The effect of tillage,crop rotation and residue management on maize and wheat growth and development evaluated with an optical sensor

Crop growth and development as well as yield are the result of the efficiency of the chosen agricultural management system within the boundaries of the agro-ecological environment. End-of-season yield results do not permit the evaluation of within-season management interactions with the production environment and do not allow for full understanding of the management practice applied. Crop growth and development were measured during the 2004, 2006 and 2008 crop cycles with an optical handheld NDVI sensor for all plots of the different management treatments of a long-term (since 1991) sustainability trial in the highlands of Mexico. Cropping systems varying in (1) tillage (conventional vs. zero tillage); (2) residue management (retention vs. removal); (3) rotation (monocropping vs. a maize [Zea mays L.]/wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] rotation) were compared. The NDVI-handheld sensor was evaluated as a tool to monitor crop growth and development and was found to be an excellent tool for this purpose. There was a strong relation between NDVI and biomass accumulation of maize and wheat. The measurement with the handheld sensor was non-destructive and fast so that a representative plot area could be measured easily and time-efficiently. Zero tillage induced different crop growth dynamics over time compared to conventional tillage. Zero tillage with residue retention is characterized by a slower initial crop growth, compensated for by an increased growth in the later stages, positively influencing final grain yield. Also crop rotation influenced early crop growth, with lower NDVI values for crops sown after wheat than crops after maize. Zero tillage with residue removal had low NDVI values throughout the growing season. Zero tillage with retention of crop residues results in time efficient use of resources, as opposed to conventional tillage, regardless of residue management, and zero tillage with residue removal. The results indicated that different tillage, rotation and residue management practices influence crop growth and development. It is important to monitor and understand crop growth under different management systems to select the right varieties and adjust timing and practice of input supply (fertilizer, irrigation etc.) in a holistic way in each cropping system.     

深松和翻耕对旱地小麦花后根系衰老及产量的影响

为了解深松耕作对小麦根系衰老及产量的影响,以济麦22为材料,通过田间试验,对深松与翻耕条件下旱地小麦花后根系部分生理指标以及籽粒产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,与翻耕处理相比,深松处理小麦花后根系能够保持较高的超氧化物歧化酶活性与硝酸还原酶活性,丙二醛含量较低,可溶性蛋白含量降低缓慢,说明深松处理能够减缓根系的衰老。深松处理的小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重高于翻耕处理,其中穗粒数增加达到显著水平,是深松处理增产的主要原因。     

耕种方式对华北地区冬小麦群体质量及产量的影响

为探讨华北地区耕种方式对冬小麦群体质量和产量的影响,2011-2013年通过大田定位试验,分析了免耕条播、深松条播、旋耕条播、机械撒播方式下冬小麦生育进程、群体大小、干物质积累、产量及其构成的特点。结果表明,免耕条播冬小麦分蘖不足,群体数量小,干物质积累少,叶面积指数偏低,穗粒数、千粒重较低,产量低于其他耕种方式;深松条播冬小麦成熟略晚,群体较大,茎蘖成穗率高,干物质积累量、叶面积指数、成穗数和产量均高于旋耕条播,穗粒数、千粒重与之差异不明显;机械撒播冬小麦虽然存在种子有效覆盖度小、种子深浅不一、出苗率低等缺点,但分蘖优势明显,干物质积累最多,叶面积指数最大且最大值出现早,千粒重、穗粒数略有降低,成穗数极显著高于其他处理,较旋耕条播和深松条播分别增产15%和11%以上。综合来看,机械撒播有利于优化小麦群体质量,提高整体产量水平,是目前华北地区冬小麦较理想的耕种方式。     

