无定形氧化铁作为嫌气下NH4+氧化时电子受体的研究

通过¹⁵N示踪试验,以及根据嫌气条件下含¹⁵NH₄⁺培养液加无定形氧化铁后全氮回收量下降(损失¹⁵N约15%),以及产生¹⁵NO₂、¹⁵N₂O、¹⁵N¹⁴NO、¹⁵NO、¹⁵N₂和¹⁵N¹⁴N等含N气体的研究结果,初步证明无定形氧化铁可作为嫌气下NH₄⁺氧化时的电子受体,这可能是引起水田土壤中铵态氮肥损失的又一机理。目前因无各种合¹⁵N氧化物标准气体,无法对其形成的含¹⁵N气体组分进行定量,这一机理对氮素损失的贡献究竟有多大?尚需进一步研究。     

第四纪红色粘土发育的红壤中营养元素的淋失

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with soil columns repacked in laboratory. The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^-. The treatments were CK (as a control), CaCO₃, CaSO₄, MgCO₃, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, urea, KCl, and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers). The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns, and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days. Leaching processes of NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- were only measured in CK, urea, and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching. Results showed that sole application of CaSO₄, and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂ scarcely had any effect on the leaching losses of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺; the application of MgCO₃ stimulated the leaching of Mg²⁺; the application of CaCO₃ promoted the leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K⁺ and NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular; under KCl treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ was promoted to a large extent; under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and NO₃^- was all increased and NO₃^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

尿素肥斑中氮素形态转化初探

采用特制模拟容器,通过尿素扩散形成营养斑,观察斑内NH₄⁺、NO₂^-和NO₃^-浓度变化及它们之间的相互转化。结果表明,NH₄⁺、NO₂^-和NO₃^-浓度在距离肥斑7～8cm处的微域达到最大,尤以NO₂^-浓度增加较为显著,是一般土壤NO₂^-水平的数千倍。随培养时间增加,NO₂^-和NO₃^-最大浓度峰向施肥点移动,但两者浓度变化趋势不同,NO₂^-浓度在21d前随培养时间增加而增加,之后随培养时间增加而下降,而NO₃^-浓度随培养时间增加一直增加。结果还表明,NO₂^-是尿素营养斑内主要离子形态,从NH₄⁺到NO₂^-的转化比较迅速,而NO₂^-转化为NO₃^-不是短暂的过程,这可能与施肥引起的土壤pH值变化有很大关系。     

门头沟西侧小流域地表雨水资源量预测

应用传统的径流系数法与SCS-CN模型法预测了北京市门头沟西侧小流域雨水资源利用潜力,并对比了不同方法预测的雨水资源量及其时空分布规律。结果表明,径流系数法预测的丰水年(P=25%)、平水年(P=50%)、枯水年(P=75%)和多年平均年份地表雨水资源量分别为:2.84×10⁷m³,1.98×10⁷m³,1.22×10⁷m³和2.14×10⁷m³。模型法预测的丰水年、平水年、枯水年和多年平均地表雨水资源量分别为:3.21×10⁷m³,2.16×10⁷m³,1.31×10⁷m³和2.50×10⁷m³,经验法预测值小于模型法。夏季的7月,地表的雨水资源利用潜力达到相应特征年份的最大值。     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

