The effect of a single intravenous fluid bolus on packed cell volume and plasma total solids concentration in Red-collared Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus rubritorquis)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of a single intravenous (IV) fluid bolus on the hydration of an avian patient, using packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma total solids (TS) to estimate hydration. PROCEDURE: Ten birds were allocated randomly to one of three groups, and administered 30 mL/kg or 50 mL/kg intravenous fluid, or were part of a control group and did not receive IV fluid. Blood was collected before the IV fluid bolus was administered, and at 1 minute, 3 hours and 6 hours after administration of the fluid. Samples were used to determine PCV and TS and results were compared between groups and between the different time points. RESULTS: Administration of 30 mL/kg or 50 mL/kg compound sodium lactate solution caused a statistically significant decrease in PCV. Within 3 hours, the PCV was not significantly different to the initial value or to the PCV of control birds. Administration of 30 mL/kg compound sodium lactate solution did not result in a significant decrease in TS. However, administration of 50 mL/kg produced a significant decrease in TS, which was still significantly less than controls 6 hours after the fluid was administered. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an intravenous bolus of fluid may be safely administered to an anaemic bird, since PCV is significantly decreased for less than 3 hours. Up to 50 mL/kg of fluid may be administered as an intravenous bolus to a bird, to produce significant haemodilution that persists for up to 6 hours.     

Packed cell volume (PCV) in connection with uterine prolapse and in parturient paresis in cows.

Packed cell volume was determined in 317 cows with uterine prolapse, the condition being in more than half of these cases associated with varying degrees of hypocalcaemia, in 133 cows with parturient paresis and in 73 clinically healthy newly calved cows. Independently of each other uterine prolapse and fall in plasma calcium were associated with a significant rise in PCV. The present investigation demonstrated a marked fall in circulating blood volume in a considerable number of cows suffering from uterine prolapse. The risk of irreversible hypovolemic shock developing in connection with uterine prolapse is not to be neglected, and may be aggravated by the simultaneous occurrence of hypocalcaemia, as several of the compensatory mechanisms are calcium dependent.     

饲料组胺对美洲鳗鲡生长及肌肉品质的影响

为研究饲料组胺对美洲鳗鲡生长及肌肉品质的影响,将重量[(2 870.0±17.1)kg/池)]和规格(7.8±0.3)P接近的养殖美洲鳗鲡的4口精养池,随机分为2个组,分别投喂组胺水平为67 mg/kg和414 mg/kg的试验饲料,每组2个重复,试验期为2个月。结果表明,与低组胺水平组相比,高组胺水平组美洲鳗鲡的增重率和饲料效率有降低的趋势(P<0.1);肌肉中多种多不饱和脂肪酸比例显著降低(P<0.05),氨基酸水平无显著变化(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲料中的组胺可一定程度抑制美洲鳗鲡生长和降低肌肉品质。     

沙门菌感染对小鼠白细胞总数及其亚群动态变化的影响

为研究沙门菌感染对小鼠白细胞总数及其亚群动态变化的影响,采取腹腔注射的方法给小鼠接种6.5×10⁹ CFU/mL浓度的沙门菌0.1 mL/只,分别在4、6、8、12、16和24 h采集小鼠血液,应用全自动动物血液细胞分析仪检测感染小鼠的白细胞总数、淋巴细胞数、单核细胞数和粒细胞数,记录并分析小鼠24 h内白细胞总数及其亚群的动态变化。结果表明：模型组小鼠白细胞总数及其亚群均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且白细胞总数和粒细胞数的变化幅度最明显,与空白对照组比较差异极显著（P<0.01）。说明感染沙门菌能够刺激小鼠机体产生免疫应答,影响血液中白细胞总数及其亚群的动态变化。     

鸡包涵体肝炎病毒（IBHV）对雏鸡淋巴细胞和红细胞免疫功能的影响

为探讨鸡包涵体肝炎病毒（ Ｉ Ｂ Ｈ Ｖ）引起免疫抑制的机理,给 １ 周龄雏鸡经口感染鸡Ⅷ型腺病毒,观察了感染后不同时间血液淋巴细胞转化率、 Ｒ Ｂ Ｃ Ｃ３ｂ 受体花环率和 Ｒ Ｂ Ｃ Ｉ Ｃ 花环率的动态变化。结果表明,淋巴细胞转化率和 Ｒ Ｂ Ｃ Ｃ３ ｂ 受体花环率于感染后 ３ ｄ 开始下降,至 ９ ｄ 降至最低,显著低于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ００１）; Ｒ Ｂ Ｃ Ｉ Ｃ 花环率于感染后 ５ ｄ 开始升高,至 １１ ｄ 达最高,显著高于对照组（ Ｐ ＜ ００１）。证实 Ｉ Ｂ Ｈ Ｖ 能够引起淋巴细胞和红细胞免疫功能降低。     

