蓄水控灌模式对水稻产量和水分生产效率的影响

蓄水控灌模式主要是基于水稻对旱、涝的双重适应性,通过降低灌溉控制下限,同时抬高稻田的雨后拦蓄深度和延长降雨在稻田的滞蓄时间来提高雨水资源利用效率的一种灌溉模式。以杂交水稻"K优818"为试验材料,采用小区试验进行了3年试验观测,研究了水稻蓄水控灌模式对降雨利用效率、灌排水量、灌排次数、籽粒产量和水分生产效率的影响,并与常规淹水灌溉和控制灌溉试验进行了分析比较。结果表明,蓄水控灌模式可减少灌排次数和灌排水量,雨水利用效率和水分生产效率明显提高,而产量并未降低。但蓄水深度过大,水稻有小幅减产。上述结果表明水稻蓄水控灌是一种节水、高效、省工的灌溉模式,适于南方多雨地区使用。     

不同水管理模式下稻田对养殖肥水的净化效果研究

利用配有相对独立的供、排水系统的测坑研究间歇灌排、间歇灌连续排、灌排平衡3种水管理方式下稻田对养殖肥水的净化效果。研究结果表明：①3种水管理方式下稻田对养殖肥水中养分均有显著的去除率,其中,对不同形态的氮而言,NH4^＋-N的去除率优于NO3^--N;对不同物质而言,对氮、磷的去除率优于CODMn;②对不同的水管理方式...     

An assessment of collective action for pond management in Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS), China

Ponds are common property resources that allow users to obtain water on-demand because of their capacity to store rainwater and other surplus water close to users. Effective management of these ponds is crucial, especially with increasing water scarcity and decreasing water deliveries for agriculture that are taking place in many irrigation systems, including the Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS) in China. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and performance of collective action in pond management, and to quantify the factors affecting that collective action. We used two different approaches to measure the performance of collective action: a performance indicator based on soil conditions, and farmer’s perceptions based on their satisfaction with the current level of management activities. The results using the two approaches were consistent, and indicated that, among other variables, dependency on pond water, pond size, and household size were important variables affecting the performance of collective action. There was also limited evidence that clarification of property rights through the use of contractors for pond management improved outcomes for farmers.     

On-farm rainwater and crop management for improving productivity of rainfed areas

Scarcity of water is a critical limitation to adoption of modern technology for increasing productivity of traditional rainfed rice growing areas of eastern Madhya Pradesh, India. The shortage of water results from uneven distribution of rains, significant gaps between rain events and field water losses rather than from low seasonal or annual rainfall totals. A feasible strategy to alleviate this limitation is to harvest excess rainwater in a farm pond during the wet season and use the conserved water for crop production in both wet (as insurance against drought) and dry seasons by adopting suitable crop and cropping systems. The results of water balance in a 1.05 ha field, on which a farm pond was built using 0.09 ha area, showed that 28–37% of seasonal rainfall was available as surface runoff from microcatchment (0.66 ha growing soybean, peanut and pigeonpea) for collection in the pond. This was sufficient for saving rice in a 0.30 ha area (in the lower side of the field) from drought stress, and for establishment of chickpea and mustard (in 0.90 ha) in the post-rainy season after harvest of rainy season crops. Soybean, peanut and pigeonpea, grown in the microcatchment during the rainy season, utilized respectively 371–726, 364–733 and 535–920 mm water in evapotranspiration (E,) and deep percolation (P). Rice grown below the pond required 28–317 mm water in different seasons to save the crop from in-season drought stress which commonly occurred during vegetative and reproductive stages. Water requirement (E, + P) of rice was 816–1342 mm in different seasons. Residual soil moisture after rainy season soybean, peanut and rice was sufficient (172–203 mm) to support post rainy season crops of chickpea and mustard. However, the losses of moisture from the soil surface layer after harvest of rainy season crops were rapid (7–23 mm), which necessitated a light irrigation (21–45 mm) for establishment of chickpea and mustard in the post-rainy season. The water balance results of soybean-mustard, peanut-mustard and peanut-chickpea were near identical to soybean-chickpea cropping. Similarly the water balance of rice-mustard was identical to Corresponding author. rice-chickpea in the vertisols. Soybean-mustard and rice-chickpea were the suitable and economical cropping systems for the microcatchment and service area of the farm pond.     