气候变暖对甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响

作物需水量是农田水分循环系统中最重要的因素之一。在未来温度上升1~4 ℃的情景下, 研究了气候变暖对我国甘肃省不同气候类型区主要作物需水量的影响。结果表明, 气候变暖对不同作物需水量的影响程度不同。其中对冬小麦需水量的影响最大, 对玉米和春小麦次之。当生长期内温度上升1~4 ℃时, 冬小麦需水量将增加3.05%~12.90%, 相当于13.2~81.2 mm; 玉米需水量将增加2.49%~10.80%, 相当于9.9~60.6 mm;春小麦需水量将增加2.74%~11.69%, 相当于6.7~40.0 mm。气候变暖对作物需水量的影响存在一定地域性差异。对干旱区的作物需水量影响最大, 半干旱区次之, 其次是半湿润区, 对湿润区影响不大。根据甘肃省目前的种植结构, 据此估算, 当温度上升1~4 ℃时, 将使甘肃省冬小麦的灌溉需水量增加12.43×10⁸ m³、13.02×10⁸ m³、13.74×10⁸ m³ 和14.65×10⁸ m³, 玉米的灌溉需水量增加7.94×10⁸ m³、8.32×10⁸ m³、8.78×10⁸ m³ 和9.30×10⁸ m³, 春小麦的灌溉需水量增加4.97×10⁸ m³、5.16×10⁸ m³、5.42×10⁸ m³ 和5.76×10⁸ m³。     

基于稳定同位素和贝叶斯模型的引黄灌区地下水硝酸盐污染源解析

地下水硝酸盐（NO₃^-）污染已经成为全球严重的水环境问题之一,由于饮用水中高含量NO₃^-会转化成亚硝酸盐而增加各种疾病和癌症风险,其来源的确定对于NO₃^-污染的预防和控制非常重要。本文以黄河下游第二大灌区——潘庄灌区为例,首次采用NO₃^-的氮氧稳定同位素结合贝叶斯模型追溯地下水NO₃^-的来源并量化各种来源的贡献比例。结果表明,地下水NO₃^-含量分布在0.1~197.0 mg·L^-1,平均值为34.2 mg·L^-1。与《生活饮用水卫生标准》中规定的地下水NO₃^-最大含量[20 mg（N）·L^-1,相当于NO₃^-含量90 mg·L^-1]相比,有10%的样品NO₃^-含量超标。井深<30 m、30~60 m和>60 m的地下水NO₃^-平均含量分别为25.9 mg·L^-1、39.7 mg·L^-1和20.1 mg·L^-1。空间上,宁津县、武城县、平原县和禹城市有大片区域地下水NO₃^-含量较高。地下水NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N组成范围为0.72‰~23.93‰,平均值为11.62‰;δ¹⁸O组成范围为0.49‰~22.50‰,平均值为8.46‰。同位素结果表明粪便和污水、农业化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要污染来源。这反映了人类活动是引起地下水NO₃^-污染的主要原因。贝叶斯模型结果显示,粪便和污水对潘庄灌区地下水中NO₃^-平均贡献率高达56.2%,化肥的平均贡献率为19.3%,大气降水和土壤的平均贡献率分别为6.2%和12.3%。由于污水、粪便和化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要来源,为保护和改善研究区地下水水质,建议加强污水管道建设,强化畜禽粪便的管理以及提高化肥利用效率。     

水培和土培条件下氮素供应对燕麦生长和磷素吸收的影响

Plants show different growth responses to N sources supplied with either NH₄⁺ or NO₃^-. The uptake of different N sources also affects the rhizosphere pH and therefore the bioavailability of soil phosphorus, particularly in alkaline soils. The plant growth, P uptake, and P availability in the rhizosphere of oat (Avena nuda L.) grown in hydroponics and in soil culture were investigated under supply with sole NH₄⁺-N, sole NO₃^--N, or a combination. Sole NO₃^--fed oat plants accumulated more biomass than sole NH₄⁺-fed ones. The highest biomass accumulation was observed when N was suppliedw ith both NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N. Growth of the plant root increased with the proportion of NO₃^- in the cultural medium. Better root growth and higher root/shoot ratio were consistently observed in NO₃^--fed plants. However, root vigor was the highest when N was supplied with NO₃^-+NH₄⁺. NH₄⁺ supply reduced the rhizosphere pH but did not affect P uptake by plants grown in soils with CaHPO₄ added as P source. No P deficiency was observed, and plant P concentrations were generally above 2 g kg^-1. P uptake was increased when N was supplied partly or solely as NO₃^--N, similarly as biomass accumulation. The results suggested that oat was an NO₃^--preferring plant, and NO₃^--N was essential for plant growth and the maintenance of root absorption capacity. N supply with NH₄⁺-N did not improve P nutrition, which was most likely due to the absence of P deficiency.     

