Esophagostomy Feeding Tube Use and Placement in Exotic Pets

Providing enteral nutrition to injured or ill exotic animal patients by means of assisted feedings minimizes catabolism and gastrointestinal morbidity associated with anorexia, while optimizing immune system and organ function, and providing nutritional precursors necessary for healing. When determining the nutritional needs of a debilitated animal, it is important to account for both metabolic rate and energy requirements. Providing enteral nutrition via a feeding tube utilizes the functional gastrointestinal tract in patients that cannot or will not eat. Additionally, administration of food through a feeding tube is significantly less stressful for patients than restraint and syringe feeding. Feeding tube placement should be considered in any animal where the stress associated with syringe feeding is likely to result in significant morbidity or when the need for an extended period of assisted feeding is required.     

动物园动物的应激行为与动物福利管理

动物园动物是人工驯养的动物,动物的应激行为表现是动物与饲养管理人员、游人之间和与笼舍环境的应激,是人为造成的。分析广州动物园动物应激行为表现,与广州动物园动物的福利水平,提出动物园动物福利管理思路和方法。减少动物园动物的应激行为,在饲养管理中定人、定点、定时、定量。在动物繁殖期分笼,设立专门的产房和育幼室。应用动物行为丰容技术和动物园笼舍建设生态化。让动物康乐生活,防疫好,疾病少,寿命长,合理繁殖。     

国内外肉牛福利及其研究进展

动物福利是影响动物产品品质与安全的重要因素。肉牛作为重要肉品来源,为人们生活提供营养丰富的牛肉产品,并且因产业链长,面临的福利问题多很受人们关注。文章根据国内外肉牛福利研究的一些资料,主要阐述肉牛在饲养、运输和屠宰过程中的福利问题及肉牛福利对牛肉品质的影响研究进展,为中国肉牛福利标准的制定以及肉牛养殖业饲养管理规范提供参考。     

犊牛饲养福利关键点及生产意义

近年来我国奶牛养殖业迅速发展,犊牛作为发展养牛业的主要基础,也越来越受到人们的关注。提升犊牛成活率、规范初乳饲喂规程、降低犊牛应激反应,提升环境舒适度,是改善犊牛福利的主要措施。提升犊牛饲养管理福利,对奶牛终身产奶量的提升有积极的促进作用。本文从提高犊牛接产成活率,增强机体免疫机能,减缓机体应激,提高犊牛舒适度等方面综合分析了提高犊牛福利、促进奶牛健康养殖的关键点,旨在提升牛只健康养殖水平,为促进我国奶业蓬勃发展提供技术支持。     

3种生物饵料对宽体金线蛭幼蛭生长性能、消化酶活性及免疫力的影响

本试验采用试验生态学方法,分析比较3种生物饵料对宽体金线蛭幼蛭生长性能、消化酶活性及免疫力的影响。将初始平均体质量为(0.027±0.010)g的宽体金线蛭幼蛭随机分为3组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复放置60条幼蛭。3组幼蛭分别以螺蛳(作为对照)、漂螺、蚯蚓为生物饵料。结果显示:漂螺组幼蛭体质量、体长及体宽3项生长指标均显著高于其他2组(P<0.05),3组之间幼蛭成活率无显著差异(P>0.05),整体生长性能由高至低依次为漂螺组、螺蛳组、蚯蚓组。幼蛭体质量与体长、体宽及体积的相关性由强到弱依次为体积(R^2=0.912 0)、体长(R^2=0.8888)、体宽(R^2=0.7717)。幼蛭蛋白酶活性3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),螺蛳组幼蛭淀粉酶活性显著高于漂螺组和蚯蚓组(P<0.05),漂螺组幼蛭脂肪酶活性显著高于螺蛳组和蚯蚓组(P<0.05)。幼蛭超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T AOC)3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。螺蛳组幼蛭碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性显著高于漂螺组和蚯蚓组(P<0.05)。蚯蚓组幼蛭过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著高于螺蛳组和漂螺组(P<0.05),螺蛳组和漂螺组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合分析得出漂螺对宽体金线蛭幼蛭的促生长作用最佳,并建议依据漂螺营养成分制定幼蛭饲料营养标准,同时可将蚯蚓作为饲料免疫添加剂成分。     

Protection of farmed camels (Camelus Dromedarius): Welfare problems and legislative perspective

In the last years animal welfare has assumed an increasing interest in our society, influencing legislation to enact many provisions aimed at the protection of animals. Along with increased consumer awareness of the need to maintain ethically acceptable conditions of raised animals, scientists too have begun to investigate the conditions of animal welfare, the tools for its evaluation and for its improvement. Although there are many advances in knowledge, much remains to be investigated concerning many species considered "minor", that is, camels and dromedaries. Dromedaries, recently, have attracted the interest of some breeders following the results of studies concerning the nutritional and therapeutic properties of their products ‐ milk in particular ‐ that make them ideal for some particular categories of consumers, such as diabetics, obesity sufferers, lactose‐intolerant subjects, menopausal women and so on. Considering their use in dairy husbandry, dromedaries are reared under intensive and/or semi‐intensive systems with the resulting emergence of specific needs, which should be fulfilled in order to have appropriate welfare. This paper's purpose is to give practical elements in order to find out dromedary welfare standards, promoting a comprehensive set of regulations on welfare, care and protection of this animal.     

