大麦黄矮病毒运动蛋白在烟草中的瞬时表达(摘要)(英文)

[目的]快速鉴定运动蛋白基因在烟草中的瞬时表达,进一步研究该外源基因的功能。[方法]将大麦黄矮病毒的运动蛋白基因定向克隆到马铃薯X病毒载体上,得到重组的马铃薯X病毒,电击转化农杆菌后,利用农杆菌渗透注射技术注射到本生烟草的叶片中,逐日跟踪观察病毒对烟草的侵染状况。[结果]重组的PVX病毒载体进行PCR鉴定和双酶切鉴定(BamHI+XhoI),均得到了462bp的基因片段,证明外源片段BYDV-MP确实克隆到了PVX病毒载体GR107上。将含有重组的PVX病毒载体GR107-MP和空的PVX病毒载体GR107的农杆菌渗透缓冲液注射到5～6叶期的烟草幼苗后,第7天观察,重组病毒载体侵染的烟草系统叶有病毒侵染症状,而对照组未有此现象。对2组实验进行逐日跟踪观察,重组病毒载体侵染的烟草有较严重的病毒侵染症状和叶片卷曲现象,后期引起注射叶及系统叶坏死。而空病毒载体侵染的烟草只有轻微的病毒侵染症状,并能够恢复健康。对侵染的烟草进行RT-PCR检测,结果表明外源基因BYDV-MP在烟草体内进行了正常的转录和表达。[结论]BYDV-MP蛋白促进了PVX的系统侵染速度,加重了系统侵染的病毒症状,是病毒病症的决定因子;利用PVX表达载体表达异源MP的方法是可行的。     

Fatal disease of swine due to encephalomyocarditis virus

Encephalomyocarditis virus was isolated from the organs of swine dying during an outbreak of an acutely fatal disease occurring on a farm in Panama. The outstanding lesion was severe myocarditis. Pigs inoculated with the viral isolate developed a systemic infection with myocarditis.     

A brief review of microRNA and its role in PRRSV infection and replication

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a single-stranded RNA virus, mainly infects cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Recently, host microRNAs were shown to be capable of modulating PRRSV infection and replication by multiple ways such as targeting viral genomic RNA, targeting viral receptor and inducing antiviral response. MicroRNAs are small RNAs and have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. In this review, we discuss the identified functions of host microRNAs in relation to PRRSV infection and propose that cellular microRNAs may have a substantial effect on cell or tissue tropism of PRRSV.     

PI3K/Akt信号转导通路在ALV-J感染中作用的初步研究

 【目的】探讨ALV-J在宿主细胞中复制与PI3K/Akt信号转导通路的关系。【方法】将血管瘤病变型ALV-J毒株HN06和骨髓瘤病变型ALV-J毒株NX0101分别感染DF-1细胞,通过Western blot、Real-time PCR、IFA和ELISA等方法,观察细胞Akt蛋白磷酸化水平、病毒RNA表达水平和病毒蛋白表达水平等指标。【结果】HN06株和NX0101株在体外细胞中复制水平有差异。HN06株的早期感染可引起Akt转导通路的活化,病毒引起的Akt磷酸化具有病毒滴度依赖性,而且能被PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002所抑制,表明HN06株诱导的Akt活化是PI3K途径依赖的。LY294002可在病毒感染早期呈剂量依赖性地显著降低受染细胞中HN06 RNA水平、囊膜蛋白水平和细胞培养物上清中的病毒粒子含量。【结论】PI3K/Akt信号转导通路活化对HN06株在细胞感染早期具有重要的作用,该结果与已报道的有关细胞PI3K/Akt信号转导通路参与NX0101株的早期感染的结论一致。本研究为进一步阐明ALV-J入侵宿主细胞和复制的精确机制等研究奠定了基础。     

Enhancement of SIV infection with soluble receptor molecules

The CD4 receptor on human T cells has been shown to play an integral part in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection process. Recombinant soluble human CD4 (rCD4) was tested for its ability to inhibit SIVagm, an HIV-like virus that naturally infects African green monkeys, in order to define T cell surface receptors critical for SIVagm infection. The rCD4 was found to enhance SIVagm infection of a human T cell line by as much as 18-fold, whereas HIV-1 infection was blocked by rCD4. Induction of syncytium formation and de novo protein synthesis were observed within the first 24 hours after SIVagm infection, whereas this process took 4 to 6 days in the absence of rCD4. This enhancing effect could be inhibited by monoclonal antibodies directed to rCD4. The enhancing effect could be abrogated with antibodies from naturally infected African green monkeys with inhibitory titers of from 1:2,000 to 1:10,000; these antibodies did not neutralize SIVagm infection in the absence of rCD4. Viral enhancement of SIVagm infection by rCD4 may result from the modulation of the viral membrane through gp120-CD4 binding, thus facilitating secondary events involved in viral fusion and penetration.     