间作及伴随阴离子肥料对油菜吸收积累镉的影响

为提高Cd污染土壤植物修复效率, 采用盆栽方法研究了Cd含量为10.0 mg·kg^-1的土壤中, 伴随阴离子肥料和间作鹰嘴豆对油菜生长与吸收积累Cd的影响。结果表明: 单作下, 不同肥料处理土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量为Cl^->NO₃^->SO₄^2- >无伴随阴离子; 间作鹰嘴豆提高土壤DTPA提取态Cd含量, 且伴随C₁^-、SO₄^2- 或NO₃^- 条件下达显著水平。单作下, 油菜主根长为NO₃^- >C₁^- >SO₄^2- >无伴随阴离子, 根系体积为SO₄^2->NO₃^- >C₁^- >无伴随阴离子, 根系活力NO3 >SO42 >Cl >无伴随阴离子; 间作鹰嘴豆在无肥处理下可显著提高油菜的主根长与根系体积, 在无肥处理、SO₄^2- 、NO₃^- 处理下显著提高根系活力。单作下, 油菜地上部Cd含量表现为C₁^- >SO₄^2- >NO₃^- >无伴随阴离子, 间作鹰嘴豆可显著降低无肥处理地上部Cd含量, 但显著提高施肥处理地上部的Cd含量。单作下, 施肥可显著增加油菜的Cd积累总量, 以伴随C₁^-处理最大, 达470.4 μg·plant^-1; 间作鹰嘴豆也可提高油菜的Cd积累总量, 且伴随C₁^- 处理最大, 达783.7 μg·plant^-1。除伴随C₁^- 处理外, 施肥处理均可显著提高油菜的Cd转移系数, 施肥处理的Cd转移系数均大于1; 间作鹰嘴豆也可提高油菜的Cd转移系数, 且施肥条件下达显著水平。因此, 如果把油菜用作Cd污染土壤植物修复作物, 可选择施用含Cl 肥料和间作鹰嘴豆, 以提高修复效率。     

塔里木盆地西南缘典型灌区土壤盐渍化特征分析——以塔吉克阿巴提镇为例

在野外GPS定点定位调查、土壤样品分析的基础上,借助Excel和ArcGIS9.3等软件,对新疆自治区喀什市岳普湖县塔吉克阿巴提镇0-30cm土层的盐离子特征、灌区土壤盐渍化现状及空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,0-30cm土层土壤中的离子以Cl^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,Ca²⁺为主Na+与Cl^-呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.98,HCO₃^-与其它6种离子(Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,K⁺,Cl^-,SO₄^2-)呈负相关关系受灌排系统影响较大的农田0-30cm土壤中Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值远小于不受灌排系统影响的荒地农田和荒地0-30cm土壤中的Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值与总盐呈正相关关系,相关系数依次为0.68和0.32。现阶段对塔吉克阿巴提镇灌区农业危害最严重的是氯化物-硫酸盐盐渍化土,硫酸盐盐渍化土表现为盐渍化土地向非盐渍化土地转变的过渡类型非盐渍化农田及轻度盐渍化农田主要分布在开垦较早,灌排系统畅通的区域,灌排系统不畅通的区域仍然处于脱盐缓慢或持续积盐的状态。     

