Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

拔节期和花后渍水对小麦产量、干物质及氮素积累和转运的影响

为给长江中下游小麦大面积高产稳产栽培提供理论与实践依据,以扬辐麦4号为材料,研究拔节期和花后连续渍水5d、10d和15d对小麦产量及其构成因素、干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响。结果表明,拔节期和花后渍水处理均显著降低了小麦产量、穗粒数、千粒重,并显著降低了成熟期根和地上部、花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量及根冠比。随渍水时间的延长,渍水对产量及其构成因素、干物质和氮素积累及转运量的影响总体呈增大趋势;籽粒产量、穗粒数、花后地上部干物质与氮素积累量、根冠比在渍水5d和10d间差异不显著,渍水5d和15d间差异显著。拔节期与花后短期渍水处理间产量差异不显著,但花后渍水15d产量显著低于拔节期渍水。花后渍水对千粒重、花后地上部干物质和氮素积累量、花前地上部干物质转运量的影响较大。     

花后渍水对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦抗逆调优栽培提供依据,在池栽条件下,以豫麦34和扬麦9号为材料,研究了花后渍水对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,花后渍水条件下,小麦旗叶光合速率和叶绿素含量均下降,且花后渍水对豫麦34的影响大于对扬麦9号的影响;叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo上升,Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和qP均呈下降趋势.由此说明渍水逆境下,小麦叶片光合机构受损,光合功能期缩短,从而加速植株衰老,导致小麦干物质积累量和产量显著下降.     

鲜食玉米形态特征、生理特性及产量对淹水的响应

以华美甜168和华美糯7号为试验材料,盆栽条件下在苗期、拔节期和抽雄吐丝期进行淹水处理,对淹水后两个鲜食玉米品种的形态特征、叶片理化特性及产量进行研究。结果表明,随着淹水历时的延长,两个鲜食玉米品种的形态特征、生理特性和产量变化的幅度增大。淹水降低鲜玉米的产量,穗行粒数减少是产量降低的主要因素。华美甜168以拔节期淹水减产最为严重;华美糯7号以抽雄吐丝期淹水影响最大。淹水使玉米株高增长率、新叶生长率下降,叶片中游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高。不同时期淹水后华美糯7号株高变化量与产量显著或极显著正相关,Pro、MDA含量和SOD酶活性与产量显著或极显著负相关。     

玉米Tuxpeno-Reid和Suwan-Lancaster合成群体相互轮回选择效果及杂种优势研究

采用属Reid自交系和属Tuxpeno自交系形成墨瑞C0以及用属Suwan自交系、Mo17和78599形成苏兰C0。两个群体在4次遗传平衡后按半同胞相互轮回选择后分别形成改良一轮的墨瑞C1和苏兰C1。经多点产量比较,墨瑞C1×苏兰C1比墨瑞C0×苏兰C0的产量提高7.84%,达到极显著水平,而两个群体本身的产量变化不显著。群体间的平均杂种优势也从改良前的9.86%提高到改良后的16.29%。根据SSR标记计算,相互轮回选择对群体间的遗传距离略有提高。     

拔节期渍水后施用尿素对小麦产量和光合物质生产的影响

为给小麦渍害发生后降损措施的制定提供参考,以扬麦23为供试材料,在拔节期进行连续10 d渍水,研究渍水结束当天叶面喷施尿素(WAP1)、渍水结束当天和7 d后叶面喷施尿素(WAP2)、土壤落干后撒施低量和高量尿素(WAS1和WAS2)对小麦植株光合特性、干物质积累和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,渍水后小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力均下降11%。渍水后施用尿素可恢复籽粒产量6%～24%,增加氮肥偏生产力3%～17%。产量恢复效果不因尿素施用方式而变化,WAP2和WAS2处理优于WAP1和WAS1处理。渍水后施用尿素增加了小穗结实率、每小穗粒数和穗粒数,提高了叶绿素含量,保持了植株花后高光合面积和净光合速率,促进了光合物质的生产。相比WAP1和WAS1处理,WAP2和WAS2处理可较好地延缓旗叶、倒二叶和倒三叶绿色面积比例衰减并恢复其SPAD值,其中叶面喷施尿素可维持更久的光合面积,而撒施尿素可保持较高的叶绿素含量。综合来看,小麦拔节期前后渍水时可及时施用尿素,且具有显著的补救效果。     

