Comparison of Origins and Evolution between Classical Chinese and Japanese Gardens

With deep research into historical gardens as well as the existing ones in both China and Japan, this article compares the gardens' origins and evolution in the two countries, and draws the conclusion that the gardens in each country emerged and developed naturally, and classical Chinese gardens originated earlier than those in Japan, but made their progress in a much slower way.     

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.     

基于回归分析的苏州古典园林庭园空间构成

苏州古典园林历史悠久,集中国园林之精髓。以苏州宅园最具代表性,保存完整的13个古典园林作为研究对象。基于空间构成的基本原理,提出庭园空间是构成园林的基本空间单元,深入剖析庭园空间的构成规律,提取庭园空间的构成要素,借助SPSS 18.0分析软件,利用有序回归分析方法对量化后的庭园空间水平、垂直的构成要素进行分析。研究结果可总结出：苏州古典园林的庭园数量规律;庭园水平、垂直构成要素及相互间的配置关系;庭园的开敞与封闭特点。希望该项研究能为园林今后的设计与建设提供有价值的参考。     

Artful Application of Garden Plants in Classical Suzhou Gardens

Defi nition of plant landscaping and features of plant landscaping in classical Suzhou gardens were introduced, the forms of combining plants and buildings, rockeries and waterscapes were analyzed by elaborating selection of plant species and plant furnishings. In addition, manifestation of artistic beauty of the classical Suzhou gardens was explored, and protective measures were given.     

Play-with-water Landscapes in Classical Chinese Gardens

From the perspective of delighting and sentimental function of water in classical Chinese gardens, the concept of "play with water" or "dabbling" was introduced. Play-with-water landscapes in many classical Chinese gardens were investigated and classified into 4 types: sound play, shadow play, human play, and water fowl play. Concrete design techniques were explored.     

Occurrence and Prevention of Garden Plant Sunscald

To explore the occurrence laws of garden plant sunscald in summer,the authors investigated occurrence of garden plant sunscald systematically in Suzhou classical gardens and some other gardens in the downtown areas and outskirt of the city,classifi ed the severity of sunscald into"severe","moderate"and"slight".The study aims at offering references for garden landscape planning and management departments.     

太原市晋源区历史园林保护利用现状分析

太原市是历史文化名城,其中晋源区是太原市内历史风貌保存最完好、自然景观与人文景观资源最为丰富的历史园林群。采用实地调查、实例分析等方法,介绍晋源区概况;对历史文化遗产进行了调查统计;以晋祠、晋阳古城遗址、天龙山等历史园林为例,从环境因素、人为因素、整体景观与局部景观的协调性、历史园林与现代景观的协调性等方面,对该区历史园林的保护和利用现状及现存问题进行调查分析;并针对所存在的问题提出相应的修复、改善措施。指出各类历史园林都应注重保护其历史原真性和完整性,协调好保护与利用的关系。对于已经逐步转化为城市公共空间的历史公共园林,在确保原有历史风貌的基础上,通过景观设计的方式对其进行科学、合理地开发,将历史园林更好地与现代景观融合。     

特色茶树品种在生态观光茶园景观设计中的应用

以我国丰富的特色茶树品种资源为核心,提出如何科学合理地将这些特色品种资源应用在生态观光茶园总体布局设计、立体设计、季相设计、色彩设计和文化设计中,为我国生态观光茶园建设提供参考。     

崂山茶园土壤养分水平与年变化动态研究

根据崂山绿茶重点种植区内茶园土壤的实测数据,分析了土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的分布特征及季节变化动态,并运用SPSS软件,对所选茶园的土壤养分水平进行方差分析和聚类分析。结果表明,茶园土壤养分指标因季节和地点的不同存在显著差异,根据聚类分析结果,可将茶园按土壤养分水平分为高、中、低三等,且不同等级的茶园养分均呈现明显的年变化趋势。     

Current Situation and Protection Means of Traditional Chinese Garden

Traditional garden is a vital element of traditional cultural heritage in China, and it is a common concern of the public to protect, inherit and develop traditional cultural heritage. This paper, on the basis of investigating current protection of royal gardens, private gardens in southern regions of the Yangtze River, and gardens in different regions, summarized 4 fundamental modes of traditional garden protection, namely protective development mode, developmental protection mode, controlled protection mode, no-protection mode. Advantages and disadvantages of different modes were reviewed, protective development was proposed as a traditional garden protection mode adaptive to actual conditions of China.     

Regional Cultural Characteristics of Xishu Garden

Classical Chinese garden is a compound artwork of material and spiritual construction,and Xishu Garden is a regional product with outstanding characteristics and high quality among classical Chinese gardens,it has special spiritual construction and outstanding regional characteristics.Regional cultural characteristics of Xishu garden are analyzed from the perspectives of philosophy consciousness,spirit of history and comprehensive art,especially the gardening view based on Taoism,memorial significance,spirit of history and style it inherits from the Tang and Song Dynasties.Enlightenment of Xishu Garden on modern landscape architecture is elaborated.     

The Development of Chinese Royal Gardens

This study discussed the development and evolution of Chinese royal gardens from the initial generation period (Zhou,Qin and Han dynasties) to the late mature period (middle Qing Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty).Through the specific analysis of the typical royal gardens in different periods,the development and changes of the gardening skills and overall layout of the royal gardens in each period were obtained,and the development characteristics of the whole historical period of the Chinese royal gardens were summarized.     