几种土壤的Zn—Ca交换平衡

本文就黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤的Zn—Ca交换平衡进行了初步研究。结果表明:三种土壤对Zn²⁺离子的选择性是:黄棕壤>红壤≥砖红壤。选择系数(K_c)随着土壤粘粒表面上Zn²⁺离子饱和度的增加而下降;随着温度的上升而增加。从曲线的形状看,可以认为黄棕壤粘粒表面存在两种能量不同的吸附位,一种对Zn²⁺离子具有较强的亲和力,另一种则要差。在体系中Zn²⁺离子交换Ca²⁺离子过程中,△G⁰受△H⁰的影响远比△S⁰要大。这在黄棕壤里表现尤为明显。从热力学参数△G⁰、△H⁰、△S⁰的变化情况看,黄棕壤对Zn²⁺离子特别偏好,结合得也较紧。红壤和砖红壤则无法比拟,这可能与土壤粘粒矿物类型及表面性质有关。     

3 种挺水植物吸收水体NH4+、NO3-、H2PO4- 的动力学特征比较

本文用动力学试验研究了具有景观价值的3 种挺水植物—— 水生美人蕉(Canna generalis)、细叶莎草(Cyperus papyrus)、紫芋(Colocasia tonoimo)对H₂PO₄^-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^- 的吸收特征及差异。试验结果表明: 3 种挺水植物吸收H₂PO₄^- 时, 美人蕉的吸收速率最快, 且在较低离子浓度条件下也可以吸收该离子, 说明其具有嗜磷特性, 能够适应广范围浓度H₂PO₄^- 环境; 吸收NO₃^- 时, 细叶莎草的速率最快, 但对低浓度NO₃^- 环境的适应能力较差, 美人蕉吸收NO₃^- 的特性与细叶莎草刚好相反; 吸收NH₄⁺ 时, 细叶莎草的吸收速率最快, 且在低浓度NH₄⁺ 环境下仍能吸收该离子, 而美人蕉的吸收速率最慢, 但能在低浓度NH₄⁺ 环境下吸收该离子。说明不同植物对养分的吸收特性存在较大差异, 各自的污染水体修复适用范围也不同。美人蕉可用于各种浓度H₂PO₄^- 污染的水体修复; 而NO₃^- 污染严重的水体最适宜用细叶莎草作先锋植物, 修复到一定程度后再种植美人蕉来维持水质; 细叶莎草在各种浓度NH₄⁺ 污染的水体中均适用, NH₄⁺ 污染较轻的水体也可用美人蕉修复。     

不同铵硝配比对弱光下白菜氮素吸收及相关酶的影响

以黑色遮阳网覆盖模仿弱光环境, 使光照强度为自然光的20%左右, 以自然光照为对照, 采用精确控制水培溶液氮素营养, 研究NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比例分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0 对弱光下白菜氮代谢及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响。结果表明, 弱光下, 白菜的鲜重及叶片总氮量以NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时最大, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为100/0 时最低。随弱光处理的进行, 白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈下降趋势, 但NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时, 可维持叶片内较高的硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。试验表明, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比25/75 是白菜在弱光下生长的较适宜氮素形态配比。     

Chemical Behavior of Chromium in Soils: Ⅲ. Mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ) Adsorption by Soils

An analysis of Cr (Ⅵ)-sorbed surface of the soils by using a scanning electron microscope and an electron probe microscope has proved that aluminium is the chief element affecting Cr (Ⅵ) adsoption. As the ionic strength of the solution increased, the amounts of Cr (Ⅵ) adsorbed by goethite and soils decreased. Cr (Ⅵ) adsorption was greatly depressed in the presence of SO₄^2-, WO₄^2-, MoO₄^2-, HPO₄^2- and H₂PO^4- which competed for anion adsorption sites. The depressing extent of these anions was found to follow the sequence: HPO₄^2-, H₂PO^4->MoO₄^2->WO₄^2->SO₄^2->>Cl^-, NO^3-. The amounts of Cr (Ⅵ) desorption varied with different extractants.     

