A comprehensive study of plant density consequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vegetative to reproductive stages

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), defined as grain produced per unit of fertilizer N applied, is difficult to predict for specific maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes and environments because of possible significant interactions between different management practices (e.g., plant density and N fertilization rate or timing). The main research objective of this study was to utilize a quantitative framework to better understand the physiological mechanisms that govern N dynamics in maize plants at varying plant densities and N rates. Paired near-isogenic hybrids [i.e., with/without transgenic corn rootworm (Diabrotica sp.) resistance] were grown at two locations to investigate the individual and interacting effects of plant density (low—54,000; medium—79,000; and high—104,000 pl ha⁻¹) and sidedress N fertilization rate (low—0; medium—165; and high—330 kg N ha⁻¹) on maize NUE and associated physiological responses. Total aboveground biomass (per unit area basis) was fractionated and both dry matter and N uptake were measured at four developmental stages (V14, R1, R3 and R6). Both plant density and N rate affected growth parameters and grain yield in this study, but hybrid effects were negligible. As expected, total aboveground biomass and N content were highly correlated at the V14 stage. However, biomass gain was not the only factor driving vegetative N uptake, for although N-fertilized maize exhibited higher shoot N concentrations than N-unfertilized maize, the former and latter had similar total aboveground biomass at V14. At the R1 stage, both plant density and N rate strongly impacted the ratio of total aboveground N content to green leaf area index (LAI), with the ratio declining with increases in plant density and decreases in N rate. Higher plant densities substantially increased pre-silking N uptake, but had relatively minor impact on post-silking N uptake for hybrids at both locations. Treatment differences for grain yield were more strongly associated with differences in R6 total biomass than in harvest index (HI) (for which values never exceeded 0.54). Total aboveground biomass accumulated between R1 and R6 rose with increasing plant density and N rate, a phenomenon that was positively associated with greater crop growth rate (CGR) and nitrogen uptake rate (NUR) during the critical period bracketing silking. Average NUE was similar at both locations. Higher plant densities increased NUE for both medium and high N rates, but only when plant density positively influenced both the N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N internal efficiency (NIE) of maize plants. Thus plant density-driven increases in N uptake by shoot and/or ear components were not enough, by themselves, to increase NUE.     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤无机氮时空变异的影响

研究不同施氮量及基肥追肥比例对土壤无机氮时空分布及玉米氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和基追比显著影响土壤剖面硝态氮含量。各施氮处理不同生育期0～60 cm土层硝态氮含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,且随施氮量的增加土壤中硝态氮含量增加。夏玉米生长季土壤铵态氮含量较低,且时空变化不明显。玉米氮素农学效率（NAE）、氮素利用效率（NUE）随施氮量的增加显著降低;氮素表观回收率（NRE）有相同的变化趋势,但差异不显著;氮素收获指数（NHI）随施氮量的增加显著增大。相同施氮水平下,“50%基肥+50%大喇叭口肥基追比”的NAE、NUE、NHI和玉米产量显著高于其他处理。因此,在玉米生产中应避免播种时一次性大量施用氮肥,增加后期施氮比例可显著提高氮肥利用效率和玉米产量。     

氮肥管理措施对黑土春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

利用连续2年田间试验,研究不同氮肥管理措施对黑土春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,在农民习惯施氮量185 kg/hm2的水平上,减施氮肥20%不影响玉米子粒产量和氮素吸收,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥偏生产力提高22.4%~29.2%和18.4%~22.3%。与习惯施肥处理相比,减施氮肥可显著降低土壤硝态氮含量,0~20、21~40、41~60和61~80 cm土层硝态氮含量降幅分别为14.3%~53.8%、13.0%~32.6%、17.9%~36.8%和13.7%~41.2%。同一施氮量下,添加硝化抑制剂有助于抑制土壤硝化作用,添加双氰胺0~20、21~40 cm土层硝态氮含量分别下降45.7%和28.5%,添加2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶分别下降39.7%和21.8%。综合评价玉米产量、氮素吸收和氮肥利用等因素,应适当减少施氮量,并配合施用硝化抑制剂2-氯-6-三氯甲基吡啶,促进农田生态系统中氮素高效利用和维持氮库基本平衡。     

