Introduction to the symposium

A number of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) and commodity roundtables have been created since the 1990s to respond to the growing criticism of agriculture’s environmental and social impacts. Driven by private and global-scale actors, these initiatives are setting global standards for sustainable agricultural practices. They claim to follow the new standard-making virtues of inclusiveness and consensus and base their legitimacy on their claim of balanced representation of, and participation by, all categories of stakeholders. This principle of representing a wide range of interests with a balance of power is at the heart of a new type of action that forms part of a broader political liberal model for building coalitions of interest groups. The intention of this symposium is to assess the nature of processes and outcomes of this model while paying particular attention to the forms of inclusion and exclusion they generate. In this introduction, we highlight the differences in theoretical approaches to analyzing MSIs and the manifestation of power through them. We distinguish between more traditional political–economy approaches and approaches concerned with ideational and normative power, such as convention theory. We discuss some of the main paradoxes of MSIs related to their willingness to be “inclusive” and at the same time their exclusionary or “closure” effects due in part to interactions with existing political economic contexts and embedded power inequalities, as well as more subtle manifestations of power linked to the favoring of some forms of knowledge and engagement over others.     

巴基斯坦的水稻生产概况

本文主要介绍了巴基斯坦的水稻生产和出口情况,水稻种植生态区,目前正种植的水稻品种及主要的病虫害,并对巴基斯坦的水稻生产提出一些改进措施。     

巴基斯坦种子管理研究

结合国外有关研究,梳理了巴基斯坦种子管理体系的有关规定,并提出了今后开展对巴基斯坦种业合作的建议。     

巴基斯坦的西水东调工程

巴基斯坦位于南亚次大陆西北部,面积79.6万km2,东与印度接壤,东北为中国,西北为阿富汗,西接伊朗,南为阿拉伯海.印度河是巴基斯坦最主要河流,流域面积96万km2,在巴基斯坦境内56.1万km2.印度河流域灌溉历史悠久,有世界上最大的灌溉系统,西水东调工程是巴基斯坦印度河计划的主要目标,也是当今世界上调水量最大的工程.     

杂交水稻引种巴基斯坦的试验

为在巴基斯坦开发杂交水稻，筛选出1－2个适宜在巴基斯坦种植的杂交水稻组合，对中国5个杂交水稻组合引种到巴斯斯坦的表现进行了观察分析，结果表明，引种的杂交水稻品种组合生育期比当地品种组合缩短5－10d，在产量上具有明显的优势，表现为每穗实粒数多30－98粒，千粒重增加0.7-3.5g，单穗重增加9.78%-69.56%，平均增产30％以上，且米质、食味优于当地品种。