影响土壤中铬迁移转化的几个因素

环境中的铬主要以三价和六价态存在,六价铬的毒性比三价铬大.天然水中的三价铬和六价铬可以相互转化,土壤中的铬通常以三价态的Cr⁺³阳离子及CrO^-₂的阴离子和六价态的Cr₂O₇^2-及Cr₂O₄^2-存在^[3].     

用稀悬液Wien效应测量法来研究重金属离子与水稻土的相互作用

Interactions of three heavy metal ions, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Pb²⁺, and, for comparison, Na⁺ with electrodialytic clay fractions (less than 2 μm in diameter) of four paddy soils as well as a yellow-brown soil as a control soil were evaluated based on measurements of the Wien effect in dilute suspensions with a clay concentration of 10 g kg^?1 in four nitrate solutions of 2 × 10^?4/z mol L^?1, where z is the cation valence, and a nitric acid solution of 3 × 10^?5 mol L^?1. Field strengths ranging from 15 to 230 kV cm^?1 were applied for measuring the electrical conductivities (ECs) of the suspensions. The mean free binding energies between the various cations and all of the soils determined from exchange equilibrium increased in the order: Na⁺ < Cd²⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Pb²⁺. In general, the ECs of the suspensions in the sodium nitrate solution were smaller than those of the suspensions in the heavy metal solutions because of the lower electrophoretic mobility of sodium compared to the divalent cations. In terms of relative electrical conductivity-field strength relationships, relative electrical conductivity (REC) of suspensions containing various cations at field strengths larger than about 50 kV cm^?1 were in the descending order: Na⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > Pb²⁺ for all tested soils. A characteristic parameter of the REC-field strength curves, ΔREC₂₀₀, REC at a field strength of 200 kV cm^?1 minus that at the local minimum of the concave segment of the REC-field strength curves, characterized the strength of adsorption of the cations stripped off by the applied strong electrical field, and for all soils the values of ΔREC₂₀₀ were generally in the order: Na⁺ < Cu²⁺ ≤ Cd²⁺ ≤ Pb²⁺.     

NO-3胁迫下K+、Ca2+对黄瓜幼苗膜质过氧化及活性氧清除酶系统的影响

通过水培试验探讨了NO^-₃胁迫下K⁺、Ca²⁺对黄瓜幼苗膜质过氧化及活性氧清除酶系统的影响。结果表明，在相同NO^-₃浓度胁迫7d后， Ca²⁺浓度越大，膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量越高，而K⁺浓度越大，电解质相对渗透率越高，由此说明K⁺、Ca²⁺对细胞膜造成伤害的机理不同。黄瓜幼苗活性氧清除酶系统对K⁺、Ca²⁺的响应亦不同，在一定程度上，K⁺和Ca²⁺ 可提高SOD、POD和CAT活性，保护植物免受自由基伤害，继而可增强植物对逆境的适应能力。     

二价锰离子对柠檬酸还原六价铬的催化作用

The catalysis of manganese(Ⅱ) (Mn²⁺) on chromium(Ⅵ) (Cr⁶⁺) reduction by citrate was studied through batch experiments with the concentration of citrate greatly in excess of Cr⁶⁺ at 25℃ and in pH ranges of 4.0 to 5.0. Results showed that at pH 4.5 within 22 h direct reduction of Cr⁶⁺ by citrate was not observed, but for the same time when Mn²⁺ (50 to 200μmol L^-1) was added, nearly all Cr⁶⁺ was reduced, with the higher initial Mn²⁺ concentration having faster Cr⁶⁺ reduction. In the initial stage of the reaction, the Cr⁶⁺ reduction could be described with a pseudo-first-order kinetics equation. In the later stage of the reaction, plots of lnc(Cr⁶⁺) versus t, where c(Cr⁶⁺) is the Cr⁶⁺ concentration in the reaction and t is the reaction time, deviated from the initial linear trend. The deviations suggested that the pseudo-first-order kinetics did not apply to the whole experimental period and that some reaction intermediates could have greatly accelerated Cr⁶⁺ reduction by citrate. The catalysis of the intermediates increased with the reaction time and gradually reached stability. Then, the plot of lnc(Cr⁶⁺) versus t in the presence of Mn²⁺ was linear again, with the rate constant increasing by 102 times compared with the absence of Mn²⁺. Complexation between Mn²⁺ and citrate was likely a prerequisite for the catalysis of Mn²⁺ on the reaction. Additional experiments showed that introducing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) into the reaction system strongly suppressed the catalysis of Mn²⁺.     

