壳聚糖对苦瓜种子萌发的生理效应

0．75％-1．00％的壳聚糖可以明显提高苦瓜种子的活力、发芽势和发芽率，促进幼苗生长，增强种子的呼吸速率、赤霉素含量、过氧化物酶和淀粉酶活性，改善幼苗根系发育。     

CCC,农一清浸种对作物发芽和幼苗生长的影响

用复合液肥农一清及生长调节剂ＣＣＣ对棉花，小麦和蚕豆进行浸种试验表明，低浓度（０．０１％－０．１０％）的农一清浸种可促进棉籽发芽和幼苗生长，提高叶片中的叶绿素含量和根系脱氢酶活性，有利于培育壮苗，但浓度大于１．００％时会产生明显的抑制效应。用０．０５％－０．５０％ＣＣＣ能促进麦苗生理代谢及根系发育，麦苗矮健，冠根比提高，而不影响小发芽，在小麦生产中抑可用于控制徒长，蹲苗及提高麦苗的抗寒，抗旱能力。     

寡聚酸钾泡腾片对小麦生长及增产作用的影响

研究了小麦灌浆期喷施寡聚酸钾泡腾片对小麦生长和产量的影响。实验结果表明，30％寡聚酸钾泡腾片用水分别稀释8000、10000、12000倍，在小麦灌浆期喷施处理一次，可使光合强度分别增强144．5％、46．7％和17．6％；增产率分别提高22．8％、18．4％和8．2％。因此小麦灌浆期喷施低浓度寡聚酸钾具有明显的增产效果，可以解决由于麦田后期不便施肥，且根系的吸收能力随着生育期的降低的问题。并且，泡腾片体积小，便于携带于运输，是一次性简便易行的小麦增产措施，具有具有较大的推广价值。     

氮硫交互作用对小麦苗期生长和养分吸收的影响

通过基质盆栽冬小麦，研究了氮硫交互作用对小麦苗期生长及养分吸收的影响。研究结果表明，氮、硫对苗期小麦的生长都有一定影响，氮的增产效果远大于硫，当氮肥用量为200mg/盆时，小麦生物量的最大增产幅度89％；在低氮水平下，硫肥的增产效果最佳，最高可增产125。硫肥的施用可以提高苗期小麦植株体内硫的累积量，在氮素胁迫的情况下最为显著，可提高1倍以上；同时降低植株体内氮的累积，但降低幅度不大。氮素充足时，地上部与地下部生物量之比为2.4-3.9，氮素胁迫条件下，小麦的地上部和地下部的生物量相当，说明氮素养分不足时，小麦合成的有机物质更倾向于分配给根系，促进根系的生长，这可能是小麦抵抗胁迫环境条件的生理机制之一。     

秸秆配施外源蛋白酶效应研究

为探讨提高土壤中秸秆发酵效率的新途径，本试验采用盆栽方法研究了秸秆配施外源蛋白酶对土壤速效养分、有机质、pH值以及后季作物生长的影响。结果表明，整个种植期内，秸秆施酶处理土壤速效氮、磷、钾及有机质含量都高于不施酶处理，小麦收获时，施酶处理速效氮、磷、钾及有机质含量分别高出不施酶处理0．74-1．74mg／kg，0．53—1．33mg／kg，3．90—6．57mg／kg，0．07—0．13g／kg；盆栽小麦叶绿素含量、根系活力、株高和于物质含量都比不施酶处理有所提高，子粒产量比对照提高19．84％～34．11％。可见，秸秆配施外源蛋白酶可以提高土壤肥力并且促进后季作物毕长。     

婆婆纳化感机理研究初报

运用室内培养皿生物测定方法,对婆婆纳的化感作用进行的研究表明,婆婆纳水提液对小麦幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度升高而加强,其对小麦根长的抑制作用比对苗高的抑制作用强。受体小麦的一些生理测定指标表明,婆婆纳水提液刺激供试小麦的根系活力增强,可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量稍有下降。过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性活性明显提高,过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降。     

