Adaptive female-mimicking behavior in a scorpionfly

This study provides a clear example of female-mimicking behavior by males in insects and evaluates quantitatively the adaptive significance of this behavior, which is poorly understood in many other organisms. Males of Hylobittacus apicalis provide females with a prey arthropod during copulation. Some males mimic female behavior when interacting with males that have captured nuptial prey, resulting in males stealing prey which they will use for copulation. Males that pirate prey copulate more frequently and probably incur fewer predation-related risks.     

Chemical mimicry: bolas spiders emit components of moth prey species sex pheromones

Field studies have indicated that bolas spiders attract male moth prey, apparently by mimicking the odor of female moth sex pheromones. Three moth sex pheromone compounds, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal, were identified in volatile substances emitted by hunting adult female Mastophora cornigera spiders. These compounds are components of pheromone blends that attract some of this spider's moth prey species.     

热带吸螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

试验确定了热带吸螨能够捕食二斑叶螨,能生长发育繁殖.在20-35℃温度范围内,热带吸螨对二斑叶螨的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型的圆盘方程,在20-30℃温度范围内,随着温度的上升,热带吸螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食量增加,处理猎物时间缩短,单位时间攻击率增大,控制能力也增强;与30±1℃相比,在35±1℃时,单位时间攻击率虽有增强,但日最大捕食量明显下降,处理猎物时间延长,控制能力显著下降.     

拟水狼蛛对白背飞虱的捕食功能反应

拟水狼蛛对白背飞虱的捕食量:无卵囊雌蛛>亚雄蛛>有卵囊雌蛛。其功能反应属HollingⅡ型。当猎物数量不变时,蜘蛛对自身密度的功能反应符合E=QP~(-m)模型;当猎物密度随蜘蛛密度成比例增加时,平均每头蜘蛛捕食的猎物数量差异不显著。同一空间内,当白背飞行虱多于褐飞虱时,蜘蛛对白背飞虱有明显的选择性;当白背飞虱少于或等于褐飞虱时,蜘蛛则喜食褐飞虱。     

Induction and Ecological Significance of Gigantism in the Rotifer Asplanchna sieboldi

Dietary alpha-tocopherol and cannibalism together induce the giant, campanulate morphotype. Campanulates, unlike the two smaller female morphotypes, do not respond to alpha-tocopherol by forming male-producing offspring. Campanulate production probably is very significant ecologically, allowing a rapid, adaptive response to increased prey size and a rapid reproductive rate uninter-rupted by sexuality and consequent dormancy.     

三种猎物对小黑瓢虫成虫繁殖及寿命的影响

在实验室条件下,以自然猎物烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci为对照,研究了替代猎物红蜘蛛Tetranychusnr.fi jiensis和桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)对小黑瓢虫成虫繁殖及寿命的影响,结果表明:(1)小黑瓢虫以蚜虫为猎物时,成虫不产卵,但可延长寿命;以红蜘蛛为猎物时,成虫可产卵。与自然猎物烟粉虱相比,小黑瓢虫取食替代猎物红蜘蛛的产卵前期延长,总产卵量及平均每雌每天产卵量减少,而两者之间的性比、产卵率及产卵期无显著差异。(2)三种猎物条件下雌虫寿命之间显著性无差异,而雄虫寿命之间的差异达显著水平,t测定法进一步表明,雄虫寿命在蚜虫与红蜘蛛之间差异显著,而在蚜虫与烟粉虱之间、以及烟粉虱与红蜘蛛之间均无显著差异。     

芦笋蓟马密度对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育和生殖的影响

在温度为25℃的室内条件下,研究了芦笋蓟马Thrips tabaci Lindeman 1龄若虫不同密度对巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseiusbarkeri Hughes生长发育和生殖的影响。结果表明:当猎物密度为3头时,巴氏钝绥螨的若螨历期最长,单雌日均产卵量最少,产卵持续时间最长。但总产卵量在各猎物密度处理间差异不显著。每日供给6头以上的芦笋蓟马1龄若虫即可满足巴氏钝绥螨生长发育和生殖的需要。     

角轮刺猎蝽生物学特性的研究

角轮刺猎蝽Scipinia subula Hsiao et Ren为茶园捕食性天敌,在室内研究了温度、猎物对它发育历期的影响,并观察该猎蝽的产卵动态.结果表明,以茶蚜Toxoptera aurantii Boyer为猎物时,角轮刺猎蝽在4个温度梯度(20、25、30、35℃)下的发育历期随温度升高而变短,卵期为6.5～34.1 d,整个若虫发育历期为26.9～72.0 d.卵孵化率在各温度下无明显差异,整个若虫期在25和30℃下的死亡率明显低于20和35℃.取食茶蚜与小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)对该蝽发育历期无显著影响.在30℃下以小菜蛾为猎物时,该蝽平均产卵214.1粒·雌-1,产卵前期平均为8.0d,产卵期平均为46.1d.     