氮肥用量对土壤养分含量、春玉米产量及农学效率的影响

采用田间试验,设置5种施氮水平,研究不同氮肥用量对土壤养分含量、春玉米产量和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,优化施氮(N150)、优化施氮配施有机肥(N150+M)处理可增加土壤速效养分含量;土壤水分和温度受不同氮肥用量影响较小。N150和N150+M处理玉米增产幅度较大,增产率分别为19.44%和16.67%;N150处理的氮肥农学利用率最高,高量施氮处理(N180)最低;减量施氮(N120)与N150处理的氮肥偏生产力较高。优化施用氮肥处理,不仅可以增加土壤速效养分含量,保障速效养分对春玉米的及时供给,同时还可以增加春玉米产量,提高氮肥利用效率。     

Yield response of corn to irrigation and nitrogen fertilization in a Mediterranean environment

Productivity and resource-use efficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture, especially in high-demand resource crops such as corn. The aims of this research were to compare irrigation scheduling and nitrogen fertilization rates in corn, evaluating yield, water (WUE), irrigation water (IRRWUE) and nitrogen use (NUE) efficiencies. A 2-year field experiment was carried out in a Mediterranean coastal area of Central Italy (175 mm of rainfall in the corn-growing period) and corn was subjected to three irrigation levels (rainfed and supply at 50 and 100% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) in interaction with three nitrogen fertilization levels (not fertilized, 15 and 30 g (N) m⁻²). The results indicated a large yearly variability, mainly due to a rainfall event at the silking stage in the first year; a significant irrigation effect was observed for all the variables under study, except for plant population. Nitrogen rates affected grain yield plant⁻¹ and ear⁻¹, grain and biomass yield, HI, WUE, IRRWUE and NUE, with significant differences between non-fertilized and the two fertilized treatments (15 and 30 g (N) m⁻²). Furthermore, deficit irrigation (50% of ETc) was to a large degree equal to 100% of the ETc irrigation regime. A significant interaction “N × I” was observed for grain yield and WUE. The effect of nitrogen availability was amplified at the maximum irrigation water regime. The relationships between grain yield and evapotranspiration showed basal ET, the amount necessary to start producing grain, of about 63 mm in the first and 206 mm in the second year. Rainfed crop depleted most of the water in the 0–0.6 m soil depth range, while irrigated scenarios absorbed soil water within the profile to a depth of 1.0 m. Corn in a Mediterranean area can be cultivated with acceptable yields while saving irrigation water and reducing nitrogen supply and also exploiting the positive interaction between these two factors, so maximizing resource-use efficiency.     

The effects of nitrogen and iron fertilization on growth,yield and fertilizer use efficiency of soybean in a Mediterranean-type soil