传染性法氏囊病疫苗免疫母鸡后子代雏鸡外周血液的B细胞和免疫球蛋白含量变化

应用免疫SPA菌体花环法和间接ELISE法对传染性法氏囊病（IBD）疫苗免疫母鸡后，其子代雏鸡外周血液B细胞数量和IgG、IgM、IgA含量进行了动态研究。结果发现：IBD疫苗免疫后，其子代雏鸡外周血液B细胞数量和IgG、IgM、IgA含量均不同程度地高于未免疫的相应对照雏鸡，表明IBD疫苗免疫母鸡后，其子代雏鸡外周血液的体液免疫功能明显增强。而传染性法氏囊病超强毒株攻击子代雏鸡后，未免疫子代雏鸡外周血液的上述各项指标均明显低于疫苗免疫的子代雏鸡，这与IBDV感染雏鸡后，其体液免疫中枢器官法氏囊严重损害，淋巴细胞变性坏死等有关，也是导致感染雏鸡免疫抑制的基础。     

断奶对仔猪肠上皮间淋巴细胞、杯状细胞数量的影响

试验选用12窝0～56日龄仔猪,以断奶日龄为主要因素,随机分成17、21、28、35日龄断奶4个处理组,每个处理3个重复,每个重复为一窝仔猪。试验期间,实行三阶段饲养,7日龄开始补饲,7～28日龄采食日粮Ⅰ,29～42日龄采食日粮Ⅱ,43～56日龄采食日粮Ⅲ。17日龄断奶组分别于断奶后12小时、4天、4天+1周、4天+2周,22、28日龄断奶组分别于断奶后12小时、1周、2周、3周,35日龄断奶组于断奶后12小时、1周、2周剖杀,每次每个重复分别剖杀1头;同时35日龄断奶组作为对照组,分别在17、21、28日龄断奶组剖杀时间点的相同日龄,每次每个重复也各剖杀1头,共计剖杀54头。剖杀取得的样品用于测定仔猪小肠上皮间淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数量。结果表明:断奶日龄和日龄对仔猪小肠各段上皮间淋巴细胞数量、杯状细胞数量均有显著影响(P<0 05),28日龄断奶组仔猪小肠各段上皮间淋巴细胞数量显著高于其它3组(P<0 05),而21日龄断奶组仔猪小肠各段上皮间淋巴细胞数量显著低于其它3组(P<0 05)。断奶越早、日龄越小的仔猪肠上皮间杯状细胞数量显著升高(P<0 05)。     

鸡传染性贫血病疫苗免疫母鸡后子代雏鸡外周血液T细胞数量及免疫球蛋白含量变化

应用免疫SPA菌体不法和间接ELISE法对鸡传染性贫血病（CIA）疫苗免疫母鸡后，其子代雏鸡外周血液T细胞数量和血清IgG,IgM,IgA含量进行了动态研究。结果发现：CIA疫苗免疫母鸡后，其子代雏鸡外周血液T细胞数量和IgG,IgM,IgA含量均不同和蔼地高于未免疫的相对照雏鸡，表明CIA疫苗免疫母后，其子代雏鸡全身的体液上述各项指标均明显低于疫苗免疫的子代雏鸡，这与CIAV强毒攻击子代雏鸡后，未免疫的子代雏鸡外周血液上述各项指标均明显低于疫苗免疫的子代雏鸡，这与CIAV强毒感染雏鸡后，其免疫器官组织，尤其是胸腺严重损害，淋巴细胞变性坏死子等密切相关，是导致感染鸡免疫功能低下的基础。     