江西省水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式初探

【目的】探索水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式节水减排效益。【方法】以鄱阳湖区双季早晚稻为试验材料,采用大田和测坑试验,研究了水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式对灌溉定额、排水定额、降雨有效利用率、产量、稻田水分生产率,以及氮、磷排放量的影响,并与间歇灌溉和常规淹水灌溉试验进行了分析比较。【结果】与淹水灌溉、间歇灌溉相比,蓄雨间歇灌溉灌排水量、灌排次数明显减少。双季早晚稻年平均灌水量分别减少975m^3/hm^2和1251m^3/hm^2,年平均灌水次数分别减少8次和7.5次;年平均排水量分别减少729 m^3/hm^2和893 m^3/hm^2,年平均排水次数分别减少5.8次和3.1次;蓄雨间歇灌溉降雨有效利用率明显提高。早稻降雨利用率分别提高12.40%和9.14%,晚稻分别提高6.84%和6.42%;蓄雨间歇灌溉模式下,双季早晚稻总氮排放量年平均减排7.64 kg/hm^2和3.12 kg/hm^2,减排幅度34.93%和14.26%;双季早晚稻总磷排放量0.180kg/hm^2和0.095kg/hm^2,减排幅度37.25%和70.59%。【结论】蓄雨间歇灌溉模式具有明显的节水、减排和提高降雨有效利用率的效果,在我国南方多雨地区具有较强的推广应用空间。     

雨水蓄积节水灌溉模式发展现状与展望

我国是农业大国,提高水资源利用率和可持续开发水平,对促进农民增收和农业发展有重要意义。雨水蓄积节水灌溉是一种重要的水资源利用方式,对雨水蓄积节水灌溉的意义、技术内涵和效果进行了归纳和分析,提出了发展雨水蓄积节水灌溉的措施和展望,可为相关研究和实践提供理论参考。      

Econometric analysis of the determinants of adoption of rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation technology (RHSIT) in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China

Using a binary logistic regression model, this paper evaluates the determinants of farmers’ decisions to adopt rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation technology (RHSIT) and its elasticity of adoption in the rain-fed farming systems, based on a survey of 218 farmers in the semiarid areas of Loess Plateau in 2005. The results indicate that 12 variables are significant in explaining farmers’ adoption decisions. Farmers’ educational background, active labor force size, contact with extension, participation in the Grain-for-Green project, and positive attitudes towards RHSIT are some of the variables that have significantly positive effects on adoption of RHSIT, while farmer's age and distance from water storage tanks to farmers’ dwellings have significantly negative correlation with adoption. The probability of adoption also increases with increased targeting of institutional variables: credit obtained, assistance obtained, and technical training received. Farmers in villages that have more erosion problems are more likely to adopt RHSIT. Besides, the model indicates that a 1 unit increase in the diversity of irrigated crops grown by a household, especially high-value crops, results in a 6.98 times increase in the probability of RHSIT adoption. Variables such as family size, off-farm activity, level of family income, risk preference, and land tenure do not significantly influence adoption. This information will help prioritize the factors that affect adoption decisions and provide insight on pathways to increase the adoption of RHSIT.     

Economic analysis of rainwater harvesting and irrigation methods, with an example from China

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic feasibility of agriculture with rainwater harvesting and supplemental irrigation in a semiarid region. The results show the importance of making full use of every open-air hardened surface to collect rainwater and to establish rainwater catchment areas by utilizing unoccupied land. The results also show that the usefulness of the harvested rainwater is enhanced when water saving and prevent seepage techniques are employed. The results indicate that in order to maximize investment it is essential to select crops with a water requirement process that coincides with local rainfall events. Potato was found to be the most suitable crop in the studied region. The economic indices for potato were superior to spring wheat, corn and wheat/corn intercropping. Therefore, potato production using rainwater harvesting and supplemental irrigation is the best alternative for cropping systems in the semiarid region of Gansu, China.     