伦理学视域下的城乡宠物饲养弊病及其改进措施

随着我国社会经济的发展和城市化进程的加速.城市居民家庭的独立性、封闭性、个性化和人口老年化问题日益突出,居民的休闲、消费和情感寄托方式也呈多样化发展.宠物数量的日益增多带来的一系列社会问题.对我国城乡饲养宠物存在的问题进行了阐述.并提出了改进我国城乡饲养宠物的措施.     

Welfare issues related to transport and handling of both trained and unhandled horses and ponies

Dehydration and increased risk of respiratory problems are common outcomes of transport, and both appear to be related to journey duration, emotional effects, such as fear, and challenging environmental conditions. Welfare may be improved by familiarising equines with transport vehicles and loading procedures before travel starts, and by providing thermally comfortable and well ventilated conditions during the journey. For long road journeys, rest breaks with drinking water should be given. Both trained and unhandled animals should have sufficient space and freedom to adjust their posture and to lower their heads, but maximum safe space allowances are unknown. Mares and foals should be transported together. Injury during transport is relatively common, particularly in groups of horses travelling to slaughter, and is usually associated with driver error, internal fittings and vehicle type or design, but also with mixing of animals of different sex and weight leading to fighting. There needs to be better training and monitoring to prevent such avoidable risks to horse welfare. There is also a need for more research into appropriate prophylaxis and post transport therapy as knowledge of accumulated stress and depressed immune function following prolonged and repeated transport is poorly understood.     

The Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Five Guangxi Pig Breeds and Three Exotic Pig Breeds by Analysis of mtDNA D-loop Sequences

In order to compare the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships between Guangxi pig breeds and three exotic pig breeds,one pair of primers was used to amplify 85 mtDNA D-loop sequences of five Guangxi pig breeds (Bama Xiang pig,Dongshan pig,Guizhong spotted pig,Luchuan pig,Huanjiang Xiang pig),and we downloaded 45 mtDNA D-loop sequences of three exotic pig breeds (Duroc,Yorkshire,Landrace) from GenBank.Then the haplotype,genetic diversity and phylogenetics analysis were carried out.The results showed that 38 haplotypes were identified in 130 sequences,and the mean distances among Guangxi pig breeds were smaller than that among Duroc,Landrace and Guangxi pig breeds.The NJ phylogenetic tree classified all samples into two clusters.One contained all of Guangxi pig breeds and partial Yorkshire,the other was composed wholly of exotic pig breeds,which mean there were two distinct maternal origins.In the cluster of Guangxi pig breeds,Luchuan pig were clustered,and the others were rather dispersive.It indicated that Luchuan pig had simple maternal bloods,and the other breeds had complex maternal bloods,and they had gene flow with each other.The maternal pig resources in Guangxi were not affected by the introduction of exotic pig breeds,and they were still suitable for use as a female parent in their development and utilization.     

可遗传与非可遗传构件应用与转基因动物食品安全评价介绍

近年来基因工程技术不断发展,转基因生物及其产品如雨后春笋般不断涌现,随之而来的转基因食品安全问题也逐渐引起关注和重视。可遗传与非可遗传构件的应用作为生产转基因动物的方法,其存在的潜在风险与巨大的发展前景共存。作者就可遗传与非可遗传构件应用及与转基因动物食品安全评价的关系进行了介绍和讨论,并对其未来的发展做出展望。     

新城疫活苗和油苗免疫雏鸡血清特异性IgG动态变化的研究

实验应用间接ELISA方法对新城疫LaSota疫苗和克隆-30油苗免疫鸡血清特异性IgG抗体的动态变化进行了观察.结果表明,二者抗体产生的时间不同,LaSota疫苗免疫鸡血清中特异性IgG抗体的产生早于油苗,但二者抗体滴度的最高值(OD490 nm)无显著差异.实验还表明ELISA法检测新城疫抗体的变化具有灵敏,稳定和重复性好等优点.     