地膜玉米免耕轮作春小麦水氮生产力对灌水施氮水平的响应

针对绿洲灌区春小麦生产中水氮消耗量大、连作普遍问题,2015-2018年,在河西走廊甘肃农业大学绿洲试验站进行田间试验,设两种耕作措施(玉米茬免耕一膜两年用,NT;玉米茬传统翻耕,CT)、两种灌水水平(2400m^3·hm^-2,传统水平,I2;1920m^3·hm^-2,传统灌水减量20%,I1)和三种施氮水平(225kg·hm^-2,传统施氮,N3;180kg·hm^-2,减量20%施氮,N2;135kg·hm^-2,减量40%施氮,N1),分析了不同处理下春小麦籽粒产量、灌溉水生产力和氮肥偏生产力特征。结果表明,与CT、I2相比,NT和I1均能提高春小麦的籽粒产量、灌溉水生产力和氮肥偏生产力;与N3相比,N2的氮肥偏生产力提高11.6%~30.4%,籽粒产量和灌溉水生产力在2016、2017年均无显著变化,在2018年分别降低10.7%和10.4%;N1的籽粒产量降低6.1%~23.5%,灌溉水生产力和氮肥偏生产力分别增加6.1%~23.0%和27.6%~56.5%。在所有处理中,NTI1N2和NTI2N3处理的籽粒产量三年中均较高,二者间差异不显著,但NTI1N2处理灌溉水生产力和氮肥偏生产力较NTI2N3处理分别提高7.6%~20.4%和16.5%~30.4%;NTI1N2处理的籽粒产量、灌溉水生产力和氮肥偏生产力较CTI2N3处理分别提高3.8%~22.0%、19.7%~40.8%和29.7%~52.5%。综上所述,在西北绿洲灌区以覆膜玉米为前茬,免耕穴播小麦,配套施氮180kg·hm^-2、生育期灌水1920m^3·hm^-2的种植方式是适用于小麦节约水氮的高效生产模式。     

Effect of tillage and nutrient management on wheat productivity and quality in Haryana, India

This article reports on field experiments with 4 different rotations that are commonly used throughout Haryana in NW India (rice-wheat, cotton-wheat, pearl millet-wheat, cluster bean-wheat), where we assess wheat yield and chapatti quality measures with different crop establishment methods and input of micronutrients. In a series of experiments conducted on farmers’ fields in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 winter seasons, the addition of micronutrients and sulphur to wheat crops was used alongside the use of a common farmer practice, the use of farmyard manure (FM) and best practice inputs of N-fertilizer (150 kg N ha⁻¹), P-fertilizer (26 kg P ha⁻¹) and K-fertilizer (33 kg K ha⁻¹). The application of FM with the recommended NPK treatment produced 9-13% more grain yield in the rice-wheat rotation when compared with the recommended NPK only treatment. Given that the farm sites used here had low levels of soil P, this may suggest that the recommended rate of 26 kg P ha⁻¹ for the rice-wheat rotation is too low. The addition of FM did not improve any grain quality outcomes at any of the sites. There were no yield responses with S application with any of the rotations but the S input resulted in more wheat protein from all sites (average 8%). The addition of S also gave similar increases in grain hardness and the chapatti score. The inclusion of micronutrients (boron, copper, iron, zinc and manganese) with the recommended NPK treatment did not increase the grain yield at any of the sites when compared with the recommended NPK treatment, and sometimes, but not consistently, gave small responses with protein, grain hardness and chapatti score. In concurrent experiments wheat growth and chapatti quality were compared in zero till and conventionally sown systems, and with and without S fertilizer amendment. Here too there were no grain yield responses to S, and the protein, grain hardness and chapatti score were increased with S addition. Grain yields with zero till and conventional wheat were similar in the rice-wheat system and zero till sowing resulted in small increases in yield at all of the non-rice sites. The grain from the zero till treatments had higher protein (1-3%), grain hardness (3-10%) and chapatti score from all 4 rotations. Zero till has substantial adoption in the rice-wheat districts of Haryana but little farmer awareness and adoption in the areas where the other rotations are used. The data given here show that with zero tillage and an integrated practice of nutrient management farmers in Haryana can maintain grain yields of wheat whilst improving quality outcomes.     

耕作方式对旱区冬小麦籽粒品质性状的影响

为了解耕作方式对旱区冬小麦籽粒品质的影响规律,在长期定位试验的基础上,分析了深耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖和传统耕作4种耕作方式间冬小麦籽粒主要基础品质性状、粉质特性、拉伸特性、淀粉糊化特性和淀粉产量的差异。结果表明,在4种耕作方式中,深耕处理条件下,冬小麦籽粒硬度,灰分含量,沉降值,湿、干面筋含量,吸水率及面团形成时间最高,而面团稳定时间和弱化度最低;与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖能够提高籽粒粒径、出粉率和面团稳定时间,降低籽粒硬度、沉降值、湿面筋含量和面粉吸水率。面团拉伸面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比例均表现为免耕覆盖>传统耕作>深耕>深松覆盖。免耕覆盖和深松覆盖有利于提高淀粉糊化温度、峰值黏度、最终黏度和反弹值,在一定程度上降低了稀懈值。同时,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖可以显著提高小麦籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉产量。深松覆盖和免耕覆盖对冬小麦籽粒品质性状的影响具有一定的积极效应。     