Effects of Waterlogging on Nitrogen Fixation and Photosynthesis in Supernodulating Soybean Cultivar Kanto 100

Abstract

The supernodulating soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar Kanto 100 was previously characterized by superior nitrogen (N) fixation and photosynthesis, and resulting in high yields. However, this cultivar seems to be susceptible to waterlogging during the vegetative growth stage, which frequently occurs in major soybean producing areas in East Asia. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of waterlogging on nodulation, N fixation and photosynthesis in Kanto 100 with those in its normally-nodulating ancestral cultivar Enrei. Kanto 100 and Enrei were grown in pots, and subjected to waterlogging for 10 days at three vegetative growth stages in 2003 and 2004. Waterlogging significantly reduced the number of nodules of both cultivars, but the magnitude of the reduction was more pronounced in Kanto 100. The acetylene reduction activity (ARA) of nodules and apparent photosynthetic rate (AP) of leaves were generally depressed immediately after the start of waterlogging, but both functions recovered substantially at the pod-filling stage in both cultivars. No marked cultivar difference was found in the magnitude of the reduction of ARA per plant and AP measured immediately after waterlogging and at the pod-filling stage in both years, but growth impairment was more pronounced in Kanto 100 in 2003. These results suggest that the supernodulating cultivar Kanto 100 is more susceptible to waterlogging than its normally-nodulating ancestral cultivar.     

淹水胁迫对不同土壤类型养分及玉米苗期养分吸收分配的影响

采用池栽试验,以潮土和砂姜黑土为对象,研究淹水胁迫下不同土壤类型速效养分变化及玉米苗期养分吸收分配的特征。结果表明,淹水胁迫导致两类土壤速效氮含量显著下降,随着淹水时间延长降低幅度增大;土壤速效磷含量呈倒抛物线型,在淹水3 d达最低值;速效钾含量呈上升趋势,潮土速效钾含量呈曲线上升趋势,砂姜黑土速效钾含量呈线性增加趋势。玉米养分及干物质的累积量和产量随着淹水时间延长而降低,氮、磷、钾的累积量分别降低21.37%~72.22%、22.00%~42.10%和11.71%~60.36%;干物质的累积量下降37.49%~57.17%;玉米产量下降9.05%~30.15%,砂姜黑土的下降幅度大于潮土。淹水减少了叶片和茎秆的养分及干物质累积量,增加了茎秆中的养分和干物质分配比例,平均增加25.95%和43.34%。     

玉米行距对大豆/玉米间作作物生长及种间竞争力的影响

为探明大豆玉米间作系统中玉米种植行距对间作作物生长及种间资源竞争的影响。在固定带宽的大豆/玉米间作系统中,设置10,20,45,60和70 cm 5个间作玉米种植行距,分析间作系统的间作优势、作物生长情况以及大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力变化。结果表明:随间作玉米行距增加,间作优势增加,70 cm行距间作优势最大,达4 271.4 kg·hm^-2。Logistic生长拟合曲线表明:随玉米行距增加,大豆生物累积量减小,达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数缩短,玉米生物累积量最大值出现在D45处理下,达43 471.1 kg·hm^-2,D45处理达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数最长,达130 d,且生长后期日生长速率持续高于其它处理;共生期内,伴随作物生长,大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力A_sm逐渐降低,共生后期,表现为随间作玉米种植行距增加,大豆相对于玉米的竞争力A_sm逐渐减小。综合分析表明:河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中,玉米是强竞争力作物,玉米种植行距为45 cm,有利于大豆和玉米的生长及产量形成,大豆和玉米种间竞争力较弱,可作为河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中间作玉米的最佳行距配置。     