Poor seed yield of soybean in Mediterranean-type environments may result from insufficient iron (Fe) uptake and poor biological nitrogen (N) fixation due to high bicarbonate and pH in soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of N and Fe fertilization on growth and yield of double cropped soybean (cv. SA 88, MG III) in a Mediterranean-type environment in Turkey during 2003 and 2004. The soil of the experimental plots was a Vertisol with 176 g CaCO₃ kg⁻¹ and pH 7.7 and 17 g organic matter kg⁻¹ soil. Soybean seeds were inoculated prior to planting with commercial peat inoculants. N fertilizer rates were 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha⁻¹ of which half was applied before planting and the other half at full blooming stage (R2). Fe fertilizer rates were 0, 200 and 400 g Fe EDTA (5.5% Fe and 2% EDTA) ha⁻¹. It was sprayed as two equal portions at two trifoliate (V2) and at five trifoliate stages (V5). Plants were sampled at flower initiation (R1), at full pod (R4) and at full seed (R6) stages. Application of starter N increased biomass and leaf area index at R1 stage whereas Fe fertilization did not affect early growth parameters. N application continued to have a positive effect on growth parameters at later stages and on seed yield. Fe fertilization increased growth parameters at R4 and R6 stages, and final seed yield in both years. This study demonstrated an interactive effect of N and Fe fertilization on growth and yield of soybean in the soil having high bicarbonate and pH. There was a positive interaction between N and Fe at the N rates up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. However, further increase in N rate produced a negative interaction. Fertilization of soybean with 80 kg N ha⁻¹ and 400 g Fe ha⁻¹ resulted in the highest seed yield in both years. We concluded that application of starter and top dressed N in combination with two split FeEDTA fertilization can be beneficial to improve early growth and final yield of inoculated soybean in Mediterranean-type soils.     

Identification of traits to improve the nitrogen-use efficiency of wheat genotypes

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer represents a significant cost for the grower and may also have environmental impacts through nitrate leaching and N₂O (a greenhouse gas) emissions associated with denitrification. The objectives of this study were to analyze the genetic variability in N-use efficiency (grain dry matter (DM) yield per unit N available from soil and fertilizer; NUE) in winter wheat and identify traits for improved NUE for application in breeding. Fourteen UK and French cultivars and two French advanced breeding lines were tested in a 2 year/four site network comprising different locations in France and in the UK. Detailed growth analysis was conducted at anthesis and harvest in experiments including DM and N partitioning. Senescence of either the flag leaf or the whole leaf canopy was assessed from a visual score every 3-4 days from anthesis to complete canopy senescence. The senescence score was fitted against thermal time using a five parameters monomolecular-logistic equation allowing the estimation of the timing of the onset and the rate of post-anthesis senescence. In each experiment, grain yield was reduced under low N (LN), with an average reduction of 2.2 t ha⁻¹ (29%). Significant N × genotype level interaction was observed for NUE. Crop N uptake at harvest on average was reduced from 227 kg N ha⁻¹ under high N (HN) to 109 kg N ha⁻¹ under LN conditions while N-utilization efficiency (grain DM yield per unit crop N uptake at harvest; NUtE) increased from 34.0 to 52.1 kg DM kg⁻¹ N. Overall genetic variability in NUE under LN related mainly to differences in NUtE rather than N-uptake efficiency (crop N uptake at harvest per unit N available from soil and fertilizer; NUpE). However, at one site there was also a positive correlation between NUpE and NUE at LN in both years. Moreover, across the 2 year/four site network, the N × genotype effect for NUpE partly explained the N × genotype effect for grain yield and NUE. Averaging across the 16 genotypes, the timing of onset of senescence explained 86% of the variation in NUtE amongst site-season-N treatment combinations. The linear regression of onset of senescence on NutE amongst genoytpes was not significant under HN, but at three of the four sites was significant under LN explaining 32-70% of the phenotypic variation amongst genotypes in NutE. Onset of senescence amongst genotypes was negatively correlated with the efficiency with which above-ground N at anthesis was remobilized to the grain under LN. It is concluded that delaying the onset of post-anthesis senescence may be an important trait for increasing grain yield of wheat grown under low N supply.     

