Transform faulting and growth of the gulf of california since the late pliocene

Seismic-reflection and magnetic profiles over more than 6000 kilometers suggest that spreading of the sea floor on the East Pacific Rise, at the mouth of the Gulf of California, began to broaden a proto-gulf about 4 million years ago. Movement occurred, on transform faults, offsetting the rise and other centers of crustal growth within the gulf, and translated the end of the peninsula about 200 kilometers to the northwest. Thick pelagic sediments on the east flank of the rise indicate that there was a lapse of spreading by crustal growth between 4 and 10 million years ago.     

Catastrophic decline of a top carnivore in the gulf of california rocky intertidal zone

The predatory sun star, Heliaster kubiniji, once the commonest rocky intertidal asteroid of the Gulf of California, has been rare throughout this region since summer 1978 when a devastating disease outbreak occurred. This unprecedented phenomenon and several other exceptional ecological events in marine communities of the northeastern Pacific appear to be linked to large-scale climatic changes that occurred during 1977 and 1978. Implications of the decline in Heliaster kubiniji are discussed.     

Laminated diatomaceous sediments from the guaymas basin slope (central gulf of california): 250,000-year climate record

During Deep Sea Drilling Project-International Program of Ocean Drilling leg 64, December 1978 to January 1979, the initial test of the Deep Sea Drilling Project's hydraulic piston corer obtained an almost undisturbed section from a 152-meter hole into the sediments of the oxygen minimum zone at a depth of 655 meters along the Guaymas slope in the central Gulf of California. The section records variations in climate, productivity, and circulation for more than 250,000 years of Late Pleistocene to Holocene history with recordings of seasonal variations in these parameters in the laminated sections.     

Lumber spill in central california waters: implications for oil spills and sea otters

A large quantity of lumber was spilled in the ocean off central California during the winter of 1978, and it spread through most of the range of the threatened California sea otter population within 4 weeks. The movement rates of lumber were similar to those of oil slicks observed elsewhere. These observations indicate that a major oil spill could expose significant numbers of California sea otters to oil contamination.     

Glacial and pluvial periods: their relationship revealed by pleistocene sediments of the red sea and gulf of aden

Oxygen isotope analyses of planktonic foraminifera from the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden indicate that during periods of maximum continental and polar glaciation in the late Pleistocene, the Red Sea was subject to strong evaporation. Between glacial maximums the salinity of the Red Sea was equal to or below that of the open ocean. This suggests that high-latitude glacial periods corresponded in time to interpluvial stages in the present-day desert belt of northern Africa, whereas high-latitude interglacial periods coincided with pluvial stages.     

Mineral source and transport in waters of the gulf of Mexico and Caribbean sea

Mineral particles suspended in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea were analyzed in relation to clay mineral distributions in bottom sediments, to sedimentation processes active in the region, and to the prevailing currents. Circulation in the upper layers of water flowing from the Caribbean, carrying a micaceous-rich mineral assemblage, has exercised an influence on mineral transport into the Gulf of Mexico, different from the montmorillonite-rich load delivered by the Mississippi River. Particulate matter, suspended in North Atlantic water and Amazon River discharge, enters the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles and contributes to the detrital mineral content of Caribbean water, as does that carried by the wind.     

Micronutrients and kelp cultures: evidence for cobalt and manganese deficiency in southern california deep seawater

It has been suggested that naturally occurring copper and zinc concentrations in deep seawater are toxic to marine organisms when the free ion forms are overabundant. The effects of micronutrients on the growth of gametophytes of the ecologically and commercially significant giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) were studied in defined media. The results indicate that toxic copper and zinc ion concentrations as well as cobalt and manganese deficiencies may be among the factors controlling the growth of marine organisms in nature.     

热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中海龟的兼捕与保护

海龟处于海洋生态结构的顶端,对海洋生态系统的多样性和稳定性起到了重要的调控作用。根据2009~2019年科学观察员对热带大西洋公海海域(15°N～15°S, 15°W ～45°W)金枪鱼延绳钓渔业的调查数据,分析了兼捕海龟现象。结果发现：共误捕到蠵龟(Caretta caretta)、大西洋丽龟(Lepidochelys kempii)和棱皮龟(Dermochelys coriacea)3种累计108 只,其中海龟死亡32只。年兼捕率范围在0.0016~0.0693只/千钩,直接咬钩和被支绳缠绕是兼捕的主要方式;兼捕时间上存在一定季节性差异,高兼捕率BPUE(By-catch Per Unit Effort)发生在10月到翌年5月;赤道以北兼捕率年际间出现波动,但总体变化幅度不大,赤道以南兼捕率年际差异较大,2009~2013年间未发现海龟兼捕,但自2013年后南纬BPUE增长趋势明显,于2015年达最大值,随后BPUE逐渐降低至2019年到达最小值;海龟兼捕易受到月相强度的影响,往往在满月或接近满月的环境下兼捕现象明显增多;某些特定温度区间会出现不同种类海龟的兼捕,棱皮龟在水温24 ~26 ℃时兼捕更易发生,丽龟兼捕则在26 ~27 ℃间更为集中。此外,本文探究了近年来中国船队海龟兼捕存活率提高的原因,建议在今后为有效降低热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中海龟兼捕,应根据作业海域、目标鱼种和环境因子的不同适时调整相关养护对策。     

光周期对两种草坪草休眠启动的影响

研究了冷、暖季草坪进入秋、冬季节休眠的光照启动机制问题。结果表明:不同光照处理条件下,草坪根系内GA、ABA水平以及储存的营养物质之间差异显著;随着处理时间的缩短,草坪根系内GA含量降低,ABA水平升高,营养物质含量增加。综合分析认为,光照时间缩短是导致秋、冬季节草坪草休眠的重要启动因素之一。     

Seed dormancy: breaking by uncouplers and inhibitios of oxidative phosphorylation

When 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbon dioxide were applied together to dormant seeds of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover), 2,4-dinitrophenol did not disturb the breaking of dormancy which carbon dioxide usually induces in legume seeds. On the contrary, on its own, it promoted germination in a substantial proportion of seeds; a similar effect was produced by other uncouplers or inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation.     