苋菜、小麦和玉米对铯的吸收和积累差异

苋菜、小麦和玉米用石英砂和Hoagland营养液进行盆栽培养,3叶期时,向培养液中添加不同浓度铯(0、0.5、1、5、10、20 mmol/L CsCI),在处理后第7、14、21、28天取样,分析3种植物对铯的吸收富集差异.结果表明:苋菜、小麦和玉米中铯含量均与处理浓度和时间呈显著正相关,在20 mmol/L铯浓度下处理28 d后达到最大值;苋菜对铯的富集能力和富集系数远远高于小麦和玉米,在处理浓度小于1 mmol/L时,小麦和玉米对铯的吸收富集无显著差异,但随着处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,小麦对铯的富集能力显著高于玉米;苋菜、小麦和玉米的根、茎、叶对铯的吸收富集也存在显著差异,苋菜叶片是主要的富集器官,富集量表现为叶、茎、根依次减小,而小麦和玉米的根是主要富集器官,富集量表现为根、茎、叶依次减小;铯显著抑制苋菜、小麦和玉米的生长发育,随着处理浓度的增加,生物量显著降低,根冠比显著增加.本研究结果表明苋菜是一种铯富集能力强的具有较高潜在应用价值的铯污染修复植物,而小麦和玉米是铯低富集植物.     

小麦种质资源萌发吸胀期耐湿性评价及筛选

为明确小麦种子萌发吸胀期的湿害效应和筛选小麦种子萌发吸胀期耐湿种质,对159份小麦种质资源在萌发吸胀期进行1 d、3 d、5 d和7 d渍水处理,测定了种子浸泡液相对电导率、相对成苗率、相对种子活力指数等指标,并在筛选吸胀期耐湿性鉴定评价的适宜处理时间的基础上,应用主成分分析、动态聚类分析和隶属函数法综合评价了 159...     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交后代中小麦染色体相互易位类型的鉴定

易位是一种常见的染色体变异类型,在小麦进化及育种进程中发挥了较大的作用。为给小麦育种改良提供新的材料,本研究采用非变性原位杂交（ND-FISH）技术,对八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦品种川麦107杂交产生的高代稳定品系进行分析鉴定。结果发现,4个小麦品系TC、19Y-145、19Y-185和19Y-200分别在7B与3D、2D与3B、7B与4D和3B与3D染色体之间发生了相互易位。在TC、19Y-145中,易位断裂点发生在着丝粒区域,分别形成3DS·7BS和3DL·7BL、2DS·3BS和2DL·3BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-185中,易位断裂点发生在7B染色体的长臂和4D染色体的短臂上,构成4DS-7BS·7BL和4DL·4DS-7BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-200中,易位断裂点发生在3B染色体和3D染色体的长臂上,形成3DL-3BS·3BL和3DS·3DL-3BL相互易位染色体。在这4种易位类型中,除3B与3D染色体易位有报道外,其余3种均为新的易位类型。推测这些染色体相互易位类型可能与四川独特的环境气候有关。本研究获得的小麦染色体有益相互易位类型,不仅能够拓宽小麦的遗传基础,也可为研究小麦的染色体变异和种质创新提供新的材料。     

玉米大豆间作对辽西地区作物生长和产量的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了玉米||大豆间作对辽西地区作物生长和产量的影响.结果表明:间作对玉米、大豆各项生长指标均有不同程度的影响;间作模式玉米的产量及产量性状指标均高于单作模式,尤其边行1的优势更为明显;灌溉条件与雨养条件下对比发现,间作模式下玉米产量性状指标差异不显著,而单作模式下穗长、穗粒数和产量灌溉处理高于雨养处...     

