Meiosis in triploid all-female fish (Poeciliopsis, Poeciliidae)

Prior to meiosis in triploid gynogenetic all-female forms of Poeciliopsis, the chromosome number of the nucleus of the triploid oogonium is raised endomitotically to hexaploid. Recombination does not occur; instead, a triploid ovum with a genetic complement identical to that of the mother is produced by two conventional meiotic divisions. Sperm from a sympatric gonochoristic (bisexual) species stimulates the ovum to develop, but paternal genes are not incorporated into the zygote. This is the first cytologically verified case of natural endomitosis in the egg production in fish.     

鱼类行为研究在捕捞中的应用

鱼类行为除了自身的摄食、生殖、呼吸行为外,还包括逃避敌害、洄游、集群等行为,同时鱼类行为也受到一些环境因子(如潮汐和水温)的影响。作者总结了鱼类行为学研究的主要内容和方法以及在捕捞实际中的应用,指出鱼类行为学研究未来的发展方向主要是根据不同鱼类的行为特点,研制开发高效节能、环境友好型渔具,从而保持渔业资源的可持续利用。     

斑点叉尾鮰气单胞菌的分离与鉴定

集约化养殖中,气单胞菌属细菌已成为危害渔业生产的重要致病菌。本研究自患病斑点叉尾鮰体内分离出5株气单胞菌,经形态学观察、生长特性及生理生化反应测试、鉴定,其中AHIA02、AHIA04、AHIA05为嗜水气单胞菌;AHIA01、AHIA03为豚鼠气单胞菌。用20种常规抗生素分别对分离菌株进行药物敏感性试验,结果表明:所有分离菌株仅对奥复星、复方新诺明、先锋必素等3种抗生素敏感,交叉耐药性和多重耐药性现象严重。     

All-female fish: a cryptic species of menidia (atherinidae)

Electrophoretic evidence revealed the common occurrence of an all-female species of Menidia (Pisces: Atherinidae) at two localities separated by 280 kilometers on the Gulf Coast of Texas. This finding adds significantly to the known taxonomic spectrum of unisexuality in fishes and demonstrates that unisexuality may be more common among fishes that do not bear live young than is generally suspected.     

斑点叉尾(鱼回)血清免疫球蛋白纯化及其结构分析

通过饱和硫酸铵分步盐析结合柱层析纯化温和气单胞菌免疫的斑点叉尾(鱼回)血清免疫球蛋白(Ig),结果表明,斑点叉尾(鱼回)血清Ig主要分布在35%～55%的硫酸铵沉淀区间;而在Sepharose-4B凝胶柱和DEAE-52阴离子交换柱层析纯化的Ig均出现在第1个蛋白质峰.SDS-PAGE分析表明,纯化后的血清Ig纯度提高.通过变性还原、变性非还原和非变性非还原3种条件下的免疫印迹(Western blot)试验对血清Ig的结构进行初步分析,发现SDS变性还原条件下血清Ig重链分子量为72 kD,轻链有3条,其分子量分别为21 kD、23.5 kD和26 kD;在变性非还原条件下血清Ig则出现多种结构形式,主要条带的分子量分别为760 kD、525 kD、330 kD和230 kD;而在非变性非还原条件下Ig仅出现一种结构形式,分子量约为870 kD.     

Influence of the lethal yellow (Ay) gene on estrous synchrony in mice

Introduction of an adult male induces partially synchronous estrus in female laboratory mice that have been caged in groups. In the inbred YS/ChWf strain, this effect was observed only when the male was nonyellow (aa), while males heterozygous for the lethal yellow allele (A(y)a) failed to induce synchrony.     

