Equatorial X-ray Emissions: Implications for Jupiter's High Exospheric Temperatures

Observations with the High Resolution Imager on the Rontgensatellit reveal x-ray emissions from Jupiter's equatorial latitudes. The observed emissions probably result from the precipitation of energetic (>300 kiloelectron volts per atomic mass unit) sulfur and oxygen ions out of Jupiter's inner radiation belt. Model calculations of the energy deposition by such heavy ion precipitation and of the resulting atmospheric heating rates indicate that this energy source can contribute to the high exospheric temperatures(>800 kelvin at 0.01 microbar) measured by the Galileo probe's Atmospheric Structure Instrument. Low-latitude energetic particle precipitation must therefore be considered, in addition to other proposed mechanisms such as gravity waves and soft electron precipitation, as an important source of heat for Jupiter's thermosphere.     

Scatterers in Triton's Atmosphere: Implications for the Seasonal Volatile Cycle

Nitrogen and methane ices on the surface of Triton, Neptune's largest satellite, are exchanged between the summer and winter hemispheres on a seasonal time scale. Images of the satellite's sky obtained by the Voyager 2 spacecraft show the presence of several types of scattering materials that provide insights into this seasonal cycle of volatiles. Discrete clouds, probably composed of N(2) ice particles, arise in regions of active sublimation. They are found chiefly poleward of 30 degrees S in the southern, summer hemisphere. Haze particles, probably made of hydrocarbon ices, are present above most, but not all places. Recent snowfall may have occurred at low southern latitudes in places where they are absent. The latent heat released in the formation of the discrete clouds may have a major impact on the thermal balance of the lower atmosphere. Triton may have been less red at the time of the Voyager flyby than 12 years earlier due to recent N(2) snowfall at a wide range of latitudes.     

Implications of the VEGA Balloon Results for Venus Atmospheric Dynamics

Both VEGA balloons encountered vertical winds with typical velocities of 1 to 2 meters per second. These values are consistent with those estimated from mixing length theory of thermal convection. However, small-scale temperature fluctuations for each balloon were sometimes larger than predicted. The approximate 6.5-kelvin difference in temperature consistently seen between VEGA-1 and VEGA-2 is probably due to synoptic or planetary-scale nonaxisymmetric disturbances that propagate westward with respect to the planet. There is also evidence from Doppler data for the existence of solar-fixed nonaxisymmetric motions that may be thermal tides. Surface topography may influence atmospheric motions experienced by the VEGA-2 balloon.     

三江平原湿地土壤 CO2和 CH4排放的初步研究

在三江平原选择 3种不同类型的湿地永久积水的漂筏苔草沼泽、季节性积水的小叶章草甸和无积水的恢复湿地.从 2002年 7月到 10月对漂筏苔草沼泽进行了土壤碳排放的观测, 2002年 8月中旬至 10月对小叶章草甸和恢复湿地进行了土壤碳排放的观测.观测结果表明,不同湿地类型下土壤 CO2和 CH4排放具有明显的差异,同段时期内 (2002年 8月中旬到 10月底 )土壤 CH4排放通量为小叶章草甸 (14.3 mg· m-2· h-1)>漂筏苔草沼泽 (7.9 mg· m-2· h-1)>恢复湿地 (-0.015 mg· m-2· h-1), CO2排放速率表现为小叶章草甸 (384.9 mg· m-2· h-1)>恢复湿地 (345.6 mg· m-2 · h-1)>漂筏苔草沼泽 (117.6 mg· m-2· h-1).温度是导致漂筏苔草沼泽和小叶章草甸土壤 CO2和 CH4的排放季节变化的主要驱动因子,也是恢复湿地土壤 CO2排放季节变化的主要驱动因子,但对其 CH4氧化吸收影响不明显.地表积水深度与漂筏苔草沼泽以及小叶章草甸土壤 CO2和 CH4排放均呈负相关,温度和积水深度的综合作用决定了漂筏苔草沼泽和小叶章草甸土壤 CO2和 CH4排放的季节变化特征.     

Atmospheric CO2: principal control knob governing Earth's temperature

Ample physical evidence shows that carbon dioxide (CO(2)) is the single most important climate-relevant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. This is because CO(2), like ozone, N(2)O, CH(4), and chlorofluorocarbons, does not condense and precipitate from the atmosphere at current climate temperatures, whereas water vapor can and does. Noncondensing greenhouse gases, which account for 25% of the total terrestrial greenhouse effect, thus serve to provide the stable temperature structure that sustains the current levels of atmospheric water vapor and clouds via feedback processes that account for the remaining 75% of the greenhouse effect. Without the radiative forcing supplied by CO(2) and the other noncondensing greenhouse gases, the terrestrial greenhouse would collapse, plunging the global climate into an icebound Earth state.     

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination

A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, obtained from the Dome Concordia, Antarctica, ice core, reveals that an increase of 76 parts per million by volume occurred over a period of 6000 years in four clearly distinguishable intervals. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations.     