Use of CD134 as a primary receptor by the feline immunodeficiency virus

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induces a disease similar to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in cats, yet in contrast to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), CD4 is not the viral receptor. We identified a primary receptor for FIV as CD134 (OX40), a T cell activation antigen and costimulatory molecule. CD134 expression promotes viral binding and renders cells permissive for viral entry, productive infection, and syncytium formation. Infection is CXCR4-dependent, analogous to infection with X4 strains of HIV. Thus, despite the evolutionary divergence of the feline and human lentiviruses, both viruses use receptors that target the virus to a subset of cells that are pivotal to the acquired immune response.     

Sindbis virus: an efficient, broad host range vector for gene expression in animal cells

Sindbis virus, an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome, was engineered to express a bacterial protein, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), in cultured insect, avian, and mammalian cells. The vectors were self-replicating and gene expression was efficient and rapid; up to 10(8) CAT polypeptides were produced per infected cell in 16 to 20 hours. CAT expression could be made temperature-sensitive by means of a derivative that incorporated a temperature-sensitive mutation in viral RNA synthesis. Vector genomic RNAs were packaged into infectious particles when Sindbis helper virus was used to supply virion structural proteins. The vector RNAs were stable to at least seven cycles of infection. The expression of CAT increased about 10(3)-fold, despite a 10(15)-fold dilution during the passaging. Sindbis virus vectors should prove useful for expressing large quantities of gene products in a variety of animal cells.     

烟草NbbZIP28突变体的创建及其对病毒侵染胁迫的响应

【目的】bZIP类转录因子参与植物的生长发育、激素信号、抗病性及抗逆性等多种生物胁迫过程。前期研究表明黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV)或烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)侵染本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)上调内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs）因子NbbZIP28;NbbZIP28沉默导致病毒积累量上升,本研究旨在验证NbbZIP28对病毒侵染胁迫的响应机制。【方法】通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术和烟草遗传转染创建NbbZIP28基因突变植株,以野生型植株为对照,分别浸润接种侵染性克隆TMV-GFP、摩擦接种TMV-GFP或CMV接种液,检测突变体植株对病毒侵染胁迫的敏感性变化,接种CMV后0-48 h,采用qRT-PCR检测内质网应激相关的未折叠蛋白反应（unfolded protein response,UPR)基因的表达。本氏烟接种TMV 24 h、接种CMV 48 h后,在接种叶上浸润融合蛋白NbbZIP28-GFP,瞬时表达48 h后,采用Western blot检测病毒诱导NbbZIP28蛋白的水解激活;采用在线搜索工具PlantCARE分析NbbZIP28启动子区域中参与防卫和应激反应的顺式作用元件。【结果】CRISPR/Cas9定点敲除NbbZIP28后,目的基因靶位点缺失了10个碱基,导致翻译错误、蛋白功能变化。在正常生长条件下,转基因阳性植株与野生型无显著的表型差异。植株接种TMV-GFP后4-8 d,突变体中的病毒浸润斑亮度或初侵染点数目均显著高于野生型,扩展至新叶的速度较快。接种CMV后12-48 h,突变体中UPR相关基因BiP、PDI、CAM及NbbZIP28下游基因NF-YC2的表达量显著低于野生型;5-7 d突变体中的病毒外壳蛋白（coat protein,CP）基因表达量显著高于野生型,花叶及皱缩症状更显著。蛋白质序列比对分析显示NbbZIP28具有与拟南芥AtbZIP28相同的S1P和S2P蛋白酶水解位点。Western blot检测发现,与接种清水对照相比,TMV或CMV侵染显著促进了全长的融合蛋白NbbZIP28-GFP在S1P和S2P位点发生裂解。NbbZIP28启动子序列中包含5个参与热应激反应的顺式作用元件（heat stress response element,HSE）、3个参与低温反应的顺式作用元件（low temperature response element,LTR）、1个参与防卫和应激反应的顺式作用元件（TC-rich repeats）。【结论】病毒侵染促进NbbZIP28的水解激活并上调相关的UPR基因;NbbZIP28敲除导致植株对病毒的敏感性上升,病毒诱导的UPR基因表达被抑制。NbbZIP28为病毒侵染胁迫下的UPR调控因子,在病毒侵染早期通过上调UPR信号和提高寄主基础防卫反应而延缓病毒的侵染和增殖。     

Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization

Major epidemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis result from infections with Norwalk or Norwalk-like viruses. Virus purified from stool specimens of volunteers experimentally infected with Norwalk virus was used to construct recombinant complementary DNA (cDNA) and derive clones representing most of the viral genome. The specificity of the clones was shown by their hybridization with post- (but not pre-) infection stool samples from volunteers infected with Norwalk virus and with purified Norwalk virus. A correlation was observed between the appearance of hybridization signals in stool samples and clinical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in volunteers. Hybridization assays between overlapping clones, restriction enzyme analyses, and partial nucleotide sequence information of the clones indicated that Norwalk virus contains a single-stranded RNA genome of positive sense, with a polyadenylated tail at the 3' end and a size of at least 7.5 kilobases. A consensus amino acid sequence motif typical of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases was identified in one of the Norwalk virus clones. The availability of Norwalk-specific cDNA and the new sequence information of the viral genome should permit the development of sensitive diagnostic assays and studies of the molecular biology of the virus.     

Regulation of influenza virus infection by microRNAs

MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs of 18–25 nucleotides(nt) in length that represent key regulators of many normal cellular functions through the inhibition of mRNA translation and mRNA degradation. To date, over 2 500 mature miRNAs have been identified in plants, animals and several types of viruses. Influenza A virus(IAV), which is a negativesense, single-stranded RNA virus, does not encode viral miRNA. However, IAV infection can alter the expression of host miRNAs, either in cell culture or in host. In turn, host miRNAs regulate IAV life cycle through directly binding to IAV genome or indirectly targeting host factors associated with viral replication. In this review, we briefly summarized the role and significance of miRNA in relation to IAV pathogenesis. Understanding the role of cellular miRNAs during viral infection may be beneficial to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies to block IAV replication.     

Use of chemokine receptors by poxviruses

Chemokine receptors serve as portals of entry for certain intracellular pathogens, most notably human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Myxoma virus is a member of the poxvirus family that induces a lethal systemic disease in rabbits, but no poxvirus receptor has ever been defined. Rodent fibroblasts (3T3) that cannot be infected with myxoma virus could be made fully permissive for myxoma virus infection by expression of any one of several human chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CCR5, and CXCR4. Conversely, infection of 3T3-CCR5 cells can be inhibited by RANTES, anti-CCR5 polyclonal antibody, or herbimycin A but not by monoclonal antibodies that block HIV-1 infection or by pertussis toxin. These findings suggest that poxviruses, like HIV, are able to use chemokine receptors to infect specific cell subtypes, notably migratory leukocytes, but that their mechanisms of receptor interactions are distinct.     

The Helper Activities of Different Avian Viruses for Propagation of Recombinant Avian Adeno-Associated Virus

To compare the helper activities of different avian viruses for propagation of recombinant avian adeno-associated virus （rAAAV）, AAV-293 cells were cotransfected with the AAAV vector pAITR-GFP containing green fluorescent protein （GFP） gene, the AAAV helper vector pcDNA-ARC expressing the rep and cap genes, and the adenovirus helper vector pHelper expressing Ad5 E2A, E4, and VA-RNA genes. Chicken embryonic fibroblast （CEF） or chicken embryonic liver （CEL） cells were cotransfected with the AAAV vector and the AAAV helper vector, followed by infection with Marek＇s disease virus （MDV）, avian adenovirus, chicken embryo lethal orphan （CELO） virus or infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV）. Infectious rAAAV particles generated by the two strategies were harvested and titrated on CEF and CEL cells. A significantly higher viral titer was obtained with the helper activity provided by the pHelper vector than by MDV or CELO virus. Further experiments showed that rAAAV-mediated green fluorescent protein （gfp） expression was overtly enhanced by MDV or CELO virus super infection or treatment with sodium butyric acid, but not by IBDV super infection. These data demonstrated that MDV and CELO viruses could provide weak helper activity for propagation of rAAAV, and rAAAV- mediated transgene expression could be enhanced by super infection with the helper viruses.     

