桃金娘果多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

【目的】 探讨桃金娘果多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。【方法】 腹腔注射环磷酰胺80 μg/g BW, 1次/d, 连续3 d, 建立小鼠免疫抑制模型。将造模成功的小鼠随机分为5组(每组16只): 模型组、黄芪多糖组、桃金娘果多糖低、中、高剂量组。另设16只健康小鼠为正常组。黄芪多糖组每只小鼠按200 μg/g BW剂量腹腔注射黄芪多糖混悬液, 桃金娘果多糖低、中、高剂量组分别按50、100、200 μg/g BW剂量腹腔注射桃金娘果多糖混悬液, 正常组和模型组每只小鼠腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水, 1次/d, 连续7 d。试验结束后, 分别测定小鼠脏器指数(胸腺、脾脏)、血清中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、溶菌酶(LZM)的含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。【结果】 桃金娘果多糖不同剂量组小鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数均有不同程度提高, 尤以桃金娘果中剂量组最高, 与模型组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。桃金娘果多糖不同剂量组IL-6、IL-1β血清细胞因子含量均极显著高于模型组(P<0.01);桃金娘果多糖低、中剂量组的血清IFN-γ、IL-2含量相较于模型组都有所提升, 但差异均不显著(P>0.05), 桃金娘果多糖高剂量组的IFN-γ、IL-2含量均极显著高于模型组(P<0.01)。桃金娘果多糖不同剂量组小鼠的POD活性和LZM含量均极显著或显著高于模型组(P<0.01;P < 0.05)。【结论】 桃金娘果多糖中剂量即100 μg/g BW对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的恢复效果最佳。     

天门冬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能调节的初步研究

为研究天门冬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,选取体重为18~22g的昆明小鼠60只,随机分成6组,每组10只,分别设立生理盐水对照组、阳性对照组[腹腔注射150mg/(kg·BW)环磷酰胺]以及4组供试药物组[每组供试药物组的小鼠在腹腔注射150mg/(kg·BW)环磷酰胺后,分别注射100、200、300、400mg/(kg·BW)的天门冬多糖溶液],连续处理7d后,检测小鼠血浆中的细胞因子(IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ)的含量,并计算小鼠脾脏指数和胸腺指数,观察小鼠脾脏和胸腺的组织学变化。结果显示,与生理盐水对照组、环磷酰胺对照组比较,100mg/(kg·BW)和200mg/(kg·BW)天门冬多糖试验组小鼠的血浆中IL-2和IL-6细胞因子水平明显升高;200mg/(kg·BW)和300mg/(kg·BW)供试药物组小鼠的血浆中IFN-γ的水平显著升高;天门冬多糖试验组的小鼠脾脏指数显著提高。试验表明天门冬多糖具有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

巴戟天多糖对口蹄疫疫苗免疫增强作用研究

为了研究巴戟天多糖对口蹄疫疫苗的免疫增强作用,试验将50只(4～7周龄)昆明小白鼠(体重18～22 g)随机分为5组,分别为空白(Naive)组、多糖(MOPS)组、疫苗(FMDV)组、疫苗+多糖(FMDV+MOPS)组、疫苗+铝佐剂(FMDV+alum)组,每组10只,Naive组小鼠注射生理盐水200μL,MOPS组小鼠注射巴戟天多糖溶液(2.5μg/μL)200μL,FMDV组小鼠注射猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗200μL,(FMDV+MOPS)组小鼠注射猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗200μL与巴戟天多糖200μL,(FMDV+alum)组小鼠注射猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗200μL与铝佐剂(1μg/μL)200μL,14 d之后进行二免。二免后第14天对小鼠进行眼眶采血,分离血清;无菌取脾脏,进行脾单细胞体外培养,收集上清液;采用小鼠间接ELISA试剂盒检测血清中特异性抗体IgG和血清中细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4的含量。结果表明:与Naive组比,(FMDV+MOPS)组的IgG、IFN-γ和IL-4含量极显著升高(P0.01);(FMDV+alum)组的IgG、IFN-γ含量均极显著升高(P0.01),IL-4含量显著升高(P0.05);FMDV组的IgG、IFN-γ含量均显著升高(P0.05),IL-4含量差异不显著(P0.05);MOPS组的IgG、IFN-γ及IL-4含量差异不显著(P0.05)。说明MOPS作为口蹄疫疫苗免疫增强剂,可明显提高小鼠特异性抗体IgG和细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-4的含量,增强对小鼠的免疫应答。     