Atmospheric Physics and Earth Observations: Observations of Lyman-agr Emissions of Hydrogen and Deuterium

A spectrophotometer was flown on Spacelab 1 to study various mechanisms of Lyman-alpha emission in the upper atmosphere. The use of absorption cells filled with H(2) and D(2) gases allowed us to discriminate a number of weak Lyman-alpha emissions heretofore masked by the strong H geocoronal emission due to resonance scattering of solar photons. Preliminary results are presented on three topics: the first optical detection of the deuterium Lyman-alpha emission at 110 kilometers, with an intensity of 330 rayleighs indicating an eddy diffusion coefficient of 1.3 x 10(6) square centimeters per second; auroral proton precipitations seen on both the night and the day side; and an emission located above 250 kilometers of altitude, interpreted as the result of charge exchange of magnetospheric protons with geocoronal atoms.     

Anthropogenic CO2 uptake by the ocean based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set

We estimated the oceanic inventory of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from 1980 to 1999 using a technique based on the global chlorofluorocarbon data set. Our analysis suggests that the ocean stored 14.8 petagrams of anthropogenic carbon from mid-1980 to mid-1989 and 17.9 petagrams of carbon from mid-1990 to mid-1999, indicating an oceanwide net uptake of 1.6 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 petagrams of carbon per year, respectively. Our results provide an upper limit on the solubility-driven anthropogenic CO2 flux into the ocean, and they suggest that most ocean general circulation models are overestimating oceanic anthropogenic CO2 uptake over the past two decades.     

冬水田休闲期温室气体排放通量的研究

冬水田生态系统在西南地区大面积存在,长期淹水,其温室气体排放可能对中国温室效应有重要贡献。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对川中丘陵地区冬水田休闲期温室气体排放通量进行了原位观测研究,获得冬水田休闲期CH4、CO2、N2O的平均排放通量依次为5.37mg·m-·2h-1、81.88mg·m-·2h-1、0.01μg·m-·2h-1。同时研究发现,冬水田休闲期温室气体排放通量具有明显的动态变化,土壤温度和水分在很大程度上影响着3种温室气体的排放通量。研究还表明,改冬水田为水旱轮作可减少甲烷排放。     

舍饲生长期牦牛NH3排放及其对CH4与CO2

为舍饲育肥牦牛高效生态生产、减少有害气体和温室气体排放提供参考,采用大型呼吸测热环控舱(Chamber)模拟舍饲状态,对4头生长期育肥牦牛排放的主要温室气体甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)及有害气体氨气(NH3)进行动态监测.结果表明:牦牛在采食1.5~3 h后CH4排放量达最大值,维持一段时间后,排放量逐渐下降;CO2排放相对平稳;NH3排放无明显规律.CH4、CO2和NH3日平均排放量分别为22.42 g/头、1 023.10 g/头和5.84 g/头,舍内NH3浓度为157.29 mg/m3,超出牦牛耐受氨气浓度.NH3排放不影响CH4和CO2排放规律,但是影响气体总排放量.     

Paleozoic Atmospheric CO2: Importance of Solar Radiation and Plant Evolution

Changes in solar radiation, as it affects the rate of weathering of silicates on the continents, and other changes involving weathering and the degassing of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) have been included in a long-term carbon-cycle model. These additions to the model show that the major controls on CO(2) concentrations during the Paleozoic era were solar and biological, and not tectonic, in origin. The model predictions agree with independent estimates of a large mid-Paleozoic (400 to 320 million years ago) drop in CO(2) concentrations, which led to large-scale glaciation. This agreement indicates that variations in the atmospheric greenhouse effect were important in global climate change during the distant geologic past.     

Kinetics of the OH Reaction with Methyl Chloroform and Its Atmospheric Implications

The rate coefficients for the reaction of hydroxyl (OH) radicals with methyl chloroform (CH(3)CCI(3)) were measured between 243 and 379 kelvin with the pulsed photolysis-laserinduced fluorescence method. The measured rate coefficients at 298 and 277 kelvin were approximately 20 and approximately 15%, respectively, lower than earlier values. These results will increase the tropospheric OH concentrations derived from the CH(3)CCI(3) budget analysis by approximately 15%. The predicted atmospheric lifetimes of species whose main loss process is the reaction with OH in the troposphere will be lowered by 15% with consequent changes in their budgets, global warming potentials, and ozone depletion potentials.     