小RNA病毒致病机理的研究

很多小RNA科病毒感染宿主细胞后可通过自身的核酸序列或病毒性蛋白产物控制靶细胞的生命活动,而被感染细胞也会通过自身的调控机制对侵染的病毒进行有限的反击,这种现象被认为是宿主细胞对抗小RNA科病毒侵染的防御机制.这种侵染与抵抗的互作机制可由某些病毒蛋白对细胞产生信号干扰或细胞自身翻译合成的细胞因子对病毒的复制路径进行封堵来实现.虽然这些信号通路的上游事件是不同的,但最后的效应却很统一,即使细胞崩解或者细胞将自身按照一定程序与所侵入的病毒同归于尽.此外,一些病毒蛋白具有抑制细胞程序性自杀的功能,它们能够令感染病毒后的细胞不死亡,形成病毒与宿主细胞共存的持续性感染状态.     

Thymus-dependent lymphocytes: destruction by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Selective destruction of small lymphocytes in the thymusdependent areas of lymph nodes and thymocytes was observed in mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. These changes were clearly evident in lymphoid and splenic tissue 3 days after infection and in the thymus by day 7. The destructive changes paralleled growth of the virus in these organs. The findings show that infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus can temporarily cause the equivalent effect of neonatal thymectomy, that is, a "viral thymectomy," which appears to be related to the ability of this virus to cause persistent infection.     

E2蛋白介导猪瘟病毒的细胞吸附与内化

【目的】已有研究显示,猪瘟病毒(CSFV)通过网格蛋白介导的内吞作用侵入宿主细胞,然而参与侵入过程的病毒蛋白尚待阐明。研究旨在明确E2蛋白在CSFV侵入过程中的作用。【方法】通过瞬时转染包装携带E2基因的慢病毒,将慢病毒转导悬浮293细胞构建稳定表达重组E2蛋白的悬浮293细胞系,利用亲和层析的方法纯化重组E2蛋白,同时优化表达时间以增加蛋白产量。利用SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分别鉴定了重组E2蛋白的表达水平及其反应原性。通过感染试验、吸附试验以及内化试验分别探究了E2蛋白对CSFV感染、吸附以及内化的影响。将重组E2蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体,通过阻断ELISA检测血清中多克隆抗体的阻断率。利用制备的多克隆抗体与CSFV感作后进行吸附和内化试验,进一步探究了E2蛋白在介导CSFV吸附和内化中的作用。【结果】通过倒置荧光显微镜观察转导慢病毒后的细胞系,与对照细胞相比可见明显的绿色荧光,表明慢病毒成功转导悬浮293细胞。SDS-PAGE结果显示,在还原和非还原条件下均出现与预期大小相符的蛋白条带,经Western blotting验证,上清中表达的重组E2蛋白能够被抗E2蛋白单克隆抗体WH303所识别,表明构建的悬浮293细胞系能够表达重组E2蛋白。通过优化表达条件,悬浮293细胞培养第8天时上清中重组E2蛋白浓度最高可达5.84μg·m L-1。可溶性蛋白阻断试验结果显示,重组E2蛋白具有阻断CSFV感染的活性。利用重组E2蛋白在病毒入侵过程中处理细胞对CSFV的感染同样具有显著抑制作用;阻断ELISA和中和试验结果显示,针对E2蛋白的多克隆抗体能够阻断CSFV感染,且具有良好的中和活性;吸附试验和内化试验证明,重组E2蛋白处理细胞能够显著抑制CSFV的内化,而利用多克隆抗体与CSFV感作后能够显著抑制其吸附。【结论】E2蛋白参与CSFV吸附和内化。     

Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection

Viral clearance during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been thought to reflect the destruction of infected hepatocytes by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. However, in this study, HBV DNA was shown to largely disappear from the liver and the blood of acutely infected chimpanzees long before the peak of T cell infiltration and most of the liver disease. These results demonstrate that noncytopathic antiviral mechanisms contribute to viral clearance during acute viral hepatitis by purging HBV replicative intermediates from the cytoplasm and covalently closed circular viral DNA from the nucleus of infected cells.     

