一株传染性法氏囊病病毒强毒株的分离与鉴定

鸡传染性法氏囊病是由传染性法氏囊病病毒引起的一种急性传染病。本研究从江苏某疑似发生传染性法氏囊病的鸡场采集病料,通过观察临床症状、病理变化、RT-PCR检测、基因测序、SPF鸡胚接种、琼脂扩散试验和雏鸡攻毒等试验,证实了该鸡群发生了传染性法氏囊病,且分离到一株传染性法氏囊病病毒(JSXY株),该病毒有较强的致病力,VP4基因比较分析发现其与变异株亲缘关系最近,序列同源性为95%。本研究为江苏地区传染性法氏囊病的防治提供了有益的参考。     

Functional restoration of the bursa of Fabricius following in ovo infectious bursal disease vaccination

The primary role of the avian bursa of Fabricius is to provide an essential microenvironment for B-lymphocytes to diversify their immunoglobulin genes by gene hyperconversion. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) vaccination using intermediate plus vaccine strains can temporarily deplete the bursal follicles and interrupt the normal B-cell development, which is generally followed by B-cell repopulation and histological regeneration. To find evidence that functional restoration of the bursa of Fabricius occurs in addition to the histological regeneration, we have analysed the chB1 gene expression, which indicates active bursal B-lymphocytes, and also the surface expression of a carbohydrate structure Lewis(x), a marker which identifies those bursal B-lymphocytes that are undergoing gene hyperconversion. In ovo vaccination with an immune complex vaccine (IBDV-BDA) caused transient bursal destruction in both the SPF and the maternally protected broiler groups with differences evident in the starting time, the severity and the duration of the effect. After the depletion phase, signs of histological regeneration appeared together with chB1- and Lewis(x) expression indicating that B-lymphocytes were functionally active and the bursa of Fabricius was serving again as an efficient primary lymphoid organ providing an appropriate microenvironment for B-cell development.     

Immunohistological identification of both infectious bursal and Marek virus antigens in the bursa of Fabricius

Indirect Immunoperoxidase (IIP) and Avidin Biotin-Peroxidase Complex (ABC) techniques were used for the detection of Infectious Bursal Virus (IBV) and Marek Disease Virus (MDV) antigens in alcohol and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymphoid tissues from broilers. Both techniques appeared potentially useful for the diagnosis of both viral antigens in alcohol-fixed tissues, and allowed the observation of dual infection in the bursa of Fabricius of the studied animals in a natural infection.     

金丝桃素粉剂对人工感染传染性囊病病毒鸡的疗效试验

金丝桃素是从贯叶连翘中提取的一种极具抗病毒活性成分。为了研究金丝桃素粉剂对腔上囊的治疗效果,对20日龄雏鸡人工感染传染性囊病病毒(IBDV BC-6/85)后,以不同的剂量连续4d口服金丝桃素粉剂。通过观察腔上囊和肌肉的出血情况,以及病原分离,评价该药物对鸡传染性囊病的治疗效果。结果表明:以667.9mg/kg体重的金丝桃素粉剂连续口服给药4d,能有效的治疗传染性囊病,效果优于对照药物高免卵黄抗体。     

Haematological and histological findings in Leghorn chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus strain 73688

In the present study, specific-pathogen-free, 2-week-old Leghorn chickens were experimentally infected with strain 73688 of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in order to evaluate haematological and histological changes that might suggest a pathomechanism for haemorrhages in this disease. At 96 hours post infection (hpi) a significant increase in prothrombin time was detected in the absence of visible lesions in myeloid bone marrow tissue and of significant thrombocytopenia. The aforementioned findings suggest alteration of the secondary coagulation mechanisms and not a direct effect of virus on thrombocytes or its precursors.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒Gx株感染性分子克隆的构建