长期轮作和连作对土壤中 大豆胞囊线虫数量的影响

在白浆土设计长期轮作和连作试验区,采取麦麦豆油玉豆6区轮作和麦玉豆连作, 18a内连续调查土壤 中大豆胞囊线虫( SCN)的胞囊数量,观察轮作或连作对土壤中SCN胞囊数量的影响。试验结果表明,长期轮作使 土壤中胞囊数量有减少的趋势,各茬口间胞囊数量变化幅度减小,轮作12a后土壤中胞囊数量达到动态平衡;大豆 连作的前2a土壤中胞囊数量急速增加,以后缓慢增加, 7a后有下降趋势, 14a后土壤中的胞囊数量在较高水平上趋 于平衡;小麦或玉米连作前3a土壤中的胞囊数量呈快速下降, 4a后缓慢减少, 14a后土壤中胞囊数量极少。     

小麦、水稻、玉米果皮淀粉体发育、形态和结构特征的比较

为探明小麦、水稻、玉米果皮淀粉体的发育、形态和结构特征的差异,以小麦“烟农19号”,水稻“扬稻6号”和玉米“扬糯1号”不同发育天数的颖果为材料,采用树脂切片、扫描电镜观察、X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换远红外光谱(FTIR)相结合的技术,对这三种谷物果皮淀粉体的发育、形态和结构特征进行了比较分析。结果表明,小麦颖果背部和腹部外果皮在早期都有小颗粒淀粉体积累,后期逐渐降解;水稻和玉米颖果背部外果皮在早期积累小颗粒淀粉体,随后逐渐降解,腹部外果皮不积累淀粉体。小麦、水稻、玉米中果皮细胞均积累较多的淀粉体,随着颖果的发育,小麦和玉米果皮细胞发生了明显的细胞程序性死亡,淀粉体从细胞中流失并不断降解,水稻中果皮程序性死亡进程不明显,细胞只是发生收缩和变形并伴随有淀粉体的降解。小麦和水稻果皮横细胞早期积累叶绿体,随着颖果的发育,叶绿体中开始积累淀粉粒,随后不断降解;玉米横细胞不积累叶绿体,只有少量的淀粉体积累,随后淀粉体降解。小麦果皮淀粉体分为单粒和复粒淀粉两种,淀粉粒呈现圆球状和不规则状;水稻和玉米果皮淀粉体为复粒淀粉,淀粉粒多呈不规则状,部分玉米淀粉粒呈多面体状。小麦、水稻、玉米果皮淀粉表现出相似的XRD和FTIR图谱, 但在XRD波谱的2θ角17°和18°衍射峰及FTIR光谱的995和1 022 cm^-1共振峰强度不同,玉米果皮淀粉的相对结晶度最高,小麦次之,水稻最低;淀粉粒表层有序度以水稻最高,玉米次之,小麦最低。以上结果说明,在小麦、水稻、玉米果皮不同部位,淀粉体的发育和形态上存在较多个异同点,果皮淀粉粒内部结晶度和表层结构有序度存在显著差异。     

The Distribution of Wheat and Maize Roots as Influenced by Biopores in a Subsoil of the Kanto Loam Type

Abstract

Biopores are tubular soil macropores left by plant roots after their decay or burrowed by soil animals, which provide channels for deep rooting and improve crop access to water and nutrients. The density oi biopores, number of biopores per unit area, and proportion of biopores occupied by roots were measured on horizontal soil profiles at 30, 50, and 70 cm in depth in a fine-texture subsoil of Andosol (Light clay, a volcanic ash of the Kanto loam type) at the mature stage of wheat and maize. Images of 0,1 mm resolution from the pictures of cleaned profile surfaces were examined on a computer display. Dark spots with a circular and smooth boundary were regarded as biopores. The density of biopores larger than 1 mm in diameter ranged from 500 to 2,000 m^–2. The percentage of biopores occupied by roots was more than 30% of biopores larger than 1 mm and increased with depth. Roots were accumulated in biopores. The proportion of biopores (> 1 mm) with roots increased with depth. It was 28-35% in the wheat plot and 14-20% in the maize plot. This suggested that thinner wheat roots easily entered a biopore and remained in it. The possible influence of biopores on the spatial distribution of roots was discussed.     

