Identification of BPH Resistant Gene in Changseongbyeo

BPH （Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal） is a major insect of rice and give a lot of damages around Korea, Japan and East-West Asia. Especially, Increase of the environmentally friendly cultivation in South Korea has caused the outbreak of BPH rapidly. But few resistant varieties in Korea have known until now. Utilization of resistance（R） genes in breeding programs has been the most effective and economical strategy for controlling insect resistance. Now, It is reported that BPH-resistant genes is about eighteen （Suet al., 2003）. Especially, it has reported that Bphl gene is located on a long side of chromosome 12 and linked to bph2 （Sharma et al., 2004）. Bph3 is located on a short side of chromosome 4 （Sun et al., 2005）. But, because of no resistant germplasm to BPH in Japonica, it is very difficult to breed BPH-resistant variety with high grain quality.     

Damage Analysis on Coal and Rocks and the Method of the Checking Damage by the Deviator Stress

The characteristic of the original damage and the breaking of the coal and rocks under the loading has been discussed by a lot of microscopic structure analysis and by whole stress strain testing on the coal and rocks. The non homogeneity causes the stress locating in a small spot. It is the essential cause of the damage developing and causing the structure breaking of the coal rocks. The failure of brittle fracturing, rubbing later on and granulating should be a major pattern in the outburst of coal and gas. The method of the examining damage by the deviator stress, is proposed. It can be used to analyse the characteristic of the coal and rocks.     

Molecurar Breeding for Resistant Varieties Against Asian Rice Gall Midge in China

Asian rice gall midge （GM） is a major rice pest in South China. Breeding resistance varieties has been a viable and ecologically acceptable approach for managing the pest. This paper reports that the progress of breeding resistant varieties using the markers linked to Gin6 against GM fxom the year 1998 to 2006 in China. The DNA fingerprints of 4 biotypes of GM population fxom 7 locations were analyses by AFLP. Base on the fine mapping of resistance gene Gin6 against all 4 Chinese GM biotypes by RAPD and SSR methods respectively, the STS markers and SSR markers linked to gene Gin6 were used for breeding through MAS. Some new resistant garplasm with Gin6 gene were created. And six cultivars and six two-line or one line three-line hybrid rice against GM were bred and extended to the farmer. The technique system of MAS for resistant varieties against Asian rice gall midge was set up at Guangdong province of China.     

Genetic Dissection, Marker-assisted Introgression, and Pyramiding of Agronomic Traits in Rice

Through the efforts of the International Rice Genome Sequencing Project, the whole genome sequence office has been decoded （International Rice Genome Sequencing Project, 2005）. This sequence information has provided new tools for genetics and has created a new paradigm of plant breeding. Many phenotypic traits of economic interest are controlled by multiple genes and often show complex and quantitative inheritance： Recent progress in rice genomics has had a great impact in the genetic dissection of such traits into single genetic factors. Such genetic factors can subsequently be identified at the molecular level by map-based strategies （Yano, 2001）. So far, we have identified several genes involved in heading date （Yano et al., 2001）, field resistance to rice blast, cool temperature tolerance （Takeuchi et al., 2001） and pre-harvest sprouting （Takeuchi et al., 2003）, and genetic dissection of root morphology and yield-related traits is progressing. Working from the current status of genetic dissection, we have begun marker-assisted introgression of particular genes of interest into elite rice cultivars in Japan. Exploitation of economically important genes in natural variants will be essential to enhance the potential of new breeding strategies.     

Gene Identification and Reaction of Rice Varieties to Korean and Philippine Races of Xanthomonas oryzae. pv. Oryzae

Bacterial blight （BB） caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae （Xoo） is one of the most serious diseases of rice. Ten races of the bacterium have been identified in the Philippines. Each race has specific virulence to varieties with different resistance genes, showing a gene-for-gene relationship in the host-pathogen interaction （Lee et al., 2003）. So far, twenty-nine major genes have been identified （Lee et al., 1999）. Due to emergence of the new races and genetic vulnerability of resistant varieties, the spreading of bacterial blight disease occurrence is increasing now in all areas of Korea. This study was carried out to find the gene identification and reaction of rice varieties to Korean and Philippine races ofXanthomonas oryzae, pv. oryzae.     

a rational method for defining damage variables in one dimension

To address the issue of whether it is rational to define damage variables through the degradation of elastic modules, we essentially clarified which material module should be used to describe the damage variables in unidimensional cases, and pointed out that the reference undamaged working state of material was needed firstly in order to measure the degree of damage if the strain equivalence hypothesis was used. We maintained it was baseless to consider the linear stress strain working state as an undamaged reference state. We deduced a rational definition of elastic and elasto plastic damage variables. We stated that the degradation of an unloading module can be used to define the damage variables. To illustrate the definition of damage variables, we presented an example of establishing a damage constitutive equation of concrete in compression, validate the elastic strain equivalence hypothesis, and provide an appropriate approach for establishing a damage constitutive model.     

