications. Pasture renewal and forage crop use has also increased in recent years. Care needs to be taken in conducting cost-benefit analyses, selecting the options that best meet the needs, and in establishment and subsequent management practices. Ryegrass (perennial and hybrids) and white clover remain the primary choice for permanent pasture renewal, the availability of safe endophytes having largely alleviated effects of endophyte toxicosis. Special-purpose mixtures are used, especially in dry environments. Italian ryegrasses, brassicas and chicory are common choices for forage crops. A range of management techniques can be used to alleviate deleterious effects of some forages, including ryegrass endophyte toxicosis, facial eczema, and toxins associated with Fusarium fungi. Generally these techniques are not totally effective. More research is required to increase our understanding of these disorders, and in order to develop more effective and reliable management practices.     

基于APSIM模型的高寒地区燕麦灌溉制度优化

提出青海海西地区燕麦生产优化灌溉制度,为当地燕麦优质高效生产提供技术参考。大田试验于2017-2018年在青海省乌兰县金泰牧场开展,2017年无灌溉处理,2018年设置4个灌溉处理,分别为仅开花期灌溉(I₁),在分蘖期和拔节期灌溉(I₂),在分蘖期、拔节期和开花期灌溉(I₃),无灌溉(N_I),灌溉处理每次的灌溉量均为50 mm。采用2018年I₃处理的数据校准APSIM模型,用2018年其他灌溉处理和2017年的数据验证模型,然后模拟不同降水年型下不同灌溉情景的产量和水分利用,并提出青海海西地区燕麦草地优化灌溉制度。试验结果表明,2018年处理I₃的产量和耗水量最高,且与其他处理差异显著,处理I₂的水分利用效率最高。2017年无灌溉处理的干物质高于2018年的处理I₂、I₁和N_I,并且水分利用效率比2018年的4个处理均高。模型校准过程中干物质产量和土壤水分的模拟值与实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.94 t·hm^-2和4.96 mm,4个关键物候期(出苗期、开花期、灌浆期和收获期)的模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为1、3、4和8 d。验证过程中2018年I₁、I₂和N_I干物质产量和土壤储水量模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为1.03 t·hm^-2和7.13 mm;2017年4个关键物候期的模拟值与实测值的RMSE为1、1、5和10 d。表明调参之后的“APSIM-燕麦”模拟水分和产量的可靠性较高。利用校准后的模型模拟了10种灌溉情景下燕麦的干物质产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率,结果表明,在2017(降水低于年平均降水量)和2018年(降水高于年平均降水量),情景8(在分蘖期和拔节期灌溉,每次的灌溉量为50 mm)均为最优灌溉方案。研究结果对于研究区的燕麦人工草地的节水灌溉管理具有一定的参考价值。     

京郊平原区苜蓿生产能力与耗水规律的研究

根据北京地区气候与苜蓿Medicago sativa生产特点通过定量灌溉控制,设置水分相对充足(WS)、水分中度 (WM)和水分亏缺(WD)3个水分梯度处理,对苜蓿各茬次与全年干草产量、土壤含水量以及干草产量与耗水量、水分利用效率的相关关系进行测定与分析.结果显示,苜蓿干草产量与耗水量和水分利用效率呈正线性相关关系,当灌溉量较大、水分充足时,可增加苜蓿各茬次与全年干草产量,其耗水量与水分利用效率也相应增加,表明相对充足灌水有利于植株的生长发育,特别是在北京相对干旱的2003年,生长时期的自然降水为285.6 mm,仅依靠自然降水并不能获得苜蓿高产以满足生产需要,适当的灌水是有必要的,按返青和每次刈割后灌溉60 mm/次(以保持土壤含水量75%时),全年耗水量530.33 mm,全年可获得苜蓿干草产量17 927.48 kg/hm2.     

Advances in pasture management for animal productivity and health

A wide range of management techniques is available to enhance quantity and quality of forage supply to grazing animals throughout the annual production cycle. Within broad limits, dry matter (DM) production is relatively insensitive to management of defoliation frequency, severity and duration. However defoliation management has effects on feed quality which can be enhanced, in particular, by control of pasture growth in the spring through maintenance of relatively low average pasture masses. Treading damage can have significant immediate and ongoing effects on pasture production and farmers can use a range of management techniques to minimise these.

Fertiliser application practices have a potent influence on pasture production and seasonality of that production. Available soil nitrogen is the primary nutrient deficiency limiting production in New Zealand's characteristically grass-dominant pastures. Nitrogen fertiliser usage has increased markedly in recent years, particularly to grow substantially greater amounts of forage during the cool season, and this trend looks set to continue. However, the use of nitrogen fertiliser has important environmental implications.