温度对拟环纹豹蛛的捕食功能反应的影响

探讨了不同温度(25、30和35℃)对拟环纹豹蛛的捕食功能及寻找效应的影响。结果表明:拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的捕食反应均符合Holling II模型,其中在30℃下,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的控制效果最好,雌、雄成蛛对褐飞虱的捕食上限分别为100头和166.67头。在不同温度下捕食量有差异,但差异不显著(P0.05),不同龄期拟环纹豹蛛随着褐飞虱密度增加寻找效应呈下降趋势。3龄、5龄幼蛛随着猎物的增多搜寻效应值呈急剧下降趋势,而雌、雄成蛛下降相对平缓。研究表明,雌雄成蛛的寻找效应比幼株的搜寻能力强。     

不同猎物饲喂对南方小花蝽捕食量和喜好性的影响

为探讨南方小花蝽对不同猎物的捕食喜好性,室内用西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜、二斑叶螨、混合饲料(同时饲喂3种猎物)分别饲喂南方小花蝽驯化两代,研究了4种饲喂处理的南方小花蝽初孵若虫、5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜和二斑叶螨的捕食量和喜好性.结果显示不同猎物饲喂处理驯化的南方小花蝽1龄若虫对同一种猎物的捕食量和喜好性均不存在显著差异.南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对某种猎物的捕食量因前期取食的猎物种类不同而有显著差异.南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对西花蓟马2龄若虫的正喜好性.蚕豆蚜饲喂处理的5龄若虫和雌成虫对蚕豆蚜表现出正喜好性,除二斑叶螨饲喂处理外其余3种处理的南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对二斑叶螨的负喜好性.以上结果表明4种饲喂驯化处理的南方小花蝽1龄若虫的喜好性不受前期取食猎物的影响,但5龄若虫和雌成虫对前期取食过的猎物的喜好性增强,存在一定的学习行为.     

抗吡虫啉褐飞虱种群对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响

[目的]了解褐飞虱对吡虫啉产生抗性后对黑肩绿盲蝽功能反应的影响,以便更好地协调生物防治与化学防治的关系.[方法]用抗、感吡虫啉褐飞虱种群分别饲养黑肩绿盲蝽1代,测定F2代黑肩绿盲蝽RNC和SNC种群各龄若虫和成虫对褐飞虱卵的功能反应.[结果]黑肩绿盲蝽RNC和SNC种群各龄若虫和成虫的功能反应均能用HollingⅡ圆盘方程进行拟合,同一个种群的捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,两个种群的1~3龄若虫和雌成虫对褐飞虱卵的捕食能力、各龄期的日最大捕食量、对猎物的处理时间均差异不显著,但黑肩绿盲蝽RNC种群的4和5龄若虫对褐飞虱卵的瞬间攻击率α分别为1.2946和1.0968,显著低于SNC种群的1.9597和1.5657.[结论]用抗吡虫啉褐飞虱种群饲养黑肩绿盲蝽1代后,黑肩绿盲蝽的功能反应发生变化,其捕食功能有所下降.     

丽草蛉对不同寄主植物和猎物的趋性行为反应研究

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了丽草蛉对徂徕山常见寄主植物及寄主植物和蚜虫复合体的选择趋性行为。试验结果表明,赤松、板栗、麻栎、栾树和荆条在正常的生长状况下,不产生引诱丽草蛉的挥发性次生物质,而当赤松等这些寄主植物受到蚜虫危害后,释放出引诱丽草蛉虫的挥发性次生物质,丽草蛉对松树与松蚜、板栗与板栗大蚜、麻栎与栎大蚜、栾树和栾多态毛蚜和荆条与棉蚜混合体的选择率分别为50.0%、60.0%、58.3%、61.7%和68.3%。     

天敌胁迫下食饵种群动态模型的突变分析

在Logistic模型的基础上增加天敌的胁迫项,构造了天敌胁迫下食饵种群的动态模型。在食饵种群的增长量和天敌的捕食量达到动态平衡的情况下,推导出食饵种群动态的尖角突变模型。运用突变分析的方法,解释了食饵种群在天敌胁迫下也有可能爆发的生态现象。尖角突变模型中的复合控制变量无需坐标转化即可判断系统所处的状态。从理论上解决了以往研究复合控制变量时参数转化的问题。参数简化后可得到折叠突变模型。     

Nutrient-specific foraging in invertebrate predators

Many herbivores and omnivores adjust their food selection behavior to regulate the intake of multiple nutrients. Carnivores, however, are generally assumed to optimize the rate of prey capture rather than select prey according to nutrient composition. We showed experimentally that invertebrate predators can forage selectively for protein and lipids to redress specific nutritional imbalances. This selection can take place at different stages of prey handling: The predator may select among foods of different nutritional composition, eat more of a prey if it is rich in nutrients that the predator is deficient in, or extract specific nutrients from a single prey item.     