Assessment Method of Buildings Damage Induced by Underground Construction

With increased urban highway tunnel construction in P.R. China,there are more shallow cover tunnels passing under buildings.Finding a means to appraise buildings' degree of damage is one of the most important preconditions so that tunnels can safely pass under buildings.First,the instance of damage should be confirmed according to the buildings' actual settlement.Then, referring to the buildings damage evaluation criteria,the buildings' control damage rank and critical distortion value can be determined.The permissible distortion value can be drawn from the difference of buildings' critical distortion value and distortion value corresponding to its damage ranking.Finally,a three-stage appraisement is carried out to assess the degree of buildings' damage induced by tunnel construction.If every stage's calculated result of this appraisement exceeds buildings' permissible distortion value,the buildings should be reinforced to assure that the tunnels could pass through safely.At the same time, the calculation method has important reference value for the similar projects.     

Analysis of the Damage Electric Field Strengths for Several Ultraviolet Thin Film Materials

The laser induce damage threshold electric field instensity strengths of different materials used in the ultraviolet region, have been calculated by the model of multiphoton absorption ionization, avalanche model and a combination of the two. Avalanche model can not be used in the ultraviolet region, the result of the combination model can be used as reference. The authors analyze the relations between the laser induce damage electric field strengths to optical thin film and laser frequency, pulse duration. The relations between materials band gap and damage threshold electric field strengths is analyzed.     

Numerical Simulation of Microcrack Toughening in Particulate Composite

The crack tip region in an elastic composite can be divided into three different zones. The constitutive equations corresponding to these zones and the extent of the saturated damage zones are derived. The damage isotropy in the largest saturated damage zone is expressed by utilizing the Monte Carlo technique to create uniform distribution microcracks. The interaction between the main crack and microcracks can be evaluated by an alternating iteration scheme. In the assumption of a dilute concentration of microcracks, the interaction among microcracks is neglected, and the stress intensity factor produced by interaction between the main crack and each microcrack can be superposed. Two sources of loading are analyzed: one is for the main crack microcrack interaction under an applied remote load, and the other is for the main crack microcrack interaction accompanied by the relief of residual stresses on the microcrack surfaces. The results show that two sources of loading can shield the main crack tip, and microcracks behind the main crack tip can create the most shielding whereas the micro cracks ahead of the main crack tip play no role in shielding.     

Reinforced Concrete Beam's Stiffness Degeneration Regulation and its Calculation Formula Under the Action of Fatigue Load

Fatigue failure is a fatal damage for the reinforced concrete structure bearing fatigue load repeatedly. That how to estimate or describe the degree of fatigue damage is a challenge in areas of structure damage and lifespan estimation. Structure's stiffness degenerates irreversibly along with the damage progress. There is a certain inherent relevance between stiffness degeneration and fatigue damage. A series of fatigue tests were carried out to study stiffness degeneration regulation due to its simplicity and feasibility. According to the test results, reinforced concrete beam's stiffness degeneration presents a three-stage rules obviously, and the stiffness degeneration curves accord with "S" style. Based on the stiffness degeneration regulation, the reinforced concrete beams' stiffness degeneration calculation formula is obtained by fitting experimental data. The formula has a perfect goodness of contact area with 10 test beams' experimental results, and it can describes reinforced concrete beams' stiffness degeneration perfectly. The formula can be used to forecast the deformation developing. Meanwhile, the residual life of the structure can be used to decision structure's fatigue fracture and the degree of performance degradation.     

六种不同产区白芷药材挥发性成分比较分析

为分析比较不同加工方法的白柠檬油中挥发性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱法进行挥发性成分的定性分析,并通过质谱库检索,结合保留指数验证,从蒸馏白柠檬油和冷榨白柠檬油中分别鉴定出85和79个挥发性成分。结果表明：蒸馏白柠檬油主要成分为柠檬烯（30.628%）,γ-松油烯（11.414%）,α-松油醇（7.939%）,萜品油烯（7.540%）,对伞花烃（4.543%）,α-松油烯（3.140%）,1,4-桉叶素（3.123%）,β-蒎烯（2.598%）,β-没药烯（2.286%）,γ-松油醇（1.559%）,1,8-桉叶素（1.541%）等化合物;冷榨白柠檬油主要成分为柠檬烯（34.469%）,β-蒎烯（15.423%）,γ-松油烯（10.847%）,α-蒎烯（3.676%）,β-没药烯（3.457%）,桧烯（3.418%）,(E)-α-香柠檬烯（2.400%）,(E,E)-α-金合欢烯（1.973%）,β-石竹烯（1.623%）,月桂烯（1.546%）,对伞花烃（1.541%）,白柠檬素（1.035%）等化合物。两种不同加工方法的白柠檬油中挥发性成分的组成及含量上存在一定差异。     