柳兰组织培养和快速繁殖体系优化研究

柳兰花色鲜艳,花序大,花期长,抗逆性强,是优良的园林绿化美化植物,然而目前仍野生于山林之中,引种驯化常对野生资源造成破坏,离体培养可以在短时间内获得大量整齐一致的无菌苗,为引种驯化和园林应用奠定基础。本文以柳兰种子为初始材料建立了柳兰离体培养体系,研究了不同附加物对柳兰褐化的影响,通过比较不同培养基对柳兰生长的影响,筛选获得了适宜柳兰生根、壮苗和增殖培养的最佳培养基。研究结果如下：用20% NaClO 对柳兰种子灭菌1.5min可有效抑菌;活性炭和长时间继代培养可有效缓解柳兰褐化现象;适宜柳兰生根、壮苗的培养基是1/2MS+AC 2g/L,适宜柳兰增殖培养的培养基是1/2MS+6-BA 0.5+NAA 0.05。试验结果为柳兰快速繁殖和规模化生产提供依据。     

结合山地景观开发利用的农业观光园区规划设计研究

近些年,随着经济、社会发展和人们的需求,农业观光项目正在迅速蔓延开来,但大多数农业观光园区都是在以前基地条件较好的平原或者平地进行改造和建设。本文通过对山东蓬莱“凤凰山庄”的开发规划进行实践研究,运用相关知识,从功能分区的角度,探讨如何利用山地有利的条件,扬长补短,建成具有独特的山地景观特色的农业观光园,以求能够对同类农业观光园的规划有所启示,获得更好的经济和社会效益。     

不同PEG-6000浓度处理下几种冷季型草坪草抗旱性比较研究

研究了3种冷季型草坪草的6个品种在PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下的生长表现和生理指标。结果表明：高羊茅的“家园”品种在干旱胁迫条件下具有较好的生长表现、在土壤中的根系分布最深、且能维持较高过氧化氢酶活性，表明其与其他供试品种相比具有较强的抗旱能力。     

Ecological Harmony:Core Concept for the Construction of Urban Landscape Architecture

On the basis of analyzing the narrow sense and broad sense of landscape architecture,classical gardens and modern landscape architecture,the authors proposed functions of landscape architecture,and that highquality landscape architecture designs should demonstrate ecological,social and aesthetic functions.By combining theoretical analysis and practical experience,it was verified that urban landscape architecture has to integrate ecological,social and aesthetic functions to manifest its social value to the most.     

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials,Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.     

安徽典型山地茶园养分状况与土壤特性的研究

为了探明安徽山地茶园土壤养分分布特征和土壤紧实度的基本情况,分析土壤养分供应和茶树养分含量之间的关联性可为山地茶园经营管理提供参考。结果表明：茶园土壤在不同pH区段内的化学性质随 pH 值的变化差异明显,当土壤pH处于4.0~4.5区段时,对于酸化过程的抑制能力明显减弱,其盐基离子的脱除速度也显著增加,交换性阳离子中致酸离子比例增大,而当土壤pH>5.0时,对于酸化过程的抑制能力则明显增强,盐基脱除速度也迅速下降,交换性阳离子中致酸离子比例下降。皖南山区的茶园土壤中氮磷含量较高,但钾的含量相对不足,皖西的茶园土壤中氮磷钾含量较为均匀。各区县茶园土壤pH都较低,其中低于4.5的占到将近50%,土壤酸化的程度呈日益加剧的趋势。0~20 cm和20~40 cm的土壤容重分别为1.32~1.47 g/cm3和1.37~1.58 g/cm3之间,土壤总孔隙率在50%左右,气相所占比例相对不足,土壤通透性不良。各区县的施肥水平差异较大,皖南的肥料投入量要比皖西的肥料投入量高15%左右。     

光农业园植物景观营造——以成都“五朵金花”为例

以成都“五朵金花”观光农业园区为例,采用典型样地法,选取44个样地对植物景观进行实地调查与研究.分析了样地内植物景观的物种组成、季相特征、群落结构和配置形式.结果表明,成都“五朵金花”观光农业园区的植物种类丰富,常用物种较少,植物景观的物种组成多样;通过合理配置,植物景观四季有景可赏;多数树种处于幼龄阶段,同种物种个体大小不同,植物景观随时间推移会发生显著变化;植物景观的配置形式多为乔灌草的复层结构,景观功能和生态效益良好.最后为观光农业园的植物景观营造提出建议.     

Inferred origin of several Native American potatoes from the Pacific Northwest and Southeast Alaska using SSR markers

Certain Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest and Alaska of the USA have grown potatoes in their gardens for many generations. In this study, the origin of several potatoes collected from Native gardens was investigated. Fourteen SSR markers covering the 12 potato homologs yielding a total of 199 alleles were amplified and scored in Solanum tuberosum Group Andigena (52 accessions), S. tuberosum Group. Tuberosum (39 accessions) and wild species (6 accessions). “Ozette” from the Makah Nation on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State was closely related to “Maria’s” and “Kasaan” potatoes collected from Native Alaskan gardens in Southeast Alaska. These three potatoes were more closely related to either two Mexican and one Peruvian andigena accessions or three Chilean Group Tuberosum accessions, while being relatively less related to the old European or modern varieties and most distantly related to Group Andigenum. “To-Le-Ak” was closely related to two Chilean tuberosum accessions and one old European variety. All Native potatoes harbored T-type chloroplast genome indicating that their maternal lineage is shared with Chilean Group Tuberosum. Using genetic relationship as a guide to origin it appears plausible that the Native American/Alaskan cultivars are either directly or indirectly from Mexico and Chile. These Native potato cultivars present a possible second route of diffusion distinct from the South America to Europe transfer which has been assumed to the sole means by which potato was spread out of South America.