Coyote predation control by aversive conditioning

Conditioned aversions were induced in coyotes by producing lithium chloride illness in them following a meal, and the effects upon eating and attack behavior were observed. One trial with a given meat and lithium is sufficient to establish a strong aversion which inhibits eating the flesh of that prey. One or two trials with a given flesh (lamb or rabbit) specifically suppresses the attack upon the averted prey but leaves the coyote free to attack the alternative prey. A method of saving both prey and predator is discussed.     

The Ecological Significance of Sexual Dimorphism in Size in the Lizard Anolis conspersus

Adult males of Anolis conspersus capture prey of significantly larger size and occupy perches of significantly greater diameter and height than do adult females; similarly, these three dimensions of the niche are significantly larger for adult females than for juveniles. Adult males on the average eat a smaller number of prey, and the range in size of prey is larger. The relationship between the average length of the prey and that of the predator is linear when the predator size is above 36 millimeters, but becomes asymptotic when it is below that value. Subadult males as long as adult females eat significantly larger food than do the latter, but only in the larger lizards is this correlated with a relatively larger head. Anolis conspersus selects prey from a wide range of taxa and shows no obvious intraspecific specialization not connected to differences in microhabitat and prey size. The efficiency of this system for solitary species is pointed out.     

Predation in the paleozoic: gastropod-like drillholes in devonian brachiopods

Middle Devonian articulate brachiopods (Ludlowville and Moscow Formations, Hamilton Group, New York) have external tapered holes with a central boss that are indistinguishable from drillholes of naticid gastropods that are known from the Triassic and later. Drillholes are specific to prey (ribbed shells were avoided) and specific to sites on prey. Healed drillholes suggest penetration of live prey. As many as 44 percent of the preferred prey are drilled, indicating a level of predation that has been reported only from post-Paleozoic strata.     

食蚊鱼对水生昆虫的捕食选择性研究

为了解食蚊鱼Gambusia affinis对华南地区水生昆虫多样性的影响,在实验室条件下,以食蚊鱼栖境中有代表性的3种水生昆虫为猎物,研究食蚊鱼的捕食选择性.结果表明,在单捕食者-多种猎物作用系统中,当猎物密度较低时,食蚊鱼对不同猎物的捕食选择性差异不显著.但随猎物密度的增加,食蚊鱼对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus幼虫和蛹的捕食量明显增加,对摇蚊Chironomus kiiensis幼虫和蜉蝣Cloeon bengalense稚虫的捕食量下降.在单捕食者-2种猎物的作用系统中,在猎物比例相同的情况下,食蚊鱼更喜欢捕食白纹伊蚊幼虫;但是在猎物总数不变的情况下,改变猎物比例,对食蚊鱼总的捕食量影响不大.说明食蚊鱼喜欢捕食漂浮于水面上、会动的活体猎物,对死的或不动的猎物不敏感,且对蚊子幼虫具有明显的嗜好性.     

太平洋褶柔鱼摄食行为观察研究

鱿鱼类是摄食极为凶猛的海洋动物。实验条件下对太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)的摄食行为进行观察与描述,实验分3种不同的太平洋褶柔鱼群体大小(3尾,7~12尾,以及44尾)在循环水水槽中进行,实验用太平洋褶柔鱼平均胴长为20 cm。用高感录像机对太平洋褶柔鱼摄食过程进行记录,同时观察太平洋褶柔鱼对饵料鱼的攻击行为。观察认为,发现、进攻目标饵料鱼阶段的角度范围分别为广分布和窄分布,大多数对饵料鱼的进攻阶段开始于二者相对距离为1到6个胴长间。太平洋褶柔鱼在攻击阶段时其体色表现出暗色模式。在个体多的太平洋褶柔鱼群体中,太平洋褶柔鱼追逐较大的饵料鱼,且有观察到几尾太平洋褶柔鱼共同分食一尾饵料鱼的现象。研究认为,太平洋褶柔鱼摄食行为与自身个体大小、群体大小以及饵料鱼大小等密切相关。     

Role of the gastropod shell and operculum in inhibiting predation by fishes

In contrast to the diets of other cottid fishes and most teleosts, the diet of Asemichthys taylori is dominated by gastropod mollusks. Access to this underused prey appears to be made possible by morphological speializations of the neurocanium that allow Asemichthys to puncture the shells of its prey during mastication. Unpunched, the shell and operculum act as a barrier to digestion; more than 40% of the unpunched gastropods emerged alive in the feces. Asemichthys adjusted its punching behavior in an apparently adaptive way; other prey lacking such barriers to digestion were rarely punched. The ability of some shelled invertebrates to avoid digestion may make them less desirable as prey for many fishes that cannot masticate this kind of prey. The ability of shelled mollusks to survive in the digestive tracts of vertebrates may provide a dispersal mechanism for otherwise sedentary species.