非灌溉条件下播前深松对冬小麦水分利用和产量的影响

为了解华北地区深松土壤的蓄水保墒节水和增产效果,在中国农业大学吴桥实验站,对播前深松+旋耕(S)和旋耕(N)两种耕作方式下非灌溉冬小麦田的土壤容重和水分及小麦根条数、干物质生产和水分利用进行了评价。结果表明,与N处理相比,S处理下0~35cm土层的容重显著降低,越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期的土壤蓄水量分别提高35.8、34.2、23、80和41.3mm,越冬期和拔节期根数显著增加,花前干物质积累量、生物产量和籽粒产量分别增加28.1%、16.3%和23.2%,花后干物质积累量变化不明显,同时耗水量降低28.7mm,籽粒产量-水分利用效率提高39.3%。因此,冬小麦播前深松在降水量稀少的华北地区应该大力推广。     

Influence of maize–wheat rotation systems on Fusarium head blight infection and deoxynivalenol content in wheat under low versus high disease pressure

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of small grain cereals resulting in a reduced grain yield and quality. FHB is the result of a complex interaction between weather conditions and agricultural practices including crop rotation, tillage, fungicide application and host resistance. This study deals with the results of field experiments conducted during the growing seasons 2009–2010 until 2011–2012 at Bottelare (Belgium). The experiments were set up to evaluate the influence of maize–wheat rotation on the visual symptoms of FHB and deoxynivalenol (DON) content in winter wheat. Using a randomised complete block design with four replications, we studied the impact of (a) maize variety as previous crop, (b) maize harvest method (grain or silage maize), (c) tillage method and (d) the influence of the wheat variety resistance on the FHB incidence and DON content. The experimental results showed that the susceptibility of the maize varieties for Fusarium and maize harvest method had only a minor effect on the FHB incidence and DON content of the wheat crop during the subsequent growing season. The tillage method and wheat variety resistance were more important; both factors had a significant influence on the FHB incidence and DON content. Furthermore, the quantitative effect of these factors depended on the disease pressure. The DON content reduction obtained by ploughing and by sowing moderately resistant wheat varieties was higher in case the weather conditions favoured FHB development. Furthermore, it was shown that repeated maize–wheat rotation in combination with favourable weather conditions for FHB could result in an accumulation of inoculum, which, for instance, led to DON contents up to 9.90 mg/kg in August 2012.     

免耕套种与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响

在稻麦两熟条件下,研究了麦田免耕套种水稻与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响。与移栽稻相比,免耕套种水稻株高较低,单茎叶面积略小,生物量低,但生育后期干物质累积量增加迅速。第1年免耕套种秸秆还田的产量最高,翻耕移栽秸秆还田的产量略高于移栽秸秆不还田的产量,但随着连续免耕时间的延长,第2年免耕套种的产量降低。在单位面积穗数相差不大的情况下,免耕套种水稻每穗实粒数较少,千粒重较高,套种水稻可获得较高产量。水稻免耕套种可明显改善稻米的加工品质和外观品质,提高出糙率、精米率和整精米率,降低垩白率和垩白度。翻耕移栽秸秆还田也能提高整精米率,降低垩白率和垩白度。水稻免耕套种和秸秆还田可提高稻米蛋白质含量,降低直链淀粉含量,使胶稠度变软,稻米品质变优;而水稻移栽秸秆还田条件下蛋白质含量提高,直链淀粉含量略增,胶稠度变硬,食味品质有变劣的趋势。     