本研究以鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒Gx株(野毒株)基因组为模板,用蛋白酶K法提取病毒基因组核酸dsRNA,在cDNA克隆的5'端上游引入了T7启动子序列,采用Long-accurateRT-PCR(LA-PCR)一步法扩增并克隆了病毒基因组A节段与B节段全长cDNA。序列测定结果表明,基因组A节段全长共3267个核苷酸,包括5'及3'端的非编码区和两个部分重叠的开放阅读框,基因组B节段全长共2843个核苷酸,包括5'及3'端的非编码区和一个开放阅读框。将IBDV-Gx株的A节段全长基因组及B节段全长基因组分别克隆入pMD18-T载体,构建成pMD-A、pMD-B两个带有T7启动子的重组质粒。两个重组质粒线性化后,进行体外转录,然后共电转染于鸡胚成纤维细胞37℃培养72h并传代。收获的细胞传代培养物分别用RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光、蚀斑试验等方法进行鉴定,结果用RT-PCR扩增出了VP3及VP5基因片段,间接免疫荧光检测到了特异性的荧光抗体,蚀斑试验结果表明蚀斑形成单位为3×103PFU/mL。     

Lysis of myelocytes in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus

In specific-pathogen-free chickens infected with the highly virulent HPS-2 strain or virulent reference GBF-1 strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), pathologic changes of the bone marrow were investigated. On histologic examination, bone marrow lesions were prominent in the HPS-2 group but only mild in the GBF-1 group. The bone marrow of the HPS-2 group showed severe lysis and depletion of heterophil myelocytes with pyknotic nuclear alteration 2-3 days after inoculation. On examination with an electron microscope, heterophil myelocytes were characterized by shrinkage of the cytoplasm and peripheral condensation of nuclear chromatin. IBDV particles were not detected in altered myelocytes. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling method demonstrated a positive reaction in only heterophil myelocytes. In contrast, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HPS-2-infected bone marrow cells was indiscernible by agarose gel electrophoresis. These findings indicate that lysis of bone marrow cells is selectively induced in heterophil myelocytes at an early stage after IBDV infection and independent of virus replication.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒DK株VP2基因序列分析及其对SPF雏鸡的致病力

为探究鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)DK分离株的致病性和遗传变异情况,本研究测定了该分离株的鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50)、对SFP雏鸡的致病力以及扩增病毒的VP2基因并分析其序列。结果显示,DK分离株对鸡胚的ELD50为104.5/0.2mL,以2×10^3ELD50剂量感染SFP雏鸡出现典型IBD的临床症状、剖检和组织学病变;实验鸡发病率为100%,致死率为44.4%;DK株VP2基因序列与参考株的同源性为93.1%~97.0%、氨基酸序列同源性为93.6%~97.5%,其基因序列和氨基酸序列均与Cu-1wt参考株(经典株)同源性最高;DK株VP2氨基酸序列的七肽区SASWSGS及249Q、253Q、279D、284A、290M、313V、330S氨基酸位点均与强毒株的氨基酸位点一致;但其222P、256V、299N3个氨基酸不符合IBDV超强毒株的特征;而其第222、249位氨基酸为P和Q,与抗原变异株(vIBDV)的T和K也不相同。结果表明:IBDVDK株为中等偏强毒力病毒。本研究为IBD的防控提供参考依据。     

Immunoreactivity and morphological changes of bursal follicles in chickens infected with vaccine or wild-type strains of the infectious bursal disease virus

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is characterized by immunosuppression due to the depletion of lymphocytes in the atrophied bursa of Fabricius (BF). We have sometimes encountered contradictory findings: chickens infected with the vaccine IBD virus (IBDV) strain have sometimes exhibited a highly atrophied BF, but not immunosuppression. In this study, chickens administered vaccine or wild-type strains of IBDV were later vaccinated with the B1 strain of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Bursal changes were examined histologically with a focus on the bursal follicle. The immunoreactivity to NDV was also evaluated with the hemagglutination inhibition test. In gross examination, we observed a few chickens with a severely atrophied BF in vaccine strain-administered groups (vaccine groups), and the level of severity was the same as that in the wild-type strain-administered group (wild-type group). However, these chickens retained humoral antibody responses to NDV and were revealed to possess a higher number of bursal follicles than those of the wild-type group. These results indicated that macroscopic evaluation dose not accurately reflect the immunoreactivity and degree of bursal damage in IBDV-administered chickens. We also found non-immunosuppressed chickens in the wild-type group. These non-immunosuppressed chickens retained a significantly higher number of normal follicles and total follicles according to our statistical analysis. Furthermore, a high correlation coefficient between the NDV-HI titer and the number of normal follicles was found in the wild-type group. These results implied that the retained number of normal follicles is important for the immunoreactivity of chickens infected with IBDV.     