茯苓多糖对大鼠免疫功能的影响

本文围绕茯苓多糖对SD雄性大鼠体内外免疫活性的影响开展研究。取60只SD雄性大鼠,随机分成6组,分别为空白对照组、模型组、免疫对照组（盐酸左旋咪唑100 mg·kg-1）、茯苓多糖低剂量组（100 mg·kg-1）、茯苓多糖中剂量组（200 mg·kg-1）、茯苓多糖高剂量组（400 mg·kg-1）,每组10只。通过ELISA试剂盒测定血清中IgG抗体及细胞因子（IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ）含量,并测定各组大鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数。MTT法检测不同浓度茯苓多糖对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞、脾脏细胞增殖的影响。结果发现,茯苓多糖对大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞、脾脏细胞的增殖具有一定的刺激作用。发现茯苓多糖可提高大鼠血清中IgG、IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ水平及免疫器官指数。该研究表明茯苓多糖能提高SD雄性大鼠的免疫性能。     

熟地黄多糖对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用研究

【目的】研究熟地黄多糖对环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用,为熟地黄多糖用于临床治疗免疫低下疾病或开发相关保健食品提供科学依据。【方法】选用36只昆明系小鼠,随机分为6组：空白对照组、免疫抑制模型组、黄芪多糖组及熟地黄多糖低、中、高(分别灌胃熟地黄多糖50、100、200 mg/kg)剂量组(PRRPL、PRRPM、PRRPH),每组6只。除空白对照组外,其余各组小鼠均腹腔注射80 mg/kg环磷酰胺,建立免疫抑制模型。造模后各组小鼠分别灌胃相应药物,1次/d,连续15 d,测定小鼠体重、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力、免疫器官系数、脾淋巴细胞增殖及细胞周期、血清细胞因子含量,观察脾脏和胸腺组织形态学、肠道派氏节数目等免疫指标。【结果】与空白对照组相比,模型组脾脏指数极显著升高(P<0.01),脾脏红髓、白髓界限不清,脾淋巴细胞数量减少;胸腺指数降低,皮质、髓质不清,结构破坏;脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬能力及血清白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、γ-干扰素(INF-γ)水平均显著或极显著降低(P<0.05;P<0.01);脾淋巴细胞滞留在G0/G1期。...     

太子参参须多糖对免疫抑制小鼠的免疫调节作用研究

为研究太子参参须多糖(RPFRP)对免疫抑制小鼠功能的影响,腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CY)建立免疫抑制模型小鼠,灌胃RPFRP,称量计算器官指数(脾指数和胸腺指数),碳粒廓清法测定巨噬细胞功能,MTT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖指数,ELISA法检测细胞因子含量。结果显示,RPFRP能下调免疫功能低下小鼠的脾脏指数,上调胸腺指数、碳粒廓清指数K和细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ含量。说明RPFRP能通过改善免疫器官指数、巨噬细胞吞噬功能、特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫功能,增强免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫功能。     

复方天门冬多糖注射液对小鼠免疫功能影响的观察

为研究复方天门冬多糖注射液对小鼠免疫功能的影响,采用环磷酰胺(CTX)作为抑制剂建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,注射不同配比的复方天门冬多糖注射液,测定小鼠胸腺和脾脏脏器指数、血清白细胞介素2(IL-2)水平及腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,并从组织形态上观察胸腺与脾脏的结构变化。结果表明,复方天门冬多糖注射液对小鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数无显著影响;复方天门冬多糖Ⅳ组可以极显著提高小鼠血清中IL-2的水平(P<0.01);复方天门冬多糖Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组极显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬能力(P<0.01);复方天门冬多糖能不同程度地减缓环磷酰胺所致小鼠胸腺和脾脏的萎缩,增加胸腺皮质细胞数量,保持脾小结完整和增加脾淋巴细胞数量。表明复方天门冬多糖对小鼠的非特异性免疫功能具有一定的促进作用。     