耕作方式和施氮量对旱地冬小麦开花后干物质转运特征、糖含量及产量的影响

为探讨耕作方式和氮肥对旱地小麦的互作效应,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区大田试验条件下,采用双因素裂区设计,以常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式为主区,75、150、225、300kg·hm~(-2)4个施氮量(分别用N1～N4表示)为副区,分析了不同耕作方式及施氮量组合处理下旱地冬小麦花后干物质转运、糖含量及产量的差异。结果表明,4种耕作方式中,PM的株高最高,叶面积最大,籽粒产量最高,较CT增产14.50%。PM增产主要是通过增加穗长和穗粒数来实现,也归因于花前营养器官干物质的积累量及其在花后向籽粒中转运量、转运效率和对籽粒产量的贡献率较CT显著增加,特别是增加了叶片和颖壳的干物质转运量、转运效率。CTI的千粒重和有效穗数虽然最高,但产量与CT无显著差异;NTS的株高、千粒重、有效穗数、干物质积累量和花后向籽粒中转运量均处于较低水平,产量较CT降低16.74%。施氮显著增加了旱地冬小麦的籽粒产量,平均产量表现为N4N2N3N1。CT、CTI、NTS下,施氮的增产作用显著,但PM下不显著。在所有处理中,PMN2的籽粒产量最高,比最低的NTSN1增加70.55%。施氮增产的原因主要是促进了不同器官干物质积累和开花后干物质转运。NTS提高了各器官的可溶性糖含量,但其效应在不同生育时期存在差异,茎秆主要表现在开花后20～30d,叶片和颖壳在开花后10～40d,叶鞘在开花后20～40d,籽粒在开花后10～30d。施氮显著降低了开花后0～30d茎秆和叶片的可溶性糖和蔗糖含量,但显著增加了开花后20d籽粒的可溶性糖含量。以上结果说明,在甘肃旱地雨养农业区,常规耕作、秸秆还田、全膜覆土穴播下冬小麦高产的氮肥施用量以中等水平(150kg·hm~(-2))最佳,免耕秸秆覆盖下需增加氮肥施用量(300kg·hm~(-2))。     

Effect of Chinese Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) as a Cover Crop on Weed Control,Growth and Yield of Wheat under Different Tillage Systems

Abstract

Reduced tillage systems are gaining popularity but weed control is often a limiting factor in the adoption of such systems. Cover crops have become a viable option for sustainable agriculture because of its contribution to soil fertility and improved crop performance. However, the contribution of cover crops to weed management is not clearly defined. We compared minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) with conventional tillage (CT) for their effects on wheat growth in an original paddy land clay soil in the presence of Chinese milk vetch as a cover crop. Cover crop biomass, weed emergence, main crop growth and yield and soil penetration resistance were examined. Chinese milk vetch was successfully established under MT and CT but not under NT, which retarded its growth resulting in a significantly large biomass of all weed species. Weed suppression was more effective when the cover crop was broadcasted than row seeded. The presence of milk vetch as a cover crop significantly suppressed weed growth under MT especially at the late stage of growth and resulted in a comparable grain yield to that under CT. Although soil penetration resistance under MT remained high throughout the period of wheat growth, milk vetch could be effectively utilized as a cover crop under MT and wheat grain yield under MT was comparable to that under CT without mulch treatment.     

宁夏引黄灌区麦稻水旱轮作二熟制双免耕的土壤培肥效应

为评价麦稻水旱轮作二熟制双免耕的土壤培肥作用,采用常规测定法、比重计法、Biology-ECO法分别对参试的土壤养分、质地、微生物功能多样性等进行检测.结果表明,与传统耕作相比,连续4年冬小麦水稻全免耕轮作后,0～40 cm土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷含量分别增加11,9％、17.1％、9.2％、26.5％、19.1％,全钾、速效钾含量分别减少0.9％、10.2％,0～20 cm土层的土壤粘粒、砂粒比例明显增加,粉粒比例明显减少.免耕冬小麦成熟期的土壤微生物功能多样性代谢活性显著高于传统耕作.0～20和20～40 cm土壤层次内反映微生物功能多样性的4种指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、丰富度和Simpson优势度指数)在冬小麦整个生长季节中的变化趋于一致,即在分蘖期和拔节期传统耕作高于连续4年免耕处理,在灌浆期和成熟期连续4年免耕处理高于传统耕作处理.连续4年免耕0～40 cm土壤肥力明显优于连续3年双免耕的肥力.免耕对提高土壤肥力,尤其是对促进冬小麦中、后期生长有利.     

小麦品种与生物有机肥联合修复农田镉污染研究

为筛选Cd积累低且产量较高的小麦品种,以6个北方小麦品种和6个南方小麦品种为试材,在安徽铜陵选取Cd重度污染与未污染农田进行小麦品种与生物有机肥联合修复田间对比试验。结果表明,Cd未污染农田中各小麦品种除了泰山24外籽粒Cd含量均未达到国家粮食安全标准;Cd重度污染农田中小麦籽粒Cd含量为1.21~2.41mg·kg-1,Cd均超标,南方小麦品种较北方品种籽粒中Cd含量更高且差异性更大;施用生物有机肥可降低Cd重度污染农田中各小麦品种的Cd含量,降低百分率为1.7%~57.8%,平均降低29.9%。施用生物有机肥的Cd重度污染农田中各小麦品种籽粒Cd含量与小麦茎、叶的Cd含量极显著正相关。Cd重度污染农田较Cd未污染农田各小麦品种产量均显著降低,平均减产率46.2%;使用生物有机肥使Cd重度污染农田小麦平均增产15.7%。各小麦品种籽粒Cd含量与产量极显著负相关。扬麦20、宁麦8号为籽粒Cd积累量较低、产量较高的品种;施用生物有机肥可有效降低小麦籽粒Cd含量、增加小麦产量。     

不同小麦品种产量和氮素吸收利用的差异

为明确不同氮肥水平下不同小麦品种产量、氮素吸收和利用的差异,在大田条件下,以山东省主推的21个小麦品种为材料,研究了0、120、180、240和300kg·hm~(-2)共5个氮肥水平下不同小麦品种的产量、氮素利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率等指标。结果表明,氮肥、品种及两者的互作效应显著影响冬小麦籽粒产量、氮素利用率、氮素吸收效率和利用效率;氮肥水平不同则品种间的氮效率差异程度不同。大部分供试品种的氮效率类型在不同氮肥水平下的聚类结果不一致,仅临麦4号、鲁原502、泰山28和山农25在各氮肥水平下的产量、氮素利用率均较高,可划为氮高效品种。氮高效品种达到高氮效率的途径不同,临麦4号通过高氮素吸收效率、泰山28通过高氮素利用效率、鲁原502和山农25通过氮素吸收效率和利用效率共同作用实现氮高效。由此可知,应在不同氮肥水平下对冬小麦品种进行产量和氮素利用率的综合评价,以筛选出适应不同地力环境的品种和与品种特性相适应的施肥技术;在氮高效品种的选育和推广中,应针对不同小麦品种的氮素吸收和利用特性进行鉴别和调控,才能最大程度挖掘和利用其高产、高效潜力,实现增产增效。     

Agronomic performance of late-season rice under different tillage,straw, and nitrogen management

In double rice-cropping system in China, zero tillage in late-season rice with straw return from early season rice is an emerging technology for saving inputs, shortening the lag time between rice crops, avoiding straw burning, and conserving natural resources. The objective of this 2-year field study was to determine the effects of tillage and straw return on N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency of late-season rice. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four combinations of tillage and straw return as main plots and three N management practices as subplots. Tillage was either conventional soil puddling or zero tillage with newly harvested crop residue from early season rice either removed or placed on the soil surface without incorporation. The N treatments were zero-N control, site-specific N management (SSNM), and farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP). Straw return regardless of tillage or N management did not reduce rice yield. In the second year, straw return significantly increased grain yield in the zero-N control. Chlorophyll meter readings at heading and total N uptake at maturity were higher with straw return in the zero-N control, suggesting that straw provides nutrients to rice in the late growing period. Zero tillage did not reduce N uptake, grain yield, and N use efficiency compared with conventional tillage. Despite large differences in timing and rate of N application between FFP and SSNM, these two N treatments resulted in comparable N uptake and grain yield of late-season rice regardless of tillage and straw return. These results suggest that zero tillage after early rice with straw return could replace conventional tillage for late rice in the double rice-cropping system in China.     

耕作方式与秸秆还田对砂姜黑土土壤酶活性及冬小麦产量的影响

为探究耕作方式及秸秆还田处理对砂姜黑土土壤酶活性的影响,在河南省商水县砂姜黑土地区设置深耕秸秆不还田、深耕秸秆还田、旋耕秸秆还田和旋耕秸秆不还田4个处理,以超高产小麦品种周麦27为材料进行大田试验,对不同处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性及冬小麦籽粒产量进行测定分析。结果表明,20~40cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶的活性在不同处理间差异大多不显著,小麦拔节期、开花期和成熟期0~20cm土层深耕秸秆不还田处理与其他处理间差异显著。0~20cm土层土壤蔗糖酶活性在小麦生育期内不同处理间有显著差异,秸秆还田处理下土壤蔗糖酶活性高于秸秆不还田处理,而在20~40cm土层小麦拔节期和成熟期不同处理间没有显著差异。在小麦生育期内秸秆还田处理下0~20cm和20~40cm土层土壤脲酶活性显著高于其他处理,深耕秸秆不还田处理在拔节期和成熟期高于旋耕秸秆不还田处理。不同处理间土壤碱性磷酸酶活性在小麦生育期内差异显著,总体表现为深耕秸秆还田旋耕秸秆还田深耕秸秆不还田旋耕秸秆不还田。深耕秸秆还田处理对比其他处理能够显著增加冬小麦籽粒产量及千粒重,但其有效穗数显著低于其他处理。     