带状复合种植对玉米和大豆光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

为比较带状复合种植和清种种植模式下玉米和大豆光合特性以及产量的差异,2015年和2016年进行大田试验,研究了玉米和大豆2∶4带状复合种植模式及清种种植对玉米和大豆光合特性及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:(1)与清种玉米相比,对于高秆品种(垦丰41),带状复合种植提高了玉米净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率;对于矮秆品种(垦丰40),2015年带状复合种植净光合速率等指标略小于清种玉米,但水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度均大于清种玉米,有利于玉米籽粒内含物质的积累,而2016年净光合速率和蒸腾速率等指标均大于清种玉米;(2)对于高秆品种(垦丰41),除叶绿素含量略小外,清种大豆的各光合生理指标均大于带状复合种植;对于矮秆品种(垦丰40),带状复合种植净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素均大于清种大豆,且净光合速率均达到极显著差异水平;(3)带状复合种植增加了玉米穗粒数、穗重、籽粒重,虽产量较清种略有降低,但总经济效益高于清种;(4)带状复合种植大豆较清种大豆单株荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重和百粒重均有所降低,且产量明显下降,但总体经济效益高于清种经济效益。综合分析认为:玉米大豆带状复合种植增加了玉米光合生理特性,且对于增加玉米和大豆总产量和总体经济效益具有重要意义。     

黄淮区不同播种方式对玉米出苗质量和土壤环境的影响

在黄淮平原小麦玉米两熟区,通过不同还田条件、播深和镇压3因素裂区试验,研究免耕条件下玉米出苗的土壤环境及出苗质量。结果表明,秸秆还田与不还田显著影响玉米出苗质量,表现为黄化、弱苗率差异显著;秸秆还田下播深对出苗质量有显著影响,镇压对出苗质量影响不显著。3因素交互效应对土壤环境影响程度依次是水分>硬度>温度。     

超强吸水材料SP在小麦上的应用研究

1998～1999年以湘麦13号为材料,研究了超强吸水材料SP与营养液和水的配合使用对小麦的出叶情况和群体动态变化的影响.结果表明SP+肥的处理比对照提前7d出苗,提前分蘖20d,平均出叶天数比对照少6.5d.主茎总叶片数多1.25片.每平方米有效穗数多223株,每平方米产量高75.5g.均显著或极显著高于对照.作为实施节水农业的新材料.SP可在干旱地区和干旱季节广泛试验与应用.     

Density and spatial distribution of different development stages of Sternechus subsignatus Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in soybean crops

The population recruitment and the spatial distribution of eggs, larvae, overwintering stages and adults of the soybean stalk weevil, Sternechus subsignatus Boheman, on soybean were estimated in two commercial farms of the Tucumán province, Argentina, during three consecutive productive cycles. At weekly intervals 30 sampling units were taken in a random distribution from each farm, and the number of adults as well as the number of “rings” and gall-like structures around stems and/or branches recorded, from which the number of eggs and larvae, respectively, were inferred. At fortnightly intervals 20 sampling units of soil were taken at random and the number of overwintering stages recorded. The recruited number of the different developmental stages was analyzed by nested ANOVA, and the spatial distribution was estimated by the Taylor's Power law and Iwao's regression methods. Adults were recorded in all samples while eggs and larvae were found from mid-January to late April. The recruited number of the different stages was low and did not differ between stages or farms, and the spatial disposition of all developmental stages was at random. This study constitutes the first of its kind for this pest, and provides information that will be useful for the purposes of monitoring for biological studies and for insect pest control in the field.