Pasture renewal and forage crop use has also increased in recent years. Care needs to be taken in conducting cost-benefit analyses, selecting the options that best meet the needs, and in establishment and subsequent management practices. Ryegrass (perennial and hybrids) and white clover remain the primary choice for permanent pasture renewal, the availability of safe endophytes having largely alleviated effects of endophyte toxicosis. Special-purpose mixtures are used, especially in dry environments. Italian ryegrasses, brassicas and chicory are common choices for forage crops. A range of management techniques can be used to alleviate deleterious effects of some forages, including ryegrass endophyte toxicosis, facial eczema, and toxins associated with Fusarium fungi. Generally these techniques are not totally effective. More research is required to increase our understanding of these disorders, and in order to develop more effective and reliable management practices.     

亚热带山区草地农业系统分析——以贵州省晴隆县为例

中国西南岩溶山区面临环境和贫困的双重挑战,建立兼顾生态和民生需要的农业生产系统,是该地区可持续发展的关键。本研究以贵州省晴隆县为例,在实地调查的基础上,对作物生产系统、山羊生产系统及农牧结合系统这3种发展模式进行了比较和分析。农户生产系统的纯收入以农牧结合系统为最高,山羊生产系统次之,作物生产系统最低,说明实行草地农业系统有利于增加农民收入。退耕种草使昔日水土流失严重的坡耕地农田转变为多年生草地,提高了植被覆盖度,显著减少了化肥和农药用量,草地放牧利用促进养分返还土壤,从而降低水土流失及环境污染风险,生态效益显著。该县发展以多年生放牧草地为基础的山羊生产,加上服务中心在技术和市场销售上的支撑作用,为破解西南岩溶山区生态和贫困难题探索了一条可行的途径。     

渗灌对宁夏引黄灌区苜蓿生长性状及水分利用率的影响

研究渗灌对苜蓿土壤含水量、生产性能及水分利用效率的影响对苜蓿的科学渗灌具有重要意义。以宁夏引黄灌区紫花苜蓿为对象,对渗灌定额350(S₃₅)、400(S₄₀)、450(S₄₅)和500(S₅₀) m³·667 m^-2和漫灌定额800 m³·667 m^-2(CK)下的土壤含水量动态,苜蓿生长性状、饲用品质及灌溉水利用效率进行了研究。结果表明:1)整个生育期内,CK的土壤含水量和耗水量最高,S₄₅的土壤含水量较低,渗灌较传统漫灌有利于保持土壤水分;CK在0~20 cm土层土壤水分变异系数最大,各渗灌0~40 cm土层变异较小,渗灌土壤含水量随土层加深而下降,土壤水分变异低于漫灌;2)渗灌可促进苜蓿的叶茎比、分枝数、叶面积指数、根系生物量以及粗蛋白含量的增加,降低酸性洗涤纤维含量,这在S₄₅和S₅₀下总体表现更明显;3)除S₃₅外,其他渗灌的苜蓿草产量和粗蛋白产量均较对照有不同程度增加,说明适宜的渗灌量可提高苜蓿草产量和粗蛋白产量,提高灌溉水利用效率和苜蓿经济效益。研究认为,450 m³·667 m^-2左右渗灌定额是宁夏引黄灌区苜蓿渗灌的适宜灌水量。     

全株玉米青贮制作原则及关键点分析

随着奶牛行业的快速发展,全株玉米青贮因其价格低、储存时间长、营养丰富、适口性好、饲料转换率高等优点,越来越受到奶牛养殖者的认可和青睐。但在青贮制作过程中,因养殖者青贮制作技术欠缺、经验不足、认知度低等原因,最终导致青贮制作失败。为提高全株玉米青贮制作水平,本文将从把控水分、隔绝空气、微生物处理、收贮管理等全株玉米青贮制作四项基本原则进行论述和分析,养殖者可通过把控最佳收割时间,严管留茬高度、切割长度、籽粒破碎程度,做到上料快、压窖快和封窖快,正确使用青贮发酵剂,做好封窖后维护管理工作,从而做出优质的青贮饲料,进一步提高奶牛产奶量和牧场经济效益。     

Agricultural wastes as dairy feed in Chiang Mai

Dairy farming in Chiang Mai was established in 1965 by the Thai–German Dairy Project and was subsequently taken over by Department of Livestock development in 1970. Starting from 1979, the Dairy Farming Promotion Organization of Thailand also supports the development of dairy farming in northern Thailand. However, dairy farming in Chiang Mai still faces numerous problems. At present, farm sizes are relatively medium, with an average of 23.75 cattle/farm (cows, heifers and calves). Almost all dairy farmers are member of a dairy co‐operative that provides them with an artificial insemination service, supplies of concentrated feed, loans and a center for collecting milk. The average pasture area is 0.3 ha/farm. The main feed resources are green forage from the farm pasture, public areas and roadside pastures, which are abundant only in the rainy season. The farmers are forced to use crop by‐products as roughage in the dry season, especially rice straw, even though its nutritive value is limited due to its low digestibility, low nitrogen and low mineral and vitamin content. To improve the nutritional value of crop by‐products, physical and chemical treatments are implemented. Agro‐industrial wastes such as pineapple waste, sugarcane molasses, the peel, husk or silk of sweet corn and baby corn are also used as dairy feed.