Technology adoption by resource-poor farmers: considering the implications of peak-season labor costs

Seasonally-specific cultivation patterns of farm crop enterprises often create periodic labor shortages. New technologies that require labor inputs during such labor-scarce seasons are less likely to be adopted. Financial ex ante assessments of technology alternatives, however, neglect the implications of seasonal labor shortages. Standard returns to labor estimates assume that the value of labor to farmers is constant despite temporary increases in demand. This paper develops an alternative measure, returns to opportunity-costed labor (RTOCL), which discerns the seasonally-changing costs of labor. RTOCL more accurately reflects farmer decision criteria and serves as a useful measure in ex ante analysis of technology interventions. A case study of a bush fallow agricultural system in the Peruvian Amazon illustrates how seasonal labor shortages lead to farm management tradeoffs that affect the prospects of technology adoption. Two improvements of a new upland rice variety are contrasted: higher yield versus early maturity. Empirical results of an agro-economic mathematical model reveal that the early maturity characteristic enables rice to become more complementary to peak-season labor demands of the agricultural system. This early maturity characteristic permits farmers to cultivate larger areas and reap greater financial benefits than a variety with a high yield characteristic. Model results support the need to address heterogeneous seasonal labor demands when developing and disseminating agricultural technologies intended to benefit resource-poor farmers.     

丘陵山地雨水集蓄工程设计方案的投影寻踪优选

通过分析丘陵山地雨水集蓄利用现状,选取集流面个数、集流面总面积、设计流量、设计保证率、蓄水设施个数、蓄水总体积和工程造价等7个主要因素作为评价因子,建立了雨水集蓄工程的投影寻踪决策模型,采用人工鱼群算法对评价模型进行优化,并将该模型应用于某雨水集蓄工程设计的方案优选。研究表明,用投影寻踪回归分析法进行雨水集蓄工程方案决策,避免了传统评价方法由于主观原因造成的误差,评价结果合理可信、方法简单,为雨水利用工程方案的优选提供了科学手段。     

内蒙准格尔旗雨水集蓄利用工程投资效益分析

为了解目前集雨节灌工程投资、效益状况以及发展过程中存在的主要问题,对内蒙准格尔地区集雨工程进行了经济投入产出分析,研究结果表明,旱井和水窖年收集1 m3水的成本分别为0.95元和1.56元,窖水滴灌玉米、蔬菜、果树的单方水平均产投比为6.14、12.52、9.10,经济效益十分可观。在内蒙准格尔地区,由于集雨工程及配套设施投资较大,农民收入水平较低。近期内农民不可能成为集雨工程投资的主体。在此基础上,作者提出将雨水集蓄利用工程纳入国家农村基本建设投资范畴,多方投入,加快工程发展速度,降低技术设备成本,完善集雨管理制度和办法等建议。     

A review of rainwater harvesting

This article reviews recent literature on rainwater harvesting and its potential application for crop production. Some 170 articles published between 1970 and 1980 were found, all of them revealing an awareness of the increasing need for rainwater harvesting and a recognition of its potential.A definition of rainwater harvesting is presented on the basis of three characteristics common to it: arid to semi-arid climate, local water, and small-scale operation. The following elements are considered:runoff inducement — vegetation management, surface treatment, chemical treatment;runoff collection — Micro-Catchment Water Harvesting (MCWH) and Runoff Farming Water Harvesting (RFWH);storage and conservation.Design aspects of MCWH are reviewed: MC size, ratio of contributing area to collecting area, and layout. MCWH is especially suitable to non-irrigated areas. The Kinematic Wave Equation and Dynamic Equations have been used in modelling MCWH.RFWH can be useful in improving irrigation water availability in surface reservoirs. For modelling RFWH, the Unit Hydrograph Method is suitable. More research is required to determine the potential of runoff farming without surface reservoirs.     