鸡贫血病-法氏囊病联合免疫母鸡后子代雏鸡外周血液T细胞数量及免疫球蛋白含量变化

应用免疫SRA菌体花环法和间接ELISE法对鸡传染性贫血病 (CIA) -传染性法氏囊病 (IBD)联合免疫母鸡后 ,其子代雏鸡外周血液T细胞数量和免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量变化进行了动态研究。结果发现 ,CM -IBD联合免疫母鸡后 ,其子代雏鸡外周血液T细胞数量和IgG、IgM、IgA含量均不同程度地高于未免疫的相应对照雏鸡 ,表明CIA-IBD联合免疫母鸡后 ,其子代雏鸡外周血液体液免疫和细胞免疫功能明显增强。而CIAV、IBDY强毒攻击后 ,未免疫的子代雏鸡 ,其外周血液的上述指标均明显低于疫苗免疫的子代雏鸡 ,表明未免疫的子代雏鸡外周血液的免疫机能降低 ,这与未免疫雏鸡缺乏特异性抗体 ,强毒攻击后 ,雏鸡免疫器官组织广泛损害 ,淋巴细胞变性坏死等有关     

酵母培养物水溶物对离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞生长及细胞膜完整性的影响

本试验以酵母培养物水溶物为试验材料,添加于离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞培养液中,研究酵母培养物水溶物在不同浓度、不同作用时间下对细胞生长及细胞膜完整性的影响。采用单因子试验设计,设1个对照组及5个酵母培养物水溶物组(YC-1~5组),各组均设96个重复,每个重复为1个培养孔。对照组的培养液中不添加酵母培养物水溶物,YC-1~5组的培养液中酵母培养物水溶物的浓度分别为10、25、50、100、200 mg/L。结果表明:培养液中添加50~200 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物对细胞形态无损伤,100~200 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物在添加后3 h时显著增强细胞活性(P<0.05),50 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物在添加后6 h时显著增强细胞活性(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,3 h时各酵母培养物水溶物组培养液中乳酶脱氢酶(LDH)活力均没有显著变化(P>0.05),6 h时YC-4、YC-5组显著降低(P<0.05),9 h时YC-3、YC-4、YC-5组显著降低(P<0.05),12 h时YC-2、YC-3、YC-4、YC-5组显著降低(P<0.05)。各时间点(3、6、9、12 h)各酵母培养物水溶物组培养液中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)活力与对照组相比均没有显著变化(P>0.05),但在6~9 h时GPT活力均低于对照组。由此得出,培养液中添加10~200 mg/L酵母培养物水溶物能促进离体草鱼肠道黏膜细胞的生长,保护细胞膜的完整性,其发挥保护作用的适宜浓度为50~200 mg/L。     

术苦芩总多糖对湿热泄泻仔猪小肠杯状细胞数量以及MUC-2和ITF-3 mRNA转录的影响

为探讨术苦芩总多糖(ZKQPs)对湿热泄泻仔猪小肠修复作用的影响,将60头断奶仔猪分为空白对照组(n=10)造模组(n=50),造模组采用高温高湿环境配合高脂配合饲料等建立湿热泄泻模型,进一步将造模成功后的50头仔猪随机分为模型组、阳性药物组(白头翁散)、ZKQPs高、中、低剂量组(n=10),分别拌料给药,连用7d。采用过碘酸雪夫染色(PAS)结合显微镜观察小肠组织杯状细胞(GC),利用RT-PCR和ELISA分别检测湿热泄泻仔猪小肠黏液中黏蛋白-2(MUC-2)和肠三叶因子(ITF-3)的转录和含量变化。试验结果:1)模型组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中GC数量均减少,与空白组比较,差异显著(P<0.05);与模型组比较,ZKQPs高剂量组、中剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中GC数量均增加,ZKQPs高剂量组、阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠和ZKQPs中剂量组仔猪十二指肠、回肠GC的数量差异显著(P<0.05)。2)与空白组比较,模型组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中MUC-2mRNA的转录量和含量均降低,差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,ZKQPs各剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中MUC-2mRNA的转录量和含量均升高,ZKQPs高剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠MUC-2mRNA的转录量和含量差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。3)与空白组比较,模型组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中ITF-3mRNA的转录量和含量均降低,差异极显著(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,ZKQPs高剂量组、中剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠中ITF-3mRNA的转录量和含量均升高,ZKQPs高剂量组、中剂量组和阳性药物组仔猪空肠、回肠中ITF-3mRNA的转录量和含量差异显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。ZKQPs可提高湿热泄泻仔猪小肠GC的数量以及MUC-2和ITF-3mRNA的转录,促进湿热泄泻仔猪小肠内GC分泌物MUC-2和ITF-3分泌。     

Effect of soy lecithin on total cholesterol content,fatty acid composition and carcass characteristics in the Longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo steers (Korean native cattle)