Identification and evaluation of high nitrogen nutrition efficiency in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm

To establish identification and evaluation methods of N (nitrogen) absorption and utilization of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), difference of N nutrition efficiency (NNE) among rapeseed germplasms and relationship between NNE and plant traits under various N application rates were analyzed in this research. Pot cultivating experiments were conducted to investigate NNE with 3 ​N application rates in soil (0.05, 0.2 and 0.3 ​g/kg). A total of 12 rapeseed germplasms were planted, nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) in seedling stage, bolting stage, initial flowering stage, final flowering stage, and maturity stage were obtained. Results showed that bolting stage was the best period for NAE identification and evaluation. Low N application rate in soil (0.05 ​g/kg) was the best for NAE, and the indirect indexes were basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight. Maturity stage was the best period for NUE identification and evaluation. High N application rate in soil (0.3 ​g/kg) was the best for NUE, and indirect indexes were above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter. N application rates of 0.05 ​g/kg in soil was the best for nitrogen harvest index at maturity stage, and indirect indexes was number of pods per plant. Plant traits of rapeseed germplasms affected NNE. Higher basal stem diameter, plant root dry weight and above ground plant dry weight at bolting stage under low N application rate were important characteristics of N absorption in rapeseed. Higher above ground plant dry weight and basal stem diameter at maturity stage under high N application rate were important characteristics of N utilization. Higher number of pods per plant at maturity stage under lowe N application rate was an important characteristic of N harvest index. These results provided a reliable index for N management and provided theoretical basis for guiding rapeseed breeding.     

控释氮肥适量减施对玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响

通过连续两年田间试验，研究控释氮肥较农民习惯用量减施对玉米产量与产量构成因素、氮素吸收利用的影响。试验设5个处理，分别为不施氮肥(N0)、农民习惯施氮(FP)、80%控释氮肥(CRU1)、70%控释氮肥(CRU2)、60%控释氮肥(CRU3)。结果表明，与FP处理相比，CRU1和CRU2处理显著提高了玉米产量(P<0.05)，两年平均产量分别提高7.0%和5.4%。CRU1、CRU2处理两年平均玉米氮素最大积累速率和平均积累速率较FP处理分别提高9.6%、6.5%和7.9%、6.2%，玉米氮素最大增长速率出现天数分别提前7.2 d、5.0 d。与FP处理相比，控释氮肥减量施用处理显著提高了氮素回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力(P<0.05)，其中，氮素回收率和偏生产力随控释氮肥减施比例的增加显著增加，氮素农学利用率表现为先增后降，以CRU2处理最高。控释氮肥减量30%(193 kg/hm2)可实现玉米产量和氮素利用率同步提高。     

用15N示踪研究不同氮水平下剑麻的氮素吸收利用特性

采用盆栽试验和15N示踪技术,研究4个不同氮（N）水平对剑麻生长及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明,施氮显著提高剑麻株高、叶长、叶宽和根粗。施氮处理地上部鲜重、含水量、全氮含量和吸氮量均有所增加,但施氮处理之间差异不显著。剑麻地上部和根系吸收的肥料N随着氮水平增加而增加,各处理整株肥料N比例,以示踪法计算为24.2％~32.6％,差减法计算为34.6％~53.1％。不同氮水平下剑麻氮素利用率变化不明显,整株氮素利用率,示踪法计算为20.0％~22.0％,差减法计算为30.0％~35.7％。可见,剑麻吸收的肥料氮低于土壤氮;剑麻的氮素利用率偏低;以示踪法求得的肥料N比例和氮素利用率均低于以差减法求得的结果。     

Nitrogen efficiency in long-term wheat–maize cropping systems under diverse field sites in China

Efficiency of fertilizer N is becoming increasingly important in modern agricultural production owing to increasing food requirement and growing concern about environments. However, there is almost no study regarding its long-term efficiency in wheat and maize cropping systems. Long-term (15 years) experiments involving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) rotations at five field sites with various soil and climate characteristics in China were used to determine the nitrogen (N) efficiency, including the physiological efficiency, recovery efficiency and N mass balance of soil–plant systems in response to different fertilization treatments. The present study consisted of nine treatments: unfertilized, N, phosphorus, potassium, straw and manure or their combinations. The contribution of N fertilizers to wheat yield was higher than to maize and suggested that wheat could be given priority over maize when determining N application rates. Uptake of 1 kg N produced 35.6 kg of wheat grain and 39.5 kg of maize grain. The deficit of N in soils without applied N ranged from 40 to 103 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while N surpluses in soils with applied N fertilizers ranged from 35 to 350 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The apparent accumulated N recovery efficiency (NRE_ac) varied widely from 4% to 90%: unbalanced fertilization and other soil limiting factors (such as aluminium toxicity) were associated with low NRE_ac. In the treatments of combination of N, phosphorus and potassium with normal application rates, the average of NRE_ac in four out of five sites reached 80%, which suggested that best management of N fertilizers could recover most of N fertilizers applied to soils. The results will be helpful to understand the long-term fate of N fertilizers and to optimize the N fertilization for agricultural practices and environment protection.     

不同氮肥形式对春玉米产量、土壤硝态氮及氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验研究不同氮肥对玉米产量、玉米不同生育期0~90 cm土层硝态氮含量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,0~90 cm土层,施用氮肥使土壤硝态氮残留量升高了约30%,且随玉米生育期逐渐下降,成熟期普通尿素处理比缓控释氮肥处理高20%左右。与普通尿素处理相比,缓控释氮肥处理土层硝态氮含量前期缓慢降低,后期下降速度快且硝态氮残留量较低。半控比掺混肥能满足玉米生育前期与后期对土壤硝态氮的需求,提高产量且最大限度提高氮肥利用率,满足一次性施肥的要求;硫包膜尿素基施的产量及氮素利用率最低且与其他氮肥处理存在显著差异。     

Key Indicators for Assessing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereal-Based Agroecosystems

SUMMARY

Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important objective of agroecosystem management. We define and demonstrate key indicators of NUE that enable a broader assessment of N management strategies. Nitrogen efficiency components and indexes were defined to assess soil and crop physiological processes, and agronomic and environmental factors related to N use. Measurements of grain yield, grain N, aboveground plant N, applied N, post-harvest root-zone soil N, and N losses via subsurface drains were used to assess N retention efficiency, available N uptake efficiency, N utilization efficiency, N harvest index, N yield efficiency, N reliance index, grain N accumulation efficiency, N balance index, N fertilizer utilization efficiency, and N loss index. Nitrogen use indicators were evaluated for two field studies: (1) hard red spring wheat with four N levels and two tillage treatments: no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT); and (2) corn in crop sequences of continuous corn (C-C), corn-soybean (C-S), two years of corn following alfalfa (ALF-C-C), and two years of corn following perennial grass (CRP-C-C). Tillage, crop rotation, and applied N had large and variable effects on different indicators of N use. N efficiency components and indexes were useful for monitoring cropping system N use, assessing N management strategies, and identifying key areas for improvements in NUE.     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation,partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as affected by nitrogen fertilization

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a deep-rooted crop which can tolerate water stress and can be grown in rotation with other crop species. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for the growth and development of safflower; however, the effect of N level on dry matter, accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation has not been extensively studied. A 2-year field study was therefore conducted with the objective to determine the effect of N fertilization on crop phenology, dry matter, N accumulation, partitioning and retranslocation of safflower grown under rain-fed conditions. Three rates of N were used (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha⁻¹) and two hybrids (CW9048 and CW9050) of safflower were selected. The experiment was conducted during the 2003–2004 (2004) and 2004–2005 (2005) growing seasons on a calcareous sandy loam (Entisols, Orthents, Typic Xerorthent) at the experimental farm of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece. During 2004 spring was quite mild with significant rainfall whereas during 2005 spring was hotter with lower rainfall. Our study found that N fertilization increased biomass at anthesis by an average of 24% and at maturity by an average of 25% compared with the control. Total above ground biomass increased after anthesis in both years, in both hybrids and for all fertilizer treatments. N fertilization increased the dry matter partitioning in leaves + stems and heads at anthesis and also in leaves + stems, seeds, and head vegetative components at maturity. Dry matter translocation was not affected by N fertilization but lower values were found during the second year. N content was affected by the fertilization treatments and increased in those plants treated with fertilizer compared with the controls. In addition, N fertilization increased N retranslocation from the vegetative parts of the plant to the seed, but it did not affect N gain. During the second year, which was drier, there were significant N losses but also greater N translocation efficiency and higher contribution of pre-anthesis N to seed. Seed yield was correlated with the dry matter and N translocation indices, and was higher for the fertilized plants, compared with the control. The present study indicates that N fertilization promoted the growth of safflower and increased the dry matter yield, N accumulation, translocation and seed yield under rain-fed conditions.     

不同小麦品种产量和氮素吸收利用的差异

为明确不同氮肥水平下不同小麦品种产量、氮素吸收和利用的差异,在大田条件下,以山东省主推的21个小麦品种为材料,研究了0、120、180、240和300kg·hm~(-2)共5个氮肥水平下不同小麦品种的产量、氮素利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率等指标。结果表明,氮肥、品种及两者的互作效应显著影响冬小麦籽粒产量、氮素利用率、氮素吸收效率和利用效率;氮肥水平不同则品种间的氮效率差异程度不同。大部分供试品种的氮效率类型在不同氮肥水平下的聚类结果不一致,仅临麦4号、鲁原502、泰山28和山农25在各氮肥水平下的产量、氮素利用率均较高,可划为氮高效品种。氮高效品种达到高氮效率的途径不同,临麦4号通过高氮素吸收效率、泰山28通过高氮素利用效率、鲁原502和山农25通过氮素吸收效率和利用效率共同作用实现氮高效。由此可知,应在不同氮肥水平下对冬小麦品种进行产量和氮素利用率的综合评价,以筛选出适应不同地力环境的品种和与品种特性相适应的施肥技术;在氮高效品种的选育和推广中,应针对不同小麦品种的氮素吸收和利用特性进行鉴别和调控,才能最大程度挖掘和利用其高产、高效潜力,实现增产增效。     

施氮量对旱地胡麻养分积累、转运及氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究不同施氮量对胡麻产量、氮素积累转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明, 在本试验土壤肥力条件下,无论施氮与否,胡麻各器官不同生育阶段氮素养分吸收、累积和转运规律的基本趋势一致,但其变化量与施氮量有极大关系。施氮量为55.2kg/hm2时,叶和茎中的氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及对籽粒氮素的贡献率最大;叶中氮素向籽粒的转移量、转移率及贡献率要比茎高出89.18%、83.36%和86.36%。胡麻籽粒中47.10%～57.66%的氮素来源于叶,22.46%～30.94%的氮素来源于茎,21.00%～30.48%来自籽粒生长后期从土壤中的吸收。施氮量为27.6、55.2、82.8 kg/hm2时,胡麻籽粒产量分别比不施氮增加了10.21%、16.92%和15.55%。施氮量为27.6～55.2 kg/hm2时,氮肥的表观利用率、偏生产力分别为：51.10%～68.63%和51.54～97.16 kg• kg-1。本试验条件下,综合考虑产量、氮肥利用率及生态环境,施氮量在27.6～55.2 kg/hm2为宜。     

氮肥减施对京科968与郑单958氮效率及产量的影响

以郑单958与京科968为材料,在减施氮肥(正常施氮量210 kg/hm~2)14.3%~28.6%水平下,比较玉米品种氮效率与产量。结果表明,施氮肥150~180 kg/hm2,郑单958产量下降2.39%~4.03%,京科968产量下降1.67%~2.99%。随着施氮量减少,氮肥偏生产力、氮肥利用效率,氮肥农学利用效率升高,氮肥表观利用效率、100 kg子粒需氮量降低,氮收获指数保持基本稳定。适度减施氮肥,可有效提高玉米生产效率。施氮处理下不同器官的氮转运率与对子粒的氮贡献率高于不施氮处理,不同器官的氮转运率顺序为穗轴叶片苞叶叶鞘茎秆;对子粒的氮贡献率表现为叶片茎秆穗轴叶鞘苞叶。京科968氮收获指数、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥表观利用效率均优于郑单958,氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥利用效率与子粒吸氮量与郑单958相当。京科968氮吸收效率优于郑单958,具备较好的耐低氮特性。     