Soil water storage and drainage under cotton-based cropping systems in a furrow-irrigated Vertisol

Comparative studies of drainage and leaching under tillage systems in irrigated tropical and sub-tropical Vertisols are sparse. The objective of this study was to quantify drainage under cotton-based cropping systems sown on permanent beds in an irrigated Vertisol. Drainage and soil water storage were measured with the chloride mass balance method and neutron moisture meter, respectively, during the 2002-03, 2004-05, 2006-07 and 2008-09 cotton seasons in an on-going experiment in a Vertisol in NW NSW. The experimental treatments were: cotton monoculture sown either after conventional tillage or on permanent beds, and a cotton-wheat rotation on permanent beds where the wheat stubble was retained as in situ mulch into which the following cotton crop was sown. Subject to in-crop rainfall, irrigation frequency varied between 7 and 14 days for cotton and 2-3 months for wheat. In 2005, a split-plot design was superimposed on the existing experiment such that the main-plot treatments were irrigation frequency (“frequent”, 7-14-day irrigation interval; “infrequent”, 14-21-day irrigation interval), and sub-plot treatments were the historical tillage system/crop rotation combinations. In comparison with cotton monoculture sown either after conventional tillage or on permanent beds, soil water storage, particularly during the early part of growing season when rainfall provided the major proportion of crop water requirements, and drainage were greatest when a cotton-wheat rotation was sown on permanent beds. Seasonal drainage out of the 1.2 m depth, averaged among all seasons, was of the order of 25 mm, 33 mm and 70 mm with cotton monoculture sown either after conventional tillage or on permanent beds, and a cotton-wheat rotation on permanent beds, respectively. Soil water storage and drainage were also greater when irrigation frequency was greater. Seasonal drainage out of the 1.2 m depth, averaged between the 2006-07 and 2008-09 seasons, was 54 mm with “frequent irrigation”, and 28 mm with “infrequent” irrigation. Infiltration was less in management systems which resulted in wetter soil; viz. frequent irrigation or a cotton-wheat rotation on permanent beds with in situ stubble retention. Drainage water losses in a furrow-irrigated Vertisol may be reduced and soil water storage increased (i.e. water conservation improved) by sowing a cotton-wheat rotation with in situ stubble retention under less frequent irrigation.     

城市道路集雨灌溉中的水质及其污染物控制研究现状

收集道路雨水径流作为路边绿化带灌溉补充水源,不仅能够提高雨水资源利用效率,而且可以大大降低城市绿地养护成本。道路径流水质特点以及污染物控制情况对道路集雨灌溉实现起着至关重要的作用。我国道路雨水水质及污染物控制研究尚处于初级阶段,应针对绿地对灌溉水质特殊要求,进一步开展雨水水质和污染物控制研究,以及雨水冲刷过后植被质量、土壤理化性质变化情况研究,并且根据道路绿化带乔灌草的不同特性开发相应节水灌溉措施。     

江西赣抚平原区稻田灌排湿地生物多样性分析

科学分析稻田灌排湿地生物多样性,对于稻田灌排湿地合理改造、科学利用以及田间水肥管理具有重要的指导作用。在江西省赣抚平原地区选取典型区域,对稻田灌排湿地生物多样性进行调查分析。结查表明,稻田灌排湿地昆虫和蜘蛛种类丰富,数量繁多,具有145种昆虫和21种蜘蛛;稻田灌排湿地中浮游动物、鱼类、两栖类和爬行动物种类较多,其中,浮游动物具有轮虫类12种、枝角类8种和桡足类6种,鱼类19种,隶属于3目6科,两栖类动物4种,隶属于1目2科,爬行动物4种,隶属于2目3科;昆虫、蜘蛛、浮游动物和鱼类其群落生物多样性指数(Shannon–Wiener多样性指数)最高分别达到4.90、1.80、0.70和3.47,呈现出较好的生物多样性;稻田灌排湿地具有优质水环境指示物种如马口鱼等各类动物,稻田灌排湿地水质较优,整个群落呈现出"健康"状态,区内生态系统良好。     