Thermostability of the vaccination strain of infectious bursal disease virus

The vaccination strain of infectious bursal disease virus, multiplied in cultures of chick embryo cells, was very resistant to heat. At a temperature of 56 degrees C the infection titre of the virus (TCID50) decreased by 0.9 log10 within two hours and by 1.2 log10 within five hours, but the virus remained infective still after 24 hours. At a temperature of 37 degrees C, a slight decrease in infection titre was recorded only after two days and a decrease by 1.2 log10 was recorded within ten days. After the 21st day the virus was almost inactivated. At a temperature of about 20 degrees C the infection titre of the virus decreased linearly from the third to the twelfth weeks. The control samples kept at +4 degrees C retained their infectivity for three months and at -20 degrees C even for six months. The discussion deals with the effect of the concentration of protein and magnesium chloride in the medium on the thermostability of infectious bursal disease virus.     

Immunomodulating effects of levamisole in chicks immunocompromised by infectious bursal disease virus

Summary Immunomodulating effects of levamisole in experimentally IBD induced immunosuppressed 7-days old White Leghorn chicks have been observed. For this, infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus (Poona strain) was used. All the chicks were immunised with sheep red blood cells to monitor antibody responses. A group of chicks each from infected (PS-L) and uninfected (PBS-L) groups were given 4 injections of levamisole hydrochloride at the daily dose of 1·5 mg per 100g body weight starting from the second day post inoculation with IBD virus. Serum samples were collected and the haemagglutination titre against sheep red blood cells was determined. IBDV infected chicks showed a significant decrease in HA titre compared with uninfected control chicks. In levamisole treated IBDV infected birds the HA titres were comparable to those of uninfected controls. However, uninfected chicks treated with levamisole showed no significant increase in HA titre to SRBC compared with uninfected untreated control chicks.

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Efectos Inmunomoduladores Del Levamisol En Pollitos Comprometidos Inmunologicamente Debido A La Infeccion Con El Virus De La Enfermedad De Gumboro (Virus De La Bursitis Infecciosa Aviar)

Resumen Se observaron los efectos inmunomoduladores del levamisol en pollitos White Leghorn de siete dias deprimidos inmunológicamente debido a la infección con el virus de la bursitis infecciosa aviar (cepa Poona). Todas las aves fueron inmunizadas con eritrocitos de oveja para controlar la respuesta humoral. Un grupo de pollitos, formado por animales provenientes tanto de grupos infectados como de no infectados, recibió 4 inyecciones de hidrocloruro de levamisol a una dosis diaria de 1·5 mg por 100 g de peso corporal, comenzando el segundo día despues de la inoculación con el virus de la bursitis infecciosa aviar. Se tomaron muestras de suero y se determinaron los titulos hemaglutinantes contra los eritrocitos de oveja. Los pollitos infectados con el virus de la bursitis infecciosa aviar presentaron titulos reducidos en comparacion con los controles no infectados. En las aves infectadas tratadas con levamisol, los títulos hemaglutinantes fueron comparables a aquellos de los controles no infectados. Sin embargo, los pollitos no infectados tratados con levamisol no mostraron incrementos significativos de titulos hemaglutinantes comparados con los pollitos controles no infectados y no tratados.

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Effets Immunomodulateurs Du Levamisole Sur Des Poulets Immunodeficients Par Le Virus De La Maladie De Gumboro

Résumé Les effets immunomodulateurs du lévamisole ont été observés sur des poulets Leghorn blanc de 7 jours, rendus immunodéficients par une maladie de Gumboro expérimentale. Dans ce but, le virus (souche de Poona) de la maladie de Gumboro a été utilisé. Tous les poulets ont été immunisés avec des globules rouges de mouton, afin de contrôler les réponses d'anticorps.Chaque poulet provenant soit des groupes infectés (PS-L), soit des non-infectés (PBS-L), a reçu 4 injections quotidiennes de chlorydrate de levamisole de 1,5 mg par 100 g de poids vif, à partir du 2e jour après l'inoculation du virus de la maladie de Gumboro.Des échantillons de sérum ont été prélevés et le titre des anticorps hémagglutinant des globules rouges de mouton a été déterminé. Les poulets infectés avec le virus de la maladie de Gumboro ont montré une chute significative du titre d'hémagglutination par rapport aux poulets témoins non-infectés. Chez les poulets infectés avec le virus de la maladie de Gumboro et traités au lévamisole, les titres d'hémagglutination étaient comparables à ceux des poulets non-infectés. Cependant, les poulets non-infectés et traités au lévamisole n'ont montré aucune hausse significative du titre des anticorps hémagglutinant des globules rouges de mouton, en comparaison avec celui des poulets témoins non-infectés et non-traités.