绿芦笋茶挥发性风味成分的GC-MS分析

以绿芦笋根茎为原料,制得绿芦笋绿茶和发酵茶,利用GC-MS对芦笋茶的挥发性风味成分进行了解析,按峰面积归一化法计算各成分的含量。绿芦笋绿茶分离鉴定出22种香气成分,主要包括:醛类(74.56%)、酮类(9.16%)、醇类(8.19%)、吡喃类(3.90%)、萘类(1.82%)、酯类(1.54%)、酚类(0.83%)化合物。绿芦笋发酵茶鉴定出23种香气成分,主要包括:醛类(74.37%)、酮类(16.87%)、醇类(5.51%)、酚类(1.34%)、酯类(0.79%)、羧酸类(1.12%)化合物。醛类化合物是芦笋茶的主体香气成分。     

中草药水煎液对果蔬致病真菌抑制作用的研究

在离体条件下,采用滤纸片法调查了23种中草药水煎液单剂对4种果蔬致病真菌的抑制作用。结果表明,其中5号（远志）、6号（鹿蹄草）、7号（赤芍）、8号（茯苓）、9号（甘草）、10号（艾叶）、13号（大黄）、14号（益母草）、16号（牡丹皮）、20号（野菊花）、22号（白芷）、23号（莱服子）等12种中草药水煎液在浓度为1．0mg／mL时可分别抑制苹果树腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、梨链格孢病菌等4种果蔬致病真菌孢子的形成。     

湖南长沙地区13种观赏竹抗寒性研究

为研究已经在长沙地区进行引种栽培的地被观赏竹的耐寒性,以已选育的13种地被观赏竹为试验材料,通过在自然越冬状态下测定其叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、相对电导率、超氧化物歧化酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和脯氨酸含量,进行耐寒性研究。结果表明：在自然越冬下,13种观赏竹的叶绿素含量在不同月份和品种间的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01);除黄条金刚竹外,12种观赏竹的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,游离脯氨酸含量增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率增长较少;13种观赏竹的6项指标之间有显著相关性(P＜0.01);运用因子分析得13种观赏竹的抗寒能力排序为美丽箬竹(92.64)、湖南箬竹(89.08)、箬竹(86.66)、大明竹(86.56)、白纹椎谷笹(85.87)、白纹阴阳竹(85.04)、翠竹(85.03)、辣韭矢竹(83.88)、菲黄竹(82.73)、阔叶箬竹(82.53)、菲白竹(81.60)、鹅毛竹(80.18)、黄条金刚竹(62.67),与试验观察外表形态结果一致;黄条金刚竹受冻害明显,影响其观赏价值。     

云南松不同家系种子发芽能力分析

采自楚雄州白马河林场云南松母树林的20株母树,分家系播种,测定了20个家系8个指标的田间发芽能力.结果表明:除发芽势外,其余指标在各家系间的差异达到显著或极显著水平,其中平均发芽时间、平均发芽系数、发芽指数、峰值、发芽值在各家系的差异达到极显著水平;发芽率和日均发芽率的差异达显著水平.依据这些发芽能力指标,对20个家系进行聚类,其中发芽能力较好的一类包括家系1、2、7.通过研究为了解家系间发芽能力的分化提供依据,为云南松的早期选择奠定基础.     