现代雨水利用技术研究进展与研发重点

具有工程化、科技化、规模化内涵的现代雨水利用技术是现代节水农业技术的重要研究内容,已成为缓解干旱缺水,实现农业高效用水,降低常规农业用水量的有效措施。在分析现代雨水利用技术研究进展及其发展趋势基础上,指出现代雨水利用技术是传统雨水利用技术与新材料技术、现代生物技术、现代信息技术、现代灌溉工程技术等高新技术相结合的产物,具有多学科相互交叉、各单项技术相互渗透的明显特征。在此基础上,提出了近中期现代雨水利用技术研发的重点,即以重大前沿性技术研究为基础,研发与雨水利用相关的重要关键技术与产品,探索建立适宜的现代雨水高效利用技术体系。     

Design of subsurface drainage disposal structures: assessment of storage capacity

Storage capacity-discharge relationships have been derived. These relationships can be used to predict the maximum storage capacity for the storage structures in subsurface drainage systems. Practical applications have been dealt with using field data representing situations in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Though the relationships can be useful for designing either a sump or an evaporation pond, it is inferred that the relationships developed are most effective in calculating the storage capacity of an evaporation pond. Conversely, with some trial and error, the relationships can also be used to calculate the area which can be commanded by an evaporation pond of a given capacity.     

水稻灌区水质净化效果试验研究

稻田排水中携带的大量氮、磷元素造成水稻灌区严重的农业面源污染。提出运用稻田节水灌溉-田间排水草沟-塘堰湿地-生态骨干排水沟“四道防线”系统净化稻田排水水质,在湖北漳河灌区进行了对此系统的净化效果试验。试验结果表明,“四道防线”模式下的各子系统不仅在单独环节具有消减污染物效果,而且每道防线子系统协同运行,综合系统对改善水...     

无人值守太阳能自动翻晒装置设计与试验

传统的人工晾晒存在易受天气影响、劳动强度大（晾晒中需频繁翻动）、场地要求高（收获高峰期农民无奈选择道路晾晒）等问题。针对上述问题,本文给出了一套无人值守太阳能自动翻晒防水晾晒装置的设计方案。该装置采用软体防水式晒谷袋,上沿设有快收功能的拉链或抽绳,拉动拉链或抽绳即可快速收拢稻谷避雨,可降低天气影响带来的风险;采用AB两组气囊的形式,辅助太阳能供电的自动翻晒控制系统实现自动翻晒,大大节省劳动力的投入;两组气囊轮流露出吸热,使谷物上下两面同时受热,提高晾晒效率;晒谷袋设有防水底层,可利用刚收割完正空闲着的稻田来晾晒稻谷,把广阔的耕地种植区变成农产品的临时晒场,打破了晾晒场地的限制,可有效解决马路晒谷问题。制作了具有自动翻晒气囊的防水晒谷袋和自动翻晒控制系统样机,设计了样机与传统晾晒法的对比试验,试验结果表明,两种方式在等量稻谷、相同含水量、相同铺摊面积的初始条件下,自动翻晒防水晾晒装置的含水量下降速度,比传统的人工晾晒法提高了39.3%。      

渍害稻田合理排灌技术的研究

为了探索平原湖区渍害低产稻田的合理排灌模式，我们从１９８８～１９９０年连续三年采用了以明（沟）暗（沟、管）结合的排水方式和浅湿灌溉控制供水的灌溉方式进行治渍试验。本文对平原湖区渍害的低产田，田间排水系统的不同方式进行了比较，并在试区内推行水稻节水灌溉技术，取得了明显的治渍效果。