NMRAL1对流感病毒复制的调控机制

【目的】流感病毒是一种人兽共患病原,常引起大流行,给人类健康造成巨大威胁,且流感病毒易发生变异,能不断逃逸宿主细胞的免疫反应,对现有抗流感药物产生耐药性,因此寻找抵抗流感的新方法迫在眉睫。研究通过探索NMRAL1(NmrA-like family domain-containing protein 1)对流感病毒复制的影响,并揭示其发挥作用的分子机制,为抗流感药物研发提供潜在靶点。【方法】采用siRNA干扰技术在A549细胞中下调表达NMRAL1,并通过Western Blot检测siRNA干扰后NMRAL1的表达水平;在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,分别感染A/Anhui/2/2005 (AH05) (H5N1)和A/WSN/33 (H1N1) 两株不同亚型流感病毒,利用蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后24和48 h细胞上清中的病毒滴度。为确定NMRAL1影响流感病毒复制的具体阶段,在HEK293T细胞中瞬时转染NMRAL1-Myc-pCAGGS质粒过表达NMRAL1,通过双荧光素酶报告系统检测过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性的影响;使用免疫荧光技术对流感病毒NP蛋白进行染色,通过激光共聚焦试验观察下调表达NMRAL1对感染病毒后3、4、5、6和8 h NP蛋白在被感染细胞中的定位情况的影响,判断下调表达NMRAL1是否影响流感病毒的入核和出核过程;利用Western Blot检测下调表达NMRAL1对流感病毒各病毒蛋白表达的影响和对流感病毒激活I型干扰素通路下游IFN刺激基因（ISGs）表达的影响,利用间接免疫荧光试验进一步研究NMRAL1对流感病毒复制的影响。【结果】Western Blot检测发现NMRAL1 siRNA能显著下调NMRAL1表达,在下调表达NMRAL1的A549细胞中分别感染H5N1和H1N1病毒,并通过蚀斑试验检测感染病毒后细胞上清中的病毒滴度,结果显示在下调表达NMRAL1的细胞中,感染流感病毒后24和48 h收取的细胞上清中病毒滴度显著下降,表明NMRAL1能促进不同亚型流感病毒的复制;为进一步探索NMRAL1调控流感病毒复制的具体机制,利用双荧光素酶报告系统检测流感病毒聚合酶活性,发现过表达NMRAL1对流感病毒聚合酶活性无明显影响;激光共聚焦试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达不影响NP蛋白的入核和出核过程,同时Western Blot检测表明下调NMRAL1表达不影响各病毒蛋白的表达;但荧光定量PCR试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达能够促进流感病毒感染诱导的IFN-β mRNA水平上升,且Western Blot检测发现下调表达NMRAL1促进I型干扰素通路下游的MxA和IFITM3抗病毒蛋白的表达,与此同时,间接免疫荧光试验结果显示下调NMRAL1表达可显著抑制流感病毒复制。【结论】在流感病毒感染过程中,NMRAL1不影响流感病毒的入侵以及转录翻译过程,而是通过抑制I型干扰素通路激活从而抑制MxA、IFITM3等抗病毒因子的表达,最终促进流感病毒复制。研究证实宿主因子NMRAL1正调控流感病毒的复制,丰富了参与流感病毒复制的宿主因子网络。     

连翘酯苷对IFN-α和Mx1表达的影响

 【目的】探讨连翘酯苷作用于感染PCV2的小鼠模型后,对IFN-α和Mx1表达的影响,以评价连翘酯苷的抗病毒作用。【方法】复制PCV2感染小鼠模型。以(2、4、10 mg?mL-1)连翘酯苷分为高、中、低 3个剂量组,并设空白对照组和病毒对照组。给药12、24、36 h后,分别提取小鼠肺组织总RNA和总蛋白,应用实时荧光定量PCR检测IFN-α、Mx1 mRNA含量,采用Western blotting检测Mx1蛋白的表达水平。【结果】空白对照组小鼠肺组织中Mx1和IFN-α无表达,病毒对照组少量表达。随着连翘酯苷浓度的升高,IFN-α和Mx1 mRNA水平逐步升高,两者的表达量呈现平行相关;高剂量组中IFN-α和Mx1表达量最高(P＜0.001);随着药物作用时间的延长表达量降低,12 h时达到最高(P＜0.001),其后逐渐下降。【结论】昆明小鼠适于PCV2感染模型的建立。中药连翘酯苷能显著上调IFN-α和Mx1的表达,并在给予高剂量药物后12 h发挥显著的抗病毒作用。Mx1蛋白与病毒的感染密切相关,可用于病毒感染的早期诊断,及具有较好的应用前景。