垄作栽培对小麦个体发育和抗逆性的影响

小麦垄作栽培是在克服了传统栽培(平作)许多不利因素的基础上发展起来的一种耕作栽培方式。通过大田对比试验表明，垄作栽培可显著降低群体内空气湿度．纹枯病、白粉病等常见病害的发病率和病情指数得到极显著降低；第一、二节间缩短增粗，茎壁加厚，抹高降低，抗倒伏性显著增强；垄作栽培中小麦种植在垄顶，全生育期根际土壤疏松不板结。利于根系发育，单抹次生根数量增加9．6～19．1条，0～60cm根系干重较平作栽培增加12％以上．深层土壤根系活力得到极显著提高。     

花生施钙效果好

花生是喜钙作物，与大豆、玉米、水稻、大小麦等作物相比，生产等量产物，需钙量是大豆的2倍，玉米的3倍，水稻的5倍，大小麦的7倍多。给花生施钙肥，可促进花生的根系生长，增强根系活力，防止花生早衰；还能增强果针下扎入土能力，增加果荚数；并能促进花生果仁饱满，提高花生百粒重和果仁蛋白质含量，增强花生抗病能力，增产效果明显。在施用钙肥时须注意以下3点：     

锌对小麦生长发育及产量影响的研究

研究了缺锌条件下锌对小麦生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明：缺锌是制约小麦高产的主要因素之一。缺锌条件下小麦当季补锌可增产3．57％～12．32％。锌对小麦的增产作用主要归因于：锌提高了小麦根系和茎蘖的发育质量，延长了叶片的有效功能期，促进了干物质积累，增加了成穗数和粒重。     

6—苄基腺嘌呤对小麦幼苗生长过程中盐害的缓解作用

本文以小麦为材料，研究盐分胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的影响以及６－苄基腺嘌呤对小麦幼苗生长过程中盐害的缓解作用。结果表明，６－苄基腺嘌呤能够相对提高盐胁迫条件下小麦幼苗叶片的相对含水量，提高幼苗体内超的岐化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性，抑制过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累，还同时发现外源６－苄基腺嘌还能够提高幼苗体内游离脯氨酸，可溶性糖和ＡＴＰ的含量，所有这些变化对于提高小麦功苗抗盐性和对盐分胁迫的适应性都     

籼粳杂交稻甬优2640钵苗机插超高产群体若干特征探讨

选用大穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优2640,以国家粮食丰产科技工程实施基地江苏东海、兴化和海安6.4、6.8和7.3 hm2连片超高产攻关方为依托,对籼粳杂交稻钵苗机插超高产群体(13.5 t hm–2左右)和高产群体(12.0 t hm–2左右)系统比较研究,旨在阐明秸秆还田条件下钵苗机插水稻超高产产量构成及其群体特征。结果表明,与高产群体相比,籼粳杂交稻钵苗机插超高产群体表现穗型大、粒数多和群体颖花量高,有效穗数、结实率和千粒重相当;群体茎蘖数生育前期稳步增长,有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数,拔节期高峰苗数量少,拔节之后缓慢消减,最终成穗率高;群体叶面积指数有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期较小,孕穗期达最大值(8.5左右),此后平稳减少,成熟期仍保持3.5以上;群体干物质积累量有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期相当,拔节后积累较快,孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期显著或极显著增高,且生育中、后期干物质积累比例高;群体氮素积累、群体光合势、群体生长率和净同化率表现为"前小,中高,后强"。说明水稻钵苗机插超高产群体生育中、后期具有较强的光合物质生产力和较高的氮素积累量。本文还探讨了秸秆还田条件下水稻钵苗机插超高产栽培关键技术。     

Does light quality initiate tiller death in wheat?

Field experiments at Sutton Bonington, Nottinghamshire, UK, in 2001–2003 involving wheat grown at contrasting plant populations and nitrogen availabilities created crops with widely varying tiller production and survival patterns. These crops were used to investigate the ‘trigger mechanism’ responsible for the start of tiller death. The date of maximum shoot number ranged from 5 February to 16 May at which time the developmental stage was anywhere between GS27 and GS39. There was no correlation between radiation available per shoot and the beginning of tiller death. The start of tiller death was closely related to the red to far red ratio (R:FR) measured at the base of the canopy and we propose a critical R:FR for the initiation of tiller death in winter wheat. We also suggest that this critical R:FR interacts with leaf nitrogen content—where leaf nitrogen content is higher, the critical R:FR is lower: in other words, when more nitrogen is available, the canopy is allowed to grow larger before tiller death starts and vice versa.     

低温驯化及封冻后不同抗寒性小麦品种的形态建成及生理基础分析

为比较抗寒性不同的冬麦品种对低温胁迫的适应性,在低温驯化及封冻阶段对东农冬麦1号(抗寒)、东农705 (较抗寒)和济麦22 (不抗寒) 3个品种的植株形态和叶、叶鞘、分蘖节的若干生理指标进行了调查。结果表明,东农冬麦1号在封冻前形成的分蘖数、分蘖叶数显著高于其他两个品种;低温胁迫下3个品种各个部位的含水量均降低,东农冬麦1号地上部含水量降低较快,分蘖节含水量降低较慢且保持较高水平,而济麦22地上部含水量降低较慢,分蘖节含水量降低较快。电导率变化表明,东农冬麦1号、东农705品系和济麦22叶片分别在封冻后30、20和0 d死亡。东农冬麦1号叶片、叶鞘的可溶性总糖含量最高,济麦22最低;封冻期东农冬麦1号分蘖节可溶性总糖含量最高,济麦22最低。封冻后20 d东农705品系和济麦22叶片SOD失活,封冻后40 d东农冬麦1号叶片SOD仍有活性,调查期内济麦22各个部位SOD活性显著低于其他两个品种;封冻期东农冬麦1号叶鞘和分蘖节POD活性保持较高水平,东农705品系分蘖节POD活性较高,而叶鞘POD活性迅速降低,济麦22叶鞘和分蘖节POD活性均处于较低水平。     

土壤水分调控对高产冬小麦生理特性及产量影响

采用田间防雨旱棚方法研究了高产小麦分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期的三个生育时期在不同水分胁迫下,冬小麦生理特性指标的变化、产量构成因素及最终产量的变化。结果表明：冬小麦各个生育时期对水分胁迫反应有显著差别,主要表现为光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶水势等方面;生育后期比生育前期对水分敏感性强,产量受后期水分影响较大;根据各时期光合速率、蒸腾速率、最终产量等指标得出高产冬小麦合理节水灌溉指标主要为各生育期田间持水量分蘖前期为45%~50%,分蘖后期到孕穗前期为55%~60%,孕穗后期至灌浆期要维持60%~65%左右。这种条件下可以获得较合理的生物产量和经济效益。     

Waterlogging Affects Leaf and Tillering Dynamics in Wheat and Barley

The aim of this study was to analyse (i) the crop attributes that determine flowering time (i.e. final leaf number, FLN; and phyllochron, Phy), (ii) the dynamics of tiller appearance and (iii) the synchrony between leaf and tiller appearance in wheat and barley plants exposed to waterlogging. Two experiments were carried out in pots, in which wheat and barley cultivars were exposed to five waterlogging treatments, during different periods throughout the crop cycle, from emergence to maturity. The appearance of leaves and tillers on the main stem was measured twice a week in labelled plants. Waterlogging from emergence to flag leaf appearance significantly delayed time to flowering. The delay was greater when waterlogging occurred at the beginning of tillering, lengthening the period from emergence to flowering 24 % (13–15 days) in barley and 10–15 % (6–10 days) in wheat, as compared to control. Phy was the main attribute explaining the delay in flowering, as FLN was not altered. Waterlogging during the early stages of development reduced tiller appearance rate (TAR) in both species, but this effect was partially counterbalanced by a lengthening of the tillering phase, so the effect on final tiller number at maturity was limited. In conclusion, the exposure of wheat and barley to waterlogging during early stages of development delayed time to flowering and reduce TAR in both species. Waterlogging during more advanced crop stages produced slight effects on tillering dynamics, which would indicate that waterlogging affected structure generation more than mortality.     

多分蘖玉米分蘖发生规律及密度和播期的影响

本论文以不同类型玉米品种为试验材料,设置不同种植密度和播期,旨在研究多分蘖玉米的分蘖发生规律及其调控。结果表明,玉米各级分蘖与主茎叶片有同伸关系,一级分蘖数(n)与主茎叶龄(N)呈n=N-3对应关系,二级分蘖与一级分蘖也符合上述对应关系。不同类型玉米品种分蘖能力差异显著,墨西哥玉米(MXG)分蘖能力最强,最大分蘖数可达25~40个,科多4号(KD4)达2~4个,五岳97-1 (WY97-1)为1~2个,郑单958 (ZD958)一般无分蘖。玉米分蘖能力受播期、密度影响,高光热、低密度有利于分蘖发生,随播期推迟,从出苗到出现分蘖的时间缩短,分蘖出叶速度加快,最大分蘖数增加;在45 000株 hm^-2种植密度下,4月25日和6月25日播种的KD4最大分蘖数分别为3.50和4.00个,最终分蘖数分别为2.33和2.00个,分蘖消亡率(消亡分蘖数/最大分蘖数)分别为33.4%和50.0%,在30 000株 hm^-2和60 000株 hm^-2种植密度下具有同样变化趋势。随密度增加,分蘖出现时间推迟,出苗后相同天数对应分蘖叶龄减小,相同主茎叶龄对应分蘖数减少,最大分蘖数和最终分蘖数降低,分蘖消亡率增加;4月25日播种,密度为30 000、45 000和60 000株 hm^-2下,KD4的最大分蘖数分别为3.80、3.50和3.22个,最终分蘖数分别为3.00、2.33和1.67个,分蘖消亡率分别为21.05%、33.43%和48.14%,6月25日播种处理具有相同变化趋势。     

Coleoptile tiller development is associated with fast early vigour in wheat

Summary Faster canopy development in temperate cereals can result in more efficient utilization of wate, light and nutrients if these are in limited supply. It can also result in more competitive plants and less use of herbicides. The possible importance of the coleoptile tiller for increasing early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was determined for twelve F4 lines in two experiments. Each F4 line was chosen for variation in the presence and absence of a coleoptile tiller in plants in the previous generation; each F4 line was traced to a single F2 plant from a multiple convergent cross of sixteen parents. Eight plants of each of the F4 lines were grown in a single row in both experiments. Just after the coleoptile tiller appeared, plants within each line were classified into one of two groups; one group contained plants with large coleoptile tillers whereas the other group had either small coleoptile tillers or none at all. Leaf expansion rates were determined non-destructively at regular intervals, and plants were harvested to determine leaf and tiller characteristics when there were about five mainstem leaves. There was substantial variation in the leaf area of the coleoptile tiller both between groups and among lines. In both experiments plants with a large coleoptile tiller had 24–30% more leaf area and dry weight than plants selected with a small or absent coleoptile tiller up to the final harvest. Leaf expansion rates (increase in leaf area per day) were 25 to 35% greater in the large coleoptile tiller selections from the time tillers first appeared to the time of harvest, whereas the relative leaf expansion rate (increase in leaf area per unit of leaf area present per day) of the large selections was significantly greater than the small selections only at the time of appearance of the coleoptile tiller and just after. There was no evidence that the early appearance of a coleoptile tiller was associated with the largest seedlings or that it inhibited the growth of later tillers. It is concluded that selection for the appearance of a large coleoptile tiller should improve the early vigour of temperate cereals.Abbreviations DAS days after sowing - LA leaf area - LAR leaf area ratio - LER leaf expansion rate - RLER relative leaf expansion rate - SLA specific leaf area - VPD vapor pressure deficit - +COL large coleoptile tiller group - –COL small or absent coleoptile tiller group     

不同水分处理对小麦产量及农艺性状的影响

为明确沧州地区水分对产量及农艺性状的影响,搜集黄淮北片的18个小麦品种进行春季灌水处理,利用室内和田间调查等方法,分析了灌水次数对不同品种的茎蘖动态、叶面积系数、产量等性状的影响。研究表明:浇1水比浇0水的处理平均增加产量1021.05 kg/hm~2;浇2水比浇1水的处理平均增加产量900.00 kg/hm~2。在灌浆期对小麦各品种的旗叶叶面积调查发现,0水的叶面积最小,平均为18.15 cm~2,浇1水的叶面积为20.34 cm~2,浇2水的叶面积最大为24.05 cm~2。随着浇水次数的增加,各品种的容重有所下降,不孕小穗数下降,株高逐渐增大。该研究认为在沧州地区每少浇1水,产量损失900.00 kg/hm~2。     

FACE条件下冬小麦生长特征及产量构成的影响

模拟2050年冬小麦生长的CO2浓度下,冬小麦生长和产量的响应,有助于评价未来CO2浓度升高对小麦生产的影响。利用农田开放式大气CO2浓度升高(FACE)试验平台,以强筋冬小麦CA0493为供试材料,CO2浓度处理设定对照CO2(aCO2, 415±16 μmol/mol)和高浓度CO2(eCO2, 550±17 μmol/mol)2个水平;施N处理设常规施氮（NN,底肥含N 118 kg/hm2+追肥含N 70 kg/hm2）和低氮（LN,底肥含N 66 kg/hm2+追肥含N 17 kg/hm2）2个水平,研究高浓度CO2和不同施氮量对冬小麦株高、叶面积、分蘖动态、产量和产量构成要素的影响。结果表明,高CO2浓度显著提高了拔节期小麦株高(5.12%),常规施氮下的增幅高于低氮下的增幅。CO2浓度升高显著增加了开花期的旗叶面积(14.87%)和主茎上部3叶叶面积(10.02%),旗叶叶面积的增加主要由叶长增加(8.97%)决定。CO2浓度升高使常规施氮下的分蘖数量增加。开放式CO2浓度升高使冬小麦产量增加18.3%(P<0.05),低氮和常规施氮下的增幅分别为6.0%、31.4%。高浓度CO2使小麦单位面积穗数和穗粒数分别增加5.3%和14.5%(P<0.05),常规施氮下的增幅均高于低氮下的增幅,不孕小穗数下降11.12%(P<0.05),而对千粒重无显著影响。高浓度CO2使不孕小穗数降低,小花退化减少,从而提高了穗粒数,是产量增加的主要原因。     

Tiller Development and Contribution to Yield under Different Moisture Regimes in two Triticum Species

The number of productive tillers is an important yield component in wheat and is affected by water stress and genetic factors. A greenhouse experiment was conducted during spring 1992 at ICARDA, Tel Hadya, Syria, with eight genotypes representing two Triticum species ( Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum and Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum ) under four soil-moisture regimes (95 %, 75 %, 55 %, and 35 % field capacity) to study the effect of water deficit on tiller development and tiller contribution to grain yield. In the highest watering regime appearance of Tiller 1 was delayed in both species. Also Tiller 2 was suppressed in this treatment in durum , while its appearance was delayed in aestivum. In the driest treatment, a majority of the tillers were suppressed and the ones which emerged were delayed. In durum , the heat units required to produce successive leaves on the tillers were higher than that for the main stem and increased with increasing water stress, causing high rate of tiller abortion. In aestivum , each tiller, once produced, developed leaves at the same rate as on the main stem. Phyllochron of tillers as well as main stem was not affected by water stress in aestivum. In aestivum , contribution by tillers to yield was higher than that of durum in all treatments. Results indicate that early appearance of tillers and faster rate of leaf appearance under water stress result in higher tiller survival and greater tiller contribution to final yield. Hence, tiller dynamics under water stress can be used as a selection criterion for breeding for drought tolerance.