Immunocytochemical Identification and Localization of Diffuse Neuroendocrine System （DNES） Cells in Gastrointestinal Tract of Channel Catfish （Ictalurus punctatus）

To detect distribution and relative frequency of diffuse neuroendocrine system （DNES） cells in the gastrointestinal tract of channel catfish （lctalurus punctatus）, the intestinal tract of channel catfish was divided into seven portions from proximal to distal： the enlarged area after oesophagus, cardia, fundus, pylorus, and anterior, middle, and posterior intestine. Immunohistochemical method using the strept avidin-biotin-complex （SABC） was employed. All antisera between seven portions of the channel catfish were compared statistically using statistical package for the social science （SPSS）. Five types of DNES ceils were determined： neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive （NPY-IR） cells were demonstrated in both anterior and middle intestine; serotonin （5-HT） immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the whole gastrointestinal tract; vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） positive cells were at the highest frequency in pylorus; glucagon-immunoreactive （GLU-IR） cells were moderate in number in the fundus and anterior, middle intestine, and no immunoreactivity was determined in the other portions; somatostatin （SOM） positive cells were more abundant in the anterior and middle intestine. The regional distribution and relative frequency of immunoreactive cells in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, are essentially similar to those of other fish. However, some characteristics are observed in this species, which further proved that the diversity of the physiological function of DNES cells was based on their morphology.     

Alarm, defense, and construction behavior relationships in termites (Isoptera)

Evidence indicates that building behavior in termites is a direct consequence of low-level alarm stimuli and that its immediate function is defense. As in other forms of termite defense behavior, recruitment of nymphs and workers is accomplished by trail laying in conjuction with transmission of the alarm. The number recruited is related to the intensity of the input stimulus. Primary construction ceases when the original causal stimulus is eliminated by the effects of the actual building.     

美国《化学文摘》(CA)百年发展历程回眸

2007年,是美国《化学文摘》创刊100周年。本文从文献收录范围、文献类型、索引系统、主题标引和分类标引、新技术的应用等方面回顾了美国《化学文摘》的百年发展历程。     

zyxin基因SNP(exon 1)与京海黄鸡生长和屠体性状的相关性

以京海黄鸡为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP技术检测斑联蛋白基因(zyxin)8个外显子SNP(单核苷酸多态性),探讨zyxin基因的多态性与鸡生长和屠体性状之间的关系。结果发现zyxin基因外显子1有1个SNP突变位点,表现为3种基因型,分别用AA、AB和BB表示。统计分析结果表明:BB型的公鸡腹部脂肪重、屠宰率显著高于AA型与AB型(P<0.05),AA型与AB型差异不显著。AB型的母鸡心重、胸肌率、腿肌率显著高于AA、BB型,而半净膛率、全净膛率低于AA、BB型。公鸡、母鸡的生长和屠体性状在不同基因型间比较,除了半净膛率以外,其余各指标均存在显著或极显著差异。以上研究结果表明,zyxin基因可能是影响京海黄鸡部分内脏组织、器官和屠宰率等相关指标的基因。     

Chemical inducers of oviposition for the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie)

The corn earworm moth lays its eggs in the vicinity of triacetin, an ingredient of felt-tipped marking pens. Related compounds also induce this behavior. A bioassay was devised to measure the activity of chemicals as oviposition inducers.     

大黄鱼的发声及信号特性研究

对大黄鱼Pseudosciaena crocea觅食及产卵时的发声及信号特性进行了研究。结果表明:不同行为下大黄鱼发声信号的频谱特性一致,即约在800 Hz频率处有一个明显的谱峰;但不同行为下发声的时域信号差距较大,即觅食时大黄鱼的发声信号都是简单的单脉冲,脉冲间隔大多集中在1~30 ms,脉冲间隔比较小,而产卵时大黄鱼的发声信号则大部分是连续的双脉冲或三脉冲,只有极个别的单脉冲或多脉冲,脉冲间隔则集中在100~130 ms,脉冲间隔要大得多。     