Modulation of hurricane activity in the gulf of mexico by the madden-julian oscillation

The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is a large-scale episodic modulation of tropical winds and precipitation that travels eastward from Asia to America, with a characteristic repeat time of 30 to 60 days. Here it is shown that when MJO wind anomalies in the lower troposphere of the eastern Pacific are westerly, Gulf of Mexico and western Caribbean hurricane genesis is four times more likely than when the MJO winds are easterly. Accurate predictions of the MJO may lead to improved long-range forecasts of tropical cyclone activity.     

Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the california current

Since 1951, the biomass of macrozooplankton in waters off southern California has decreased by 80 percent. During the same period, the surface layer warmed-by more than 1.5 degrees C in some places-and the temperature difference across the thermocline increased. Increased stratification resulted in less lifting of the thermocline by wind-driven upwelling. A shallower source of upwelled waters provided less inorganic nutrient for new biological production and hence supported a smaller zooplankton population. Continued warming could lead to further decline of zooplankton.     

Continental breakup by a leaky transform: the gulf of elat (aqaba)

The floor of the Gulf of Elat consists of five distinct deeps. Its structure is controlled by faulting which has produced rhomb-shaped grabens. The gulf is a newly formed plate boundary between Arabia and Sinai.     

Earthquakes of strike-slip type in central california: evidence on the question of dilatancy

The travel times of compressional waves from quarry explosions of well-known origin times, measured at the University of California network of seismographic stations for the period 1961 to the present, have been examined for evidence of premonitory changes prior to earthquakes of moderate magnitudes in the region. Velocities to seven station sites are generally constant to within +/- 1 percent, with occasional deviations of +/- 2 percent. Variations seem to bear no correlation to earthquake occurrence and are probably due to a combination of reading errors and changes in the source location within the quarry.     

North-South contraction of the mojave block and strike-slip tectonics in southern california

The Mojave block of southern California has undergone significant late Cenozoic north-south contraction. This previously unappreciated deformation may account for part of the discrepancy between neotectonic and plate-tectonic estimates of Pacific-North American plate motion, and for part of the Big Bend in the San Andreas fault. In the eastern Mojave block, contraction is superimposed on early Miocene crustal extension. In the western Mojave block, contractional folds and reverse faults have been mistaken for extensional structures. The three-dimensional complexity of the contractional structures may mean that rigid-block tectonic models of the region based primarily on paleomagnetic data are unreliable.     

Two-hundred-million-year-old chromosomes: deceleration of the rate of karyotypic evolution in turtles

Cladistic analyses of chromosomal banding patterns from 48 species of cryptodiran turtles, combined with a fossil-based method for estimating rates of karyotypic change, show that karyotypic evolution was twice as fast and involved different types of rearrangements in Mesozoic turtles when compared to more recent forms. The deceleration in rate of karyotypic change is correlated with decelerated morphological change and is indicative of adaptive evolution. Comparisons of banded karyotypes reveal that some chromosomes have remained unchanged for at least 200 million years.     

Coral reef growth in the galapagos: limitation by sea urchins

The regular echinoid Eucidaris thouarsii is a conspicuous omnivore on coral bottoms in the Galápagos. Unlike Eucidaris in Panama and mainland Ecuador, Galápagos Eucidaris are large and abundant and graze heavily in the open on live corals day and night. These differences are probably due in large part to more intense predation by fishes on mainland compared with island urchin populations. An assessment of coral growth versus coral attrition from grazing shows that Eucidaris interferes with the establishment of pocilloporid reef frame and therefore reduces reef growth in the Galápagos.     

大蒜的营养保健功能及其在食品中的开发应用

该文主要介绍了大蒜的成分和功能,并对大蒜开发中的难点进行了分析,最后重点探讨了大蒜在食品中的应用.     

Bacterial growth rate in the sea: direct analysis by thymidine autoradiography

Autoradiography with tritiated thymidine was used to study microbial growth directly in nature. The epiphyte Leucothrix mucor was used since it is a large filamentous bacterium with a characteristic morphology making it recognizable in natural collections. The technique was developed initially with pure cultures. The relation between growth rate and the rate of accumulation of radioactive cells permitted derivation of a constant for use in calculating growth rate in natural material and in two-membered cultures of L. mucor growing epiphytically on pure cultures of marine algae. The growth rate (generation time) in two-membered cultures with the red alga Antithamnion sarniense was 94 minutes under the conditions used. In nature the growth rate of a sample from Iceland was 685 minutes; that of a sample from Long Island Sound was 660 minutes. There was no evidence of preferential growth in the basal portion of bacterial filaments nearest the algal surface. However, filamentous growth in nature, but not in pure or two-membered culture, was nonrandom, growth being clustered in some regions.