条带深松耕作方式对密植夏玉米产量性能的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,2011年在河南新乡设置耕作方式与种植密度田间试验,研究条带深松耕作方式对不同密度夏玉米群体产量性能的调控效应,明确条带深松耕作方式下夏玉米产量性能特征。结果表明,条带深松耕作方式下,夏玉米获得最高产量的最适密度为9.0×104株/hm2左右,较常规耕作方式下增加16.9%,平均增产10.9%。进一步分析高密度(9.0~10.5)×104株/hm2群体下夏玉米产量性能参数,条带深松耕作方式分别增加收获穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、干物质积累量、群体平均叶面积指数、平均净同化率、产量/平均叶面积指数比值分别为9.7%~10.5%、6.5%~8.2%、7.0%~7.7%、9.1%~12.4%、6.7%~9.2%、7.2%~9.1%、3.6%~17.1%。条带深松耕作方式通过产量性能参数的共效差异补偿机制实现密植夏玉米增产。     

Dryland maize yields and water use efficiency in response to tillage/crop stubble and nutrient management practices in China

Rainfed crop production in northern China is constrained by low and variable rainfall. This study explored the effects of tillage/crop residue and nutrient management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and N agronomic use efficiency (NAE) at Shouyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station in northern China during 2003–2008. The experiment was set-up using a split-plot design with 3 tillage/crop residue methods as main treatments: conventional, reduced (till with crop residue incorporated in fall but no-till in spring), and no-till (with crop residue mulching in fall). Sub-treatments were 3 NP fertilizer rates: 105–46, 179–78 and 210–92 kg N and P ha⁻¹. Maize grain yields were greatly influenced by the growing season rainfall and soil water contents at sowing. Mean grain yields over the 6-year period in response to tillage/crop residue treatments were 5604, 5347 and 5185 kg ha⁻¹, under reduced, no-till and conventional tillage, respectively. Grain yields under no-till, were generally higher (+19%) in dry years but lower (−7%) in wet years. Mean WUE was 13.7, 13.6 and 12.6 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ under reduced, no-till, and conventional tillage, respectively. The no-till treatment had 8–12% more water in the soil profiles than the conventional and reduced tillage treatments at sowing and harvest time. Grain yields, WUE and NAE were highest with the lowest NP fertilizer application rates (at 105 kg N and 46 kg P ha⁻¹) under reduced tillage, while yields and WUE tended to be higher with additional NP fertilizer rates under conventional tillage, however, there was no significant yield increase above the optimum fertilizer rate. In conclusion, maize grain yields, WUE and NAE were highest under reduced tillage at modest NP fertilizer application rates of 105 kg N and 46 kg P ha⁻¹. No-till increased soil water storage by 8–12% and improved WUE compared to conventional tillage, thus showing potentials for drought mitigation and economic use of fertilizers in drought-prone rainfed conditions in northern China.     

土壤水分下限对固定道垄作小麦生长及产量的影响

为确定固定道垄作小麦生长和高产的适宜土壤水分下限,通过田间裂区试验,设置了4个土壤水分下限水平(分别为计划湿润层土壤田间持水量的40%、55%、70%和85%),研究了传统耕作和固定道垄作方式下土壤水分下限对小麦叶面积系数、干物质积累、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,固定道垄作栽培能够明显提高小麦的叶面积指数和促进干物质积累,增加产量和水分利用效率。在土壤水分下限为田间持水量的70%时,固定道垄作栽培的小麦叶面积指数和干物质积累量较大,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量最大,水分利用效率也较高。综合来看,在河西绿洲灌区,固定道垄作小麦的适宜土壤水分下限为田间持水量的70%。     

不同时期旱地冬小麦品种更替过程中灌浆特性研究

为了解旱地小麦品种更替过程中灌浆特性的变化,以8个不同年代的旱地冬小麦品种和1个水地冬小麦品种为材料,在干旱和灌水两种水分处理下,比较了不同小麦品种间籽粒灌浆特性及产量差异。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量和千粒重随品种更替逐渐增加,灌浆速率和灌浆天数也呈增长趋势。干旱处理后,冬小麦的灌浆天数相对缩短,且现代品种的降低幅度较早期品种小;早期品种平均灌浆速率略有下降,现代旱地品种长武134和长旱58则得到提高。在灌水处理下水地品种西农9871的千粒重明显高于干旱处理,旱地品种在两种处理间差异不显著。这说明灌浆速率的提高和灌浆天数的延长是现代旱地品种具有较高粒重和产量的主要原因。