兔抗菌组蛋白对小白鼠生长和细胞免疫功能的影响

将180只昆明种小白鼠,按体质量随机分为6个处理组:抗菌蛋白粗提物高、中、低剂量添加组;抗菌蛋白纯化物添加组;空白生理盐水对照组;环磷酰胺处理的模型组。试验期28d,各试验组小鼠均灌胃给药。除空白生理盐水对照组,各组小鼠均腹腔注射环磷酰胺,制备免疫低下小鼠模型。试验第0、7、14、21、28天称重后眼球采血致死,称脾脏和胸腺重,采用ELISA法测定小鼠血清中IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ含量,同时取14、28d采血后的试验小白鼠,无菌取出脾脏,采用MTT法进行淋巴细胞增值试验。结果发现,第1周各试验组小鼠平均日增重均显著高于环磷酰胺模型组,随着小鼠接触药物次数的增加,抗菌蛋白RSRAH对小鼠脾脏和胸腺发育的影响在逐渐增大。高剂量组小鼠血清中IFN-γ的含量显著提高(P<0.05),在第7、14、21、28天时,与空白对照组和模型组相比,各试验组小鼠血清中IL-4的含量均极显著提高(P<0.01)。另外,在试验第14、28天,各试验组均显著促进小鼠淋巴细胞增殖(P<0.05)。结果表明,家兔圆小囊抗菌蛋白能提高免疫抑制小鼠的体质量和免疫器官指数,提高小鼠血清IFN-γ,IL-4水平,促进小鼠淋巴细胞增殖,对免疫低下小鼠的细胞免疫功能有促进作用。     

田七总皂苷的制备及其免疫活性试验

用700mL/L乙醇回流提取、大孔吸附树脂分离纯化得到田七总皂苷(PNS),进行薄层色谱鉴别和含量测定。为评价PNS的免疫调节作用,用环磷酰胺(CTX)为免疫抑制剂建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,分别以4种剂量的PNS(5、25、50、75mg/kg)腹腔注射给药,测定胸腺和脾脏指数以及血清中IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平,并从组织形态上观察胸腺与脾脏的结构变化。结果表明,PNS能使小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数有所提高,但无统计学意义(P>0.05);25mg/kg剂量能显著升高血清中IFN-γ和TNF-α水平(P<0.05),50mg/kg剂量能显著升高血清中TNF-α水平(P<0.05);PNS处理组能不同程度地对抗模型所致小鼠胸腺和脾脏的萎缩,增加胸腺皮质厚度和细胞数量,增加脾小结大小和淋巴细胞数量,在高剂量组尤为明显。     

富硒女贞子粗多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

从富硒女贞子及女贞子中提取粗多糖,探讨其对小鼠免疫功能的影响。将90只小鼠随机均分为3组:对照组、富硒女贞子粗多糖组、普通女贞子粗多糖组。对照组灌服生理盐水,试验组小鼠灌服粗多糖液,灌服2次,每次连续5 d。2次灌胃的第3天注射卵清蛋白,二免后测定胸腺脾脏指数;MTT法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖水平;ELISA试剂盒检测血清中IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ生成水平及相应抗体生成水平。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组脾脏和胸腺指数明显升高,脾淋巴细胞增殖作用显著提高;IL-2、IL-4、IFN-γ生成水平明显提高,其中IFN-γ与对照组存在显著差异;而对特异性卵清抗体生成影响不大。这表明富硒女贞子粗多糖较普通女贞子粗多糖能更好地促进机体非特异性免疫及细胞免疫,从而增强机体免疫功能,在特异性体液免疫的作用方面则没有表现出明显的规律性,还需进一步研究。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -