发展反刍动物绿色营养技术

作者把以提高反刍动物对日粮营养物质的利用率和减少对环境污染为目标的一整套实用的营养技术称之为反刍动物绿色营养技术。本文从提高氮代谢利用率、提高日粮能量利用率和提高日粮矿物质元素利用率三个方面介绍了国际上在这些方面的研究进展和技术进步 ,并着重介绍了内蒙古畜牧科学院近年来在发展反刍动物绿色营养技术方面的研究成果。本文介绍的反刍动物绿色营养技术措施有以下九种 :(1)饲料蛋白质保护和尿素缓释技术 ;(2)激素调控氮代谢技术 ;(3)进入小肠食糜氨基酸平衡技术 ;(4)降低甲烷发散技术 ;(5)日粮营养结构平衡调控技术(利用代谢葡萄糖调控组织代谢层次C3+C6 能占ME摄入量比值技术) ;(6)提高低质粗饲料的营养工程技术 ;(7)使用矿物质螯合物或络合物技术 ;(8)日粮阴阳离子平衡技术 ;(9)控制磷的排放技术。作者着重指出 ,在设计和使用这些技术时 ,应强调围绕一定的调控目标 ,将多种营养技术措施加以系统组合 ,充分利用其正组合效应 ,尽量控制或缩小其负组合效应 ,以达到充分发挥各种营养技术措施整体优势的目的。     

Immunologic methods for the detection of humoral and cellular immunity.

A variety of immunologic techniques have been introduced during the past few years. Many of these techniques are being applied to clinical specimens in an attempt to help the practicing veterinarian make a diagnosis. The introduction of new techniques requires extensive testing with clinically normal and diseased patients. It is essential for the practicing veterinarian to understand that the techniques available for the detection of immunologic disorders in the dog and cat are not routine diagnostic procedures and that adequate information has not been developed for any of the techniques described to assure the clinical significance of either positive or negative results (Table 3). This should not discourage the practitioner from submitting samples, but should encourage him or her to question the significance of those results and to attempt to correlate them with history and clinical signs before arriving at a final diagnosis.     

A brief overview of transgenic farm animals

Transgenesis offers new possibilities to rapidly modify the genome of living organisms. The application of transgenesis to farm animals faces many problems, more than those observed in the transgenesis of laboratory animals, as there are currently many different techniques available to obtain transgenic animals, which all have problems regarding low efficiency and high costs. When these techniques are applied to farm animals the problems concerning transgenesis are multiplied. Two main techniques, male pronuclear microinjection and sperm mediated gene transfer, utilised in farm animal transgenesis, are briefly presented. The improvement of these techniques and the employment of other biotechnologies such as cloning, could expand the uses of transgenic farm animals for human health.     

集成技术的猪病诊断系统的开发研究

专家系统、多媒体和数据库技术3项技术具有潜在的互补性,将后两者集成于猪病诊断专家系统中,能够克服各自的缺陷,有助于提高系统诊断的准确率和易于为用户所接受。因此,本文提出一种集成多媒体和数据库的猪病诊断专家系统结构模型,并简要介绍其集成技术。     

Problems in quantifying bone response to exercise in horses: a review

Detecting changes in bone during growth, training, rest from competition (spelling), and disease in horses requires imaging techniques that have a high level of accuracy and precision. Currently, most imaging techniques used in horses do not possess such characteristics and are more suitable for detecting end-stage disease than subtle changes. Some are incapable of detecting changes in bone size. Non-planar techniques should be used for estimating or determining bone strength. This review outlines available imaging techniques and shows why cross-sectional procedures are required to accurately estimate bone strength. If these can be validated and improved for use in the standing horse, serial examination can be used to show the magnitude of changes in bone strength that occur during training or varying management regimens. Such knowledge can then be used to improve training and spelling regimens for equine athletes, hopefully resulting in a reduction in racing or athletic injury.     

Problems in quantifying bone response to exercise in horses: a review

Detecting changes in bone during growth, training, rest from competition (spelling), and disease in horses requires imaging techniques that have a high level of accuracy and precision. Currently, most imaging techniques used in horses do not possess such characteristics and are more suitable for detecting endstage disease than subtle changes. Some are incapable of detecting changes in bone size. Non-planar techniques should be used for estimating or determining bone strength. This review outlines available imaging techniques and shows why cross-sectional procedures are required to accurately estimate bone strength. If these can be validated and improved for use in the standing horse, serial examination can be used to show the magnitude of changes in bone strength that occur during training or varying management regimens. Such knowledge can then be used to improve training and spelling regimens for equine athletes, hopefully resulting in a reduction in racing or athletic injury.     

猪内源氨基酸测定技术评述

氨基酸的真消化率是评价饲料蛋白质生物学效价的重要指标,而要测定氨基酸的真消化率,就必须对内源氨基酸排泄量进行估测。本文就目前内源氨基酸的测定方法进行了综述,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了评述。在内源氨基酸的测定方法中,以传统方法(无氮日粮法、回归外延法和完全可消化蛋白源或静脉灌注平衡氨基酸法)最为常用,但存在种种缺陷。为克服传统方法的缺陷,学者们提出了新的估测内源氨基酸的方法,如同位素标记法、高精氨酸法、肽营养超滤技术、氨基糖测定法以及体内体外结合测定法,但这些方法也存在或多或少的缺陷,还有待于改进。     

Manual Therapy for the Horse—A Contemporary Perspective

Manual therapy is an important field within equine physiotherapy for the management of pain and impairment in the neuromusculoskeletal system of the horse. This article outlines types of manual therapy techniques applicable to the horse and the evidence that is available for mechanisms of action and efficacy of these techniques. Examples of techniques are given where possible.     

Local anaesthetic techniques for the equine head,towards guided techniques and new applications

Perineural nerve blocks are often used in equine practice, especially since the use of diagnostic and surgical procedures in the standing sedated horse have expanded over recent decades. The purpose of this review is to discuss the different perineural nerve blocks for the equine head. The review starts with the currently most used blind approaches as described in textbooks and scientific studies. In human medicine, the role of guided techniques, such as ultrasound guidance, advanced imaging guidance and nerve stimulator guided techniques, is very extensively described. These techniques are promising to use in equine medicine as well. The first studies that describe these techniques in equine cases are also discussed in this review, as well as the possibilities for neuromodulation in equine pain syndromes like equine trigeminus-mediated headshaking and the role of perineural nerve blocks in diagnosing this syndrome.     

UROCYSTOLITH DETECTION: COMPARISON OF SURVEY, CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN AN IN VITRO BLADDER PHANTOM

Urocystoliths of 9 mineral types from 437 canine patients submitted to the University of Minnesota Urolith Bank were imaged in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography, pneumocystography, double contrast cystography (two iodine concentrations) and real-time ultrasonography (3.5 MHz, 5.0 MHz, 7.5 MHz). Imaging techniques were compared for accuracy of urocystolith detection, accuracy of urocystolith enumeration, and tendencies for over or undercounting. Across urocystolith mineral types, the false negative rates (no urocystoliths detected in a given case) for survey radiographs range from 2 to 27%. Pneumocystographic techniques are one-half as likely to yield false negative results as are survey radiographic techniques. Underestimates of urocystolith numbers and false negatives are likely using 80 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystography because calcium-based urocystoliths are isopaque in this contrast medium dilution. The 200 mg iodine/ml double contrast cystographic techniques are unlikely to yield false negative diagnoses even for very small (< or = 1.0 mm) urocystoliths and is comparable to pneumocystography for detection and slightly better for enumeration. The likelihood of an ultrasonographic false negative for urocystoliths decreases with increasing MHz. Under optimal conditions using a 7.5 MHz mechanical sector transducer, the false negative rates were comparable to double contrast cystography, but rates increased notably with lower MHz transducers.     

牛乳杀菌技术研究进展

乳及乳制品是营养价值极高的食品，为保证充足的安全性、较长的货架期及稳定的营养价值，乳杀菌技术得到研究人员的重点关注。本文综述乳品工业的杀菌技术研究进展，阐明热处理技术和非热处理技术的杀菌机制，介绍巴氏杀菌、超高温瞬时灭菌、超高压处理、超声波、脉冲电场等不同杀菌技术对微生物、营养活性物质、风味物质、质构及化学反应等方面的影响，为其在高生物活性乳制品中的开发应用提供参考。     

Clinical techniques of invertebrates.

This article highlights techniques and equipment needed to successfully restrain, diagnose, and treat gastropods (including snails and slugs) and arthropods (including spiders, scorpions, honey-bees, cockroaches, silkworms, phasmids, centipedes, and millipedes). A review of current clinical techniques for invertebrates kept as pets and those kept for agricultural use is provided. The specific techniques of restraint, assessment of hydration, fluid therapy, diagnostic sampling, imaging, exoskeleton repair, ectoparasite control and removal, euthanasia, and postmortem examination are reviewed for use in the invertebrate patient. The authors intend this article to stimulate further research and reporting on appropriate and humane techniques for use in these species and to increase the ability of the veterinary practitioner to successfully attend to these animals.     

Standing abdominal surgery.

Safe, effective surgery can be performed in the standing, conscious horse using a combination of mechanical and chemical restraint. Clear indications for performing standing abdominal surgery exist, but many procedures are best performed under general anesthesia. The preferred approach involves a modified grid incision of the left paralumbar fossa. Flank celiotomy allows the surgeon to thoroughly explore the abdominal cavity, but few structures can be exteriorized, and visibility of abdominal contents is poor. Indications for standing abdominal surgery include diagnosis of abdominal masses, drainage and biopsy techniques, correction of left dorsal displacement of the large colon, and evaluation of rectal injuries, and performing loop colostomy techniques, laparoscopy, removal of retained testicles, correction of uterine torsions, surgical embryo transfer, ovariectomy in normal mares, and some experimental procedures. Standing surgical techniques are most useful and appropriate for surgical exploration, to correct uterine torsions, and to perform loop colostomy and surgical embryo transfer techniques. Perioperative antimicrobial and antiinflammatory therapy is recommended. Mild discomfort and ventral incisional swelling after surgery are expected.     

Recent developments in equine dentistry

ABSTRACT

Equine dentistry is a rapidly developing clinical specialty. It has benefitted from key advances in anatomical and physiological research, development of equipment and instrumentation, utilisation of standing sedation and anaesthesia protocols, a change towards minimally invasive surgical techniques, and the introduction of restorative and endodontic techniques translated from techniques used in human and canine dentistry. Anatomical research has provided further insight into the endodontic system of incisors and cheek teeth and how it changes throughout development with age. Studies of the periodontium have demonstrated a rich vascular supply and repair capacity. Routine dental visits are increasingly being performed utilising sedation and clinical instruments for routine examinations. Equipment has become more efficient, battery-operated and miniaturised giving benefits to both equine dental maintenance work and advanced techniques, assisting the transition to minimally invasive techniques, and the development of endodontic and restorative dentistry. Diagnosis has also benefitted from advances in equipment such as patient-side digital radiography systems, high definition oroscopy, and small diameter flexible fibrescopes that are capable of visualising inside a pulp canal. Dental units combining endodontic high- and low-speed drills, suction and air or water flush are becoming increasingly used and adapted for equine use. Sedative combinations and standing anaesthesia protocols have meant that revisions of traditional techniques, as well as novel techniques, can be performed with almost no requirement for general anaesthesia. Equine dentistry can only continue to advance in this way if there is early identification of dental disease through clinical oral examinations, leading to a system based on prophylaxis, as in human dentistry. This necessitates a change in attitude of the public and industry in general to a proactive approach, with early intervention based on examination and diagnostic findings of practitioners and not necessarily based on the clinical signs displayed by the patient.     

Fixation of Radius and Ulna Fractures in the Immature Dog and Cat A Review of Popular Techniques and a Report of Eight Cases Using Plate Fixation

External immobilization and traditional pinning techniques for radius and ulna fractures in immature animals are associated with complications. Prolonged splinting and casting risks postural hyperextension. Pinning techniques may injure growing bones and joints. Eight cases are presented in which fractures of the radius and ulna in immature animals were treated with plates and without external splints. Ail fractures healed without iatrogenic injury to the growing bones and joints and without hyperextension problems of fracture disease. Plating proved a highly effective method of treatment for these fractures in growing animals, avoiding complications and the problems associated with external splinting and traditional pinning techniques.     

Nuclear imaging and radiation therapy in canine and feline thyroid disease.

The indications, techniques, and expectations for radionuclide diagnostic studies on canine and feline thyroid glands are presented. In addition, the considerations surrounding radioiodine or external beam radiotherapy for benign and malignant thyroid disease are reviewed. The intent of this article is to familiarize primary care veterinarians with the utility of and outcome of the ionizing radiation-based diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for assessing and treating canine and feline thyroid disease.     

IRIDIUM-192: A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR FURTHER REFERENCING THE ISOTOPE, ITS ACTIVITY UNITS, AND DOSIMETRY TECHNIQUES

The individual embarking on an iridium-192 brachytherapy program is faced with an abundance of concepts, terms and dosimetry techniques. This article introduces the beginning brachytherapist to the basic physical parameters of iridium-192, to the potential units for source strength and to the general concepts of the various dosimetry techniques. Multiple literature references are listed for more in-depth study.     

Perineural and spinal anesthesia.

Local and regional anesthetic techniques are useful tools for the equine practitioner. These techniques allow surgery to be performed without the risk and cost of general anesthesia. There are, however, risks associated with the local and regional techniques. Neurotoxicity, although rare, may occur when 200 mL or more of a local anesthetic are infiltrated in a short period of time to a 450-kg horse. More likely, horses may become ataxic after nerve blockade in the limbs. This ataxia may lead to self trauma because the horse may not know where the limbs are actually being placed. Although local and regional anesthesia may not always be easy to achieve, persistence and practice will result in consistent nerve blockade.     

The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in small animal veterinary medicine: A comparison with current approaches in human medicine

The relevance of regional lymph node (LN) assessment to quantify the metastatic spread of cancer is well recognized in veterinary oncology. Evaluation of LNs is critical for tumour staging. However, sampling the correct LN may not be possible without sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping. Methods for diagnostic imaging and intraoperative detection of SLNs are well established in human medicine, in particular, the combination of lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative application of blue dyes. Nevertheless, alternative imaging techniques are available and have gained increasing interest. Successful implementation of these techniques in dogs have been reported in both clinical and experimental studies. This review aims to provide an overview of SLN mapping techniques in human and veterinary medicine.