This study aims to investigate the effect of soy lecithin on the total cholesterol content, the fatty acid composition and carcass characteristics in the Longissimus dorsi in Hanwoo steers. Hanwoo steers (24 head) were fed two diets: Control (CON) (concentrate + alcohol‐fermented feed (AFF)) and soy lecithin treatment (CON + soy lecithin at 0.5% of the AFF). Soy lecithin treatment increased average daily gain, serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol in the blood. A lower cholesterol concentration was found in the Longissimus dorsi for the soy lecithin diet compared to the CON diet. With respect to the marbling score and quality grade of Longissimus dorsi, soy lecithin supplementation significantly increased the C20:5n3, C22:4 and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents compared to the CON diet. Soy lecithin supplementation would alter the total cholesterol content, polyunsaturated fatty acid profile and meat quality of Longissimus dorsi.     

Effect of Blood Transfusion in Combination with Dextran-40 and Hypertonic Saline Solution on Cardiopulmonary Haemodynamics of Endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide) Shock in Buffalo Calves

The intravenous (i.v.) infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli endotoxin in buffalo calves (n = 15) at 5 μg/kg bw per h for 3 h caused a significant (p<0.05) fall in plasma volume, blood volume, haematocrit haemoglobin, and systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure (CVP), with a marked rise in respiration. Treatment with a combination of i.v. infusion of 7.2% hypertonic saline solution, Plasmex-D-40 (Dextran-40) and blood successfully alleviated hypovolaemia, and raised systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure. The whole blood was collected from apparently healthy male buffalo calves 24 h prior to infusion and was transfused without cross-matching. No significant fall in haemoglobin, haematocrit and body temperature was observed after transfusion. All these values tended to remain near normal levels. However, this combination of treatment had no effect on high respiratory rate. A one-time blood transfusion did not evoke any cross-reaction and was helpful in raising haematocrit and haemoglobin close to pre-infusion values. The general symptoms of restlessness, respiratory distress, profuse salivation, violent movement of the ears, snoring, intermittent struggle, etc. were markedly reduced. All the treated animals became quiet and lay with eyes open and survived the 7 h of observation.     

Effect of the inhibitors phenylalanine arginyl ß-naphthylamide (PAßN) and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP) on expression of genes in multidrug efflux systems of Escherichia coli isolates from bovine mastitis

The multidrug efflux system in bacteria can reduce antibiotic concentration inside the cell, leading to failure in the treatment of bacterial diseases. This study evaluated the influence of two efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), phenylalanine arginyl ß-naphthylamide (PAßN) and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), on the gene expression of three multidrug efflux systems, AcrAB, AcrEF and EmrAB in Escherichia coli bovine mastitis isolates resistant to ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim simultaneously. Each isolate had at least three multidrug efflux system genes. The acrA and acrB had the lowest expression levels in all treatments, while the emrA or emrB showed the highest expression levels in the presence of ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, PAβN and NMP. EPIs also contributed to the decrease in arcF expression when used in combination with ampicillin treatment. Since PAßN showed stronger effects than NMP, it may serve as an alternative to assist in the antimicrobial therapy of mastitis.     

Effect of products derived from hydrolysis of wheat and flaxseed non starch polysaccharides by carbohydrase enzymes on net absorption in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88) challenged piglet jejunal segments

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection results in fluid and electrolyte losses in the small intestine. We investigated the effect of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) hydrolysis products of wheat middlings (WM) and flaxseed (FS) on net absorption of fluid and solutes during ETEC challenge. Products were generated by incubating WM and FS with a blend of carbohydrase enzymes to produce 2 products: 80% ethanol-soluble (ES) and 80% ethanol-insoluble (EI) which were studied in 2 experiments in which 2 factors were investigated: products (EI vs. ES) and time of ETEC challenge (before vs. after perfusion). Pairs of small-intestine segments, one non-challenged and the other ETEC-challenged were perfused with products for 7.5 h. ETEC reduced fluid absorption by more than 380 µL/cm² in saline (control) perfused segments, whereas this reduction was significantly ( P  < 0.05) less for the WM and FS products. Interaction ( P  > 0.05) between product and time of challenge was not observed. For WM, products effects on ETEC-challenged segments were such that perfusion of ES resulted in higher total solute (measured as osmolality) absorption than EI (138 vs. 103 µOsmol/cm²). In conclusion, hydrolysis products from WM and FS were beneficial in maintaining fluid balance during ETEC challenge, suggesting potential in controlling ETEC induced diarrhea in piglets.