盐胁迫下硝态氮对囊果碱蓬根系发育和氮吸收的影响

The effiects of NaCl salinity and NO₃^- on growth, root morphology, and nitrogen uptake of a halophyte Suaeda physophora were evaluated in a factorial experiment with four concentrations of NaCl (1, 150, 300, and 450 mmol L^-1) and three NO₃^- levels (0.05, 5, and 10 mmol L^-1) in solution culture for 30 d. Addition of NO₃^- at 10 mmol L^-1 significantly improved the shoot (P < 0.001) and root (P < 0.001) growth and the promotive effect of NO₃^- was more pronounced on root dry weight despite the high NaCl concentration in the culture solution, leading to a significant increase in the root:shoot ratio (P < 0.01). Lateral root length, but not primary root length, considerably increased with increasing NaCl salinity and NO₃^- levels (P < 0.001), implying that Na⁺ and NO₃^- in the culture solution simultaneously stimulated lateral root growth. Concentrations of Na⁺ in plant tissues were also significantly increased by higher NaCl treatments (P < 0.001). At 10 mmol L^-1 NO₃^- , the concentrations of NO₃^- and total nitrogen and nitrate reductase activities in the roots were remarkably reduced by increasing salinity (P < 0.001), but were unaffected in the shoots. The results indicated that the fine lateral root development and effective nitrogen uptake of the shoots might contribute to high salt tolerance of S. physophora under adequate NO₃^- supply.     

华北平原小麦-玉米农田生态系统服务评价

本研究于2006 年和2007 年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站田间试验基础上, 评价了华北平原小麦-玉米农田的初级产品生产、气体调节、土壤有机质累积、水调节和氮素转化等5 项生态系统服务。研究表明, 华北平原小麦-玉米农田初级产品量包括籽粒产量5.04~5.71 t·hm^-2·a^-1(小麦)和6.69~8.24t·hm^-2·a^-1(玉米), 秸秆量8.58~9.72 t·hm^-2·a^-1(小麦)和6.97~8.58 t·hm^-2·a^-1 (玉米); 农田气体调节包括释放O₂ 24.99~28.64 t·hm^-2·a^-1, 固定CO₂ 34.23~39.22 t·hm^-2·a^-1, 排放N₂O 0.72~1.13 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 吸收CH₄ 3.39~5.70 kg·hm^-2·a^-1; 农田耕层土壤有机质累积量为1.13~2.39 t·hm^-2·a^-1; 水资源消耗量为2 890~3 830 m³·hm^-2·a^-1; 农田土壤氮素几乎都处于亏缺状态, 变化范围为-107.73~5.33 kg(N)·hm^-2·a^-1, 不施氮肥农田亏缺较多。综合评价发现, 小麦-玉米农田提供生态服务的经济价值为5.48~6.25 万元·hm^-2·a^-1, 是粮食生产价值的3 倍左右。氮肥施用对农田生态系统服务及其产生福利的影响较为复杂, 这主要是由于施加氮肥明显增加了氮素转化功能导致的经济损失, 而同时可能会增加初级产品生产、气体调节中作物固定CO₂ 和释放O₂ 功能的经济价值。尽管目前有关生态系统服务评价研究主要关注生态系统产生的正效应, 但仍有必要对农田产生的负效应做出评价, 以便客观看待农田生态系统价值, 正确认识农田生态系统对人类福利的影响。