控释氮肥对茶叶产量、品质和氮素利用效率及经济效益的影响

通过田间试验,研究了控释氮肥对茶园土壤无机氮含量、茶叶产量、品质成分、氮素利用效率和茶叶中氮磷等主要矿质元素吸收的影响,比较了不同施肥方式对经济效益的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥处理间土壤无机氮含量无显著差异,但控释肥处理土壤中无机氮变化幅度较小,而且比较稳定。与普通氮肥相比,控释氮肥单施或与普通氮肥配施,茶叶产量分别提高7.5%和15.2%。施控释氮肥对茶叶游离氨基酸总量、茶多酚含量、酚氨比值不会产生明显的影响。控释氮肥能促进茶树对氮、磷等主要矿质元素的吸收,提高茶树新梢氮素利用率,其中新梢氮素利用效率（NUE）,控释氮肥和普通氮肥配施比普通氮肥高5.38个百分点,比单施控释氮肥高2.39个百分点,新梢氮素偏生产率（PNE）,控释氮肥和普通氮肥配施比普通氮肥处理高1.16βkg·kg^-1,比单施控释氮肥高0.57βkg·kg^-1。与普通氮肥相比,单施控释氮肥每年每公顷增加纯收入0.93万元,控释氮肥和普通氮肥配施增加纯收入2.01万元。本研究结果表明,控释氮肥与普通氮肥配施增产、增效明显。     

部分春性和半冬性小麦品种氮效率差异分析

为了解小麦冬春性与氮素利用的关系,在大田条件下,以江苏省主栽的15个小麦品种为材料,比较了半冬性和春性小麦的氮效率差异。结果表明,相同施氮条件下,半冬性小麦的平均氮肥吸收效率(NUEa)和氮肥生产效率(NGPE)分别比春性小麦高12.19%和9.64%,差异均达显著水平。其中,NUEa和NGPE最高的半冬性小麦品种均为济麦22,春性小麦两个指标最高的品种均为扬麦15。半冬性小麦的平均氮肥表观利用率(NUR)、氮肥农学效率(NAE)、氮素生理效率(NPE)及氮收获指数亦高于春性小麦,但差异均不显著。半冬性或春性类型小麦中各指标都存在氮高效和氮低效的品种,且品种间差异均极显著;不同品种氮效率高或低的机制不同,使得对氮肥的吸收、利用、转运的能力存在差异,生产中应根据不同品种氮效率机制特点采用不同的施肥应对策略。     

施肥对甜菜氮代谢的效应研究

为明确不同品种在氮吸收、积累、氮效率、氮肥利用率等方面的差异及施肥的效应,选用HI0466及SR411两个品种,在黑龙江大学呼兰校区进行田间试验。结果表明:①施肥对甜菜的氮吸收和积累影响显著,其中以NPK组合最高,NP或NK组合次之,PK组合增加最低;②不同品种氮吸收能力不同,品种HI0466的氮吸收能力高于SR411,并主要体现在地上部植株含氮量和吸氮总量两个性状指标上;③品种SR411的氮肥利用率、氮肥生理效率、氮肥农学效率均显著高于品种HI0466;④施肥对不同品种甜菜的氮肥生理效率、氮肥农学效率影响各异,三要素配合施用时两个品种的这两个效率均为最高,缺P对HI0466的农学效率和SR411的生理效率的负效应高于缺K,而缺K对SR411的农学效率和HI0466的生理效率的负效应高于缺P。