Welfare implications of invasive piglet husbandry procedures,methods of alleviation and alternatives: a review

Abstract

Iron administration, teeth clipping, tail docking and castration are common invasive husbandry procedures performed on piglets on commercial farms, generally within the first week of life. These procedures are performed to prevent potential health and welfare problems of piglets and/or the sow, or, with respect to castration, to enhance meat quality. The objectives of this review were firstly, to provide the rationale and scientific evidence for performing these procedures, secondly, to describe the welfare implications of these procedures, and lastly, to describe mitigation strategies or alternatives that can be used to eliminate or reduce the pain caused by these procedures. Administering supplementary iron is necessary to prevent anaemia in piglets and the procedure has a low welfare impact. The stated benefits of teeth clipping to prevent udder lesions do not appear to outweigh the risk from injury and infection in piglets following the procedure. Tail docking reduces the prevalence of tail biting, but does not eliminate this behaviour and the practice of tail docking can cause acute pain. Castration is primarily performed to reduce the occurrence of boar taint, but alternatives are now available that negate the need to perform this procedure. Teeth clipping, tail docking and castration all cause behavioural and physiological changes indicative of acute pain and can have potentially long-term negative consequences such as causing abscesses, lesions and the formation of neuromas. Therefore effective pain mitigation strategies (e.g. analgesia, local or general anaesthesia) that markedly alleviate the pain caused by these procedures are necessary to improve the welfare of piglets. Alternatively, if management practices are available that eliminate the need for performing these procedures altogether, then they should be adopted.     

Welfare of layers housed in small furnished cages on Danish commercial farms: the condition of keel bone,feet, plumage and skin

1. An on-farm assessment of keel bone, feet, plumage and skin damage was conducted in layers in small furnished cages to evaluate welfare implications.

2. Thirteen farms participated, all housing Lohmann LSL layers in systems allowing 8 or 10 hens per cage.

3. Each flock was visited at three different ages: 32, 62 and 77 weeks. During each visit, 100 hens were examined for keel bone fractures and deviations, plumage damage, body wounds, foot pad lesions, bumble feet, missing toes and toe wounds.

4. A deterioration with age of the condition of the plumage and keel bone was found (P < 0.001). At 77 weeks of age, 16% of the birds had poor plumage, and 43% of the birds had keel bone damage. In contrast, foot pad lesions were most prevalent at 32 weeks of age (13%), whereas the other foot injuries and body wounds remained at a relatively low level throughout the three ages examined.

5. Prevention of damage to the keel bone, plumage and foot pads should therefore be considered when aiming to improve welfare of laying hens housed in small furnished cages.     

MM—3基因工程活菌苗免疫妊娠母猪外周血T细胞和B细胞动态

以MM-3基因工程活菌苗口服和肌注免疫妊娠92d母猪各5头,然后应用SPA菌体与B淋巴细胞SmIg粘附试验、E玫瑰花环形成试验、PHA诱导T淋巴细胞转化试验及ANAE染色试验进行了检测.结果表明,MM-3活菌苗免疫妊娠母猪,可同时激发细胞免疫和体液免疫功能;T淋巴细胞参与了B淋巴细胞的分化与增殖;外周血中B淋巴细胞百分率不论口服或肌注免疫均高于对照组(P<0.01),而口服免疫组又高于肌注组(P<0.05).本试验还对MM-3活菌苗的免疫效果进行了观察.     

The relationship between responsiveness of first-lactation heifers to humans and the behavioral response to milking and milk production measures

The human–animal relationship can influence how an animal responds to situations involving humans and affect animal well-being and production. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine if there is a relationship between the behavioral reactivity of New Zealand dairy heifers toward humans and the behavioral response to cluster placement during milking and milk production measures and (2) determine if this relationship changes as heifers become habituated to the milking process. A total of 150 primiparous heifers were randomly selected from 3 commercial dairy farms. Approximately 1 month before calving, 2 behavioral tests, avoidance distance in response to an approaching human and exit speed from a restraint, were performed on 50 heifers at each farm. For each heifer, behavioral observations were recorded during the morning milking period (during the first and sixth weeks of lactation). Behaviors recorded during cluster placement at milking included flinching, stepping, and/or kicking (FSK). Milk yields, milking durations, and average milk flow rates were recorded for each individual heifer during the first and sixth weeks of lactation. Avoidance distance and exit speed were positively correlated (P < 0.001). The FSK response during cluster placement was negatively (P < 0.01) correlated with exit speed during week 6 of lactation, but there was no relationship (P > 0.05) between avoidance distance and FSK. Avoidance distance was positively (P < 0.005) correlated with milk flow rates during weeks 1 and 6 of lactation and milk yields (P < 0.01) during week 6 of lactation. However, there was no relationship (P > 0.05) between exit speed and milk yields, durations, or flow rates. Furthermore, the FSK response was negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with milk yield during weeks 1 and 6 of lactation. Therefore, the behavioral response of heifers toward humans and the milking process appears to be related to milk production measures.