罗非鱼和斑点叉尾鮰血清IgM的纯化及兔抗血清的制备

为深入了解罗非鱼和斑点叉尾鮰免疫机理及建立相关免疫检测方法,采用rProtein A Sepharose亲和层析一步法纯化罗非鱼和斑点叉尾鮰血清免疫球蛋白（IgM）,并制备其兔抗血清.结果表明,rProtein A Sepharose亲和层析法可以较好地分离获得高纯度的罗非鱼和斑点叉尾鮰血清IgM,通过SDS-PAGE电泳检测,发现罗非鱼血清IgM重链和轻链分子量分别为88.0、21.0 kDa,斑点叉尾鮰血清IgM重链分子量为101.0 kDa.以纯化的罗非鱼和斑点叉尾鮰血清IgM为抗原,制备其兔抗血清,间接ELISA检测其效价分别为1∶32000和1∶16000;Western blotting检测分析,发现罗非鱼和斑点叉尾鮰的兔抗血清分别在88.0和101.0 kDa附近各出现1条反应条带,说明其兔抗血清具有免疫活性.     

福州地区中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)工蜂春季活动规律初探

为探究中华蜜蜂工蜂在春季的活动规律,采用无线射频识别技术,对福州地区中华蜜蜂工蜂春季出巢活动进行跟踪研究.结果表明,中华蜜蜂工蜂在3日龄内不出巢活动;4至16日龄每天中午前后短暂出巢飞行2-3 min;17日龄之后,工蜂转变为采集蜂,出巢活动扩展至整个白天,出勤频率由开始的4-6次逐渐增加至30日龄的15次,单次出巢采集时间持续(32.61±10.04)min,每次巢内停留(28.75±10.79)min;此外,研究揭示试验期间成年工蜂的寿命为(26.89±5.51)d.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (Clove) against fish systemic bacteria isolated from aquaculture sites

This paper describes the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum against Vibrio spp. (n = 6), Edwardsiella spp. (n = 21), Aeromonas spp. (n = 2), Escherichia coli (n = 2), Flavobacterium spp. (n = 1), Salmonella spp. (n = 2), Streptococcus spp. (n = 1) and Pseudomonas spp. (n = 1) isolated from aquaculture sites as well as seven reference strains of bacteria, namely, Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Citrobacter freundii (ATCC 8090), Aeromonas hydrophila (ATCC 49140), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 35032), Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC13813), Edwardsiella tarda (ATCC 15947) and Yersinia enterocolitica (ATCC 23715). Nowadays, most antibiotics are no longer effective in controlling diseases in aquaculture, especially fish systemic bacterial diseases, due to increasing incidences of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, many countries have banned antibiotics in aquaculture use due to public health concerns and environmental hazards. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the potential of the essential oil of S. aromaticum as an alternate commercial antibiotic to antimicrobial agents against fish systemic bacteria in aquaculture. The essential oil of S. aromaticum was prepared using a steam distillation method, and the chemical composition was analysed using Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the essential oils against the tested bacteria were determined using the broth two fold micro dilution method, with kanamycin and eugenol as positive controls. The MIC values of the essential oil of S. aromaticum ranged from 0.015 μg·mL⁻¹ to 0.062 μg·mL⁻¹ against the tested bacterial isolates. A total of nine chemical compounds were detected in the essential oil, with eugenol (49.0%) and caryophyllene (7.5%) being the major compounds. The results of the present study indicate that the essential oil of S. aromaticum shows a huge potential to substitute commercial antibiotics as antimicrobial agents for aquaculture use.     

硝化细菌对鳜及饵料鱼池塘水质的影响

于鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)及饵料鱼池塘中施用硝化细菌(Nitrifying bacteria),通过检测鳜及饵料鱼池塘的透明度、pH值、氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)、硝酸盐(NO3--N)和总氮(TN)等特定参数,评价该硝化细菌对鳜及饵料鱼池塘水质的影响.结果表明,该菌在施用前期(0～8 d)能改善鳜及饵料鱼池塘的透明度,降低水体中NH4+-N和NO2--N的浓度,增加NO3--N的浓度.投菌后第6d,试验池塘中NO3-N的浓度较对照池塘高75％,较投菌前高31.6％.可能由于施用的硝化细菌硝化作用减弱,施用后期(8～12 d)试验池塘水质的各指标变化趋势与对照池塘基本相同.此外,该硝化细菌对池塘水体的pH值和TN浓度无显著影响.