自由大气CO2浓度升高对稻田CH4排放的影响研究

采用FACE田间试验,对高CO2:浓度影响稻田CH4排放规律进行了观测分析,并利用δ13C技术初步分析了土壤CH4的排放来源.结果显示,植株和±壤的CH4排放速率在高CO2浓度处理大于对照18%以上,其增加幅度为土壤大于植物,CH4排放速率可能受田间水分条件影响较大.与对照比较,高CO2浓度条件下植物和土壤部分CH4累积排放总量增加,且变化幅度随生长期而降低,前期(54 d)常规氮处理(NN)高于低氮处理(LN),后期LN高于NN;但是行间裸土CH4累积排放总量在前期(54d)增加和之后降低的幅度均为NN高于LN.土壤排放CH4δ13C值从移栽到第102 d,高CO2浓度处理LN和NN水平下土壤对照(CK)仅分别升高9.0%和8.3%,种水稻则降低8.8%和8.1%;但是在对照CO2浓度条件下土壤对照降低17.2%和112.5%(P=0.047),种水稻降低40.3%和105.9%(P=0.023),表明高CO2浓度下有更多C4来源的碳释放,对照CO2浓度条件下有更多C3来源的碳释放.水稻不同生长期与土壤对照比较,种水稻土壤排放CH4δ13C值降低的幅度总和在高CO2浓度条件LN和NN水平下分别为114.8%和72.7%,对照CO2浓度条件下分别为41.9%和72.8%,表明在种有植物的情况下更多当季的碳分解释放,LN水平下高CO2浓度促进来源于当季碳的CH4排放.NN水平下没有发现CO2浓度的影响,可能与作物生物量和它的间接产物(根系分泌物)的影响有关.     

CLIMATE: Ice, Mud Point to CO2 Role in Glacial Cycle

The rhythmic stretching of Earth's orbit seems to drive glacial cycles, but how this feeble "orbital variation" could cascade through the climate system of air, land, water, and ice to produce the monstrous climate shifts of the ice ages has remained a mystery. On page 1897 of this issue of Science, a paleoceanographer finds a likely strongman to transmit and enforce the orbital variations' demands: carbon dioxide. Comparing records preserved in deep-sea muds with those in antarctic ice, he finds that orbital variations may muster carbon dioxide into and out of the atmosphere, and the resulting waxing and waning of greenhouse warming may drive the glacial cycle.     

栽培管理对农田土壤呼吸的影响及减排途径

在全球变化加剧背景下,农田碳排放问题越来越引起人们的关注.结合国内外已有的相关报道,系统综述了栽培管理措施对农田土壤呼吸影响的差异,探讨栽培管理措施影响土壤呼吸速率的可能机制,并提出了农田土壤碳减排可行的管理措施,展望了未来该领域应加强的研究方面,旨在为农田生态系统在全球变化背景下碳汇功能的发挥提高理论依据和技术指导.     

高浓度CO2处理后土壤N2O排放特征

土壤被认为是大气氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要生物排放源.随着大气CO2浓度升高,土壤N2O排放规律可能发生改变.无锡FACE(Free-air CO2 Enrichment)基地至2003年已运行2年,分别采集Ambient(背景大气CO2浓度处理)和FACE(背景大气CO2浓度 200 mmol·mol-1处理)农田土壤,调节含水量至40%WFPS,在25℃室内有氧预培养7 d后,按250 μgN·-1添加NH4NO3,将含水量调节至80%WFPS,在25℃进行有氧培养7 d.在此培养期间,定期测定施肥后土壤N2O和CO2排放速率,探讨来自田间Ambient和FACE土壤N,2O排放差异及其可能的影响因素.结果表明,所有土壤N2O和CO,2排放速率均随培养时间延长而迅速递减,来自Ambient处理的土壤N,2O和CO,2排放速率均高于来自FACE处理的土壤相应排放量,且土壤N,2O与CO,2排放速率存在显著正相关.通过比较培养前后土壤交换态NH,4 和NO,3-含量的变化,显示培养过程中可能存在相当量的微生物氮固持,有必要加强相关研究.     

岩溶湿地和稻田的土壤酶活性与CO2和CH4排放特征

【目的】探究土地利用变化对湿地土壤酶活性和温室气体排放之间关系的影响。【方法】以会仙岩溶湿地为研究样点,以湖泊湿地和其相邻的稻田为研究对象,采用比色法和静态暗箱法分别测定水稻整个生育期内主要土壤酶的活性及CO₂和CH₄的排放,并对二者之间的关系进行分析。【结果】稻田土壤的β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、几丁质酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均高于湖泊湿地,高出幅度为11.8%—32.7%。稻田CO₂和CH₄排放通量分别为255.9—789.7和-0.41—1.74 mg·m^-2·h^-1,平均值分别为445.8和0.42 mg·m^-2·h^-1,低于天然湖泊湿地。与湖泊湿地相比,稻田CO₂和CH₄排放总量分别降低了22.3%和83.3%,而增温潜势（GHGs,含N₂O）降低了29.6%。相关性结果显示,CO₂排放通量与β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶和几丁质酶活性呈显著负相关关系,CH₄排放通量与6种土壤酶活性显著负相关（P<0.05）。【结论】在会仙岩溶湿地系统中,天然的湖泊湿地转变为稻田可显著提高土壤酶活性,同时降低CO₂和CH₄的排放量,有利于微生物碳利用率的提高和土壤碳的封存。     

大气CO2浓度升高对木本植物影响的研究进展

大气中CO2浓度升高正在引起全球变暖和气候变化,对植物特别是构成陆地生态系统主体的树木产生最直接的影响。就大气CO2浓度升高对木本植物光合作用、气孔参数、叶片形态结构、蒸腾作用、N养分含量和生物量影响的最新研究进展进行了分析综述。