广东主要茶区春季杂草群落调查与区域差异分析

探明广东茶园春季杂草基本情况,为茶园杂草防控提供基础数据。2020年3—5月,在广东省粤东、粤西、粤北3个茶叶主产区31个茶园共620块样方开展茶园杂草群落调查,采用七级目测法,记录样方杂草种类及生长优势等级。调查共发现杂草313种,出现频度高于10%的杂草有126种,其中菊科杂草23种、禾本科12种、茜草科8种、蔷薇科7种、唇形科6种、蓼科5种、豆科4种,以上7个科共包含杂草65种,占据126种杂草的51.5%。出现频度前10杂草分别为小蓬草Erigeron canadensis(83.87%)和菝葜Smilax china(80.65%)、鸭跖草Commelina communis(77.42%)、积雪草Centella asiatica(74.19%)、野茼蒿Crassocephalum crepidioides(74.19%)、酢浆草Oxalis corniculata(74.19%)、地菍Melastoma dodecandrum(70.97%)、鬼针草Bidens pilosa(70.97%)、长萼堇菜Viola inconspicua(67.74%)、一点红Emilia sonchifolia(67.74%)。生长优势度前10杂草分别为小蓬草(17.42%)、鬼针草(17.19%)、鸭跖草(17.10%)、酢浆草(15.11%)、假臭草Praxelis clematidea(12.58%)、白茅Imperata cylindrica(12.19%)、野茼蒿(12.06%)、阔叶丰花草Spermacoce alata(10.90%)、红花酢浆草Oxalis corymbosa(10.65%)、地菍(9.81%)。粤东、粤西和粤北茶区优势杂草存在显著差别,粤东地区以鬼针草、小蓬草、华南鳞盖蕨Microlepia hancei等杂草为主;粤西茶区以阔叶丰花草、微甘菊Mikania micrantha、鸭跖草、假臭草等杂草为主;粤北茶区以小蓬草、空心泡Rubus rosifolius、白茅为主。调查初步探明广东主要茶区春季杂草分布状况,为各茶区杂草防控提供数据支持。     

局部根区灌溉对裸燕麦光合特征曲线及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨局部根区不同灌溉方式下裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)光合能力下降的生理机制,采用盆栽及渗水盘供水方法,比较了交替根区灌溉(APRI)、固定根区灌溉(FPRI)和常规灌溉(CTRI)下,裸燕麦旗叶相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、光合特征曲线及叶绿素荧光动力学特性的差异。与CTRI处理相比,局部根区灌溉(包括APRI和FPRI处理)降低了叶片SPAD值、净光合速率(P_n)和初始羧化速率(CE),但APRI处理未明显降低初始量子效率(α)、PSII最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、PSII实际光化学效率(Ф_PSII)、电子传递效率(ETR)和光化学效率 (q_P)。在2种局部根区灌溉模式中,APRI较FPRI显著提高了叶片SPAD值(P<0.05),而且APRI的叶片最大净光合速率(P_max)、α、光饱和点(LSP)、光能利用率(LUE)、C_i/C_a、CE、CO₂饱和点(C_i,sat)、初始荧光(F_o)、最大荧光(F_m)、Ф_PSII、ETR、q_P和非光化学效率(NPQ)均高于FPRI。APRI和FPRI的光合速率降低与气孔因素有关,FPRI光合速率降低还与PSII结构损伤有关;局部根区灌溉提高了裸燕麦干旱胁迫逆境下的耐受能力,APRI有利于保持更高的光合速率。     

春性小麦品种主要农艺性状与产量的相关及通径分析

（河南农业职业学院,河南中牟 451450）     

两种类型蓖麻杂交种杂种优势的分析

为进一步了解蓖麻表型性状杂种优势表现特点及与亲本相应性状的关系.选用两种基因类型有明显差异的中高秆和矮杆蓖麻杂交组合的亲本CS-R6(♀)、CS-R181(♂)和CS-R63(♀)、CS-R268(♂)和它们的杂交种CS-R6.181F_1、CS-R6.181F_2、CS-R63.268F_1为研究材料.通过田间试验,测定了地上部干物质积累及在营养体和生殖体中分配速率和成熟期13个表型性状的杂种优势表现.结果表明:两种类型杂交组合的生育特点及杂种优势表现上有明显差别,CS-R6.181F_1属于生殖型为主、体质型为辅的杂种优势类型;而CS-R63.268F_1属于生殖型的杂种优势类型;中高秆杂交种CS-R6.181F_1收获期13个地上部主要性状杂种优势均表现为超高亲优势;而矮秆杂交种CS-R63.268F_1只是在籽粒产量、皮壳率和粗脂肪含量等7个性状表现为超高亲优势,百粒重等3个性状表现为超中亲优势,而营养体3个性状均表现超低亲优势,CS-R63.268F_1综合了母、父本突出的优良特性,生育期趋向父本,是适合密植和机械化栽培的杂交种;蓖麻杂种优势从杂种F_2开始出现衰退,不再适合在生产中应用.     

磷化铝间歇熏蒸防治鱼粉螨类的研究

本研究介绍了饲料鱼粉螨类的有效防治方法．采用11．5g／m2的磷化铝片剂，分两次间歇熏蒸大量孳生螨类和昆虫的棉纱布袋和编织袋包装的鱼粉，达到了有效杀灭鱼粉中大量孳生的粉尘螨、跗蠊螨、齿蠊螨、河野脂螨、食根嗜木螨、马六甲肉食螨、转开肉食螨、特氏肉食螨等8种螨类和烟草甲、白腹皮蠹、拟白腹皮蠹、赤颈郭公虫、赤足郭公虫、黑菌虫的效果。