     

Differential expression of immune-related genes in the bursa of Fabricius of two inbred chicken lines following infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus

Among different inbred chickens’ lines, we previously showed that lines P and N of Institute for Animal Health, Compton, UK are the most susceptible and the least affected lines, respectively, following infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV). In this study, the differential expressions of 29 different immune-related genes were characterized. Although, birds from both lines succumbed to infection, line P showed greater bursal lesion scores and higher viral copy numbers compared to line N. Interestingly, line N showed greater down-regulation of B cell related genes (BLNK, TNFSF13B and CD72) compared to line P. While up-regulation of T-cell related genes (CD86 and CTLA4) and Th1 associated cytokines (IFNG, IL2, IL12A and IL15) were documented in both lines, the expression levels of these genes were different in the two lines. Meanwhile, the expression of IFN-related genes IFNB, STAT1, and IRF10, but not IRF5, were up-regulated in both lines. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B, IL6, IL18, and IL17) and chemokines (CXCLi2, CCL4, CCL5 and CCR5) were up-regulated in both lines with greater increase documented in line P compared to line N. Strikingly, the expression of IL12B was detected only in line P whilst the expression of IL15RA was detected only in line N. In conclusion, the bursal immunopathology of IBDV correlates more with expression of proinflammatory response related genes and does not related to expression of B-cell related genes.     

Relative quantification and detection of different types of infectious bursal disease virus in bursa of Fabricius and cloacal swabs using real time RT-PCR SYBR green technology

In present study, different types of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), virulent strain DK01, classic strain F52/70 and vaccine strain D78 were quantified and detected in infected bursa of Fabricius (BF) and cloacal swabs using quantitative real time RT-PCR with SYBR green dye. For selection of a suitable internal control gene, real time PCR parameters were evaluated for three candidate genes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 28S rRNA and beta-actin to IBDVs. Based on this beta-actin was selected as an internal control for quantification of IBDVs in BF. All BF samples with D78, DK01 or F52/70 inoculation were detected as virus positive at day 1 post inoculation (p.i.). The D78 viral load peaked at day 4 and day 8 p.i., while the DK01 and F52/70 viral load showed relatively high levels at day 2 p.i. In cloacal swabs, viruses detectable were at day 2 p.i. for DK01 and F52/70, day 8 p.i. for D78. Importantly, the primers set were specific as the D78 primer set gave no amplification of F52/70 and DK01 and the DK01 primer set gave no amplification of D78, thus DK01 and D78 could be quantified simultaneously in dually infected chickens by use of these two set of primers. The method described here is robust and may sever as a useful tool with high capacity for diagnostics as well as in viral pathogenesis studies.     

Specific suppression of the bursa-dependent immune system of chicks with infectious bursal disease virus.

Chicks which had been inoculated with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at 1 day of age had a severe depression of bursa-dependent humoral immune functions by day 42. Antibody responses against rabbit red blood cells or to immunization with bovine serum albumin were significantly suppressed. In contrast, chicks inoculated with IBDV at 21 days of age produced near normal antibody responses as compared with the responses in noninfected control chicks. The IBDV had no significant effect on the thymus-dependent cellular responses as measured by skin graft rejection or delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to tuberculin.     

鸭感染鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒的调查和人工感染试验

鸡传染性法氏囊病 ( IBD)是危害幼鸡的一种急性、传染性和高度接触性病毒性感染 ,发病率和死亡率均很高 ,给养鸡业造成严重的经济损失。该病呈世界性流行。IBD病毒有两个血清型 ,即血清 1型病毒和血清 2型病毒。血清 1型病毒能使鸡产生明显的临床症状和病理变化。我国流行的多属血清 1型病毒 ,血清 1型病毒又分不同的变异株或血清亚型。近年来国内有关 IBDV对雏鸭的感染 ,并引起临床症状、病理变化和暴发疾病的报道 ,我们对此很感兴趣 ,因为我们在 IBD诊断试剂盒的研制过程中 ,通过雏鸡法氏囊繁殖病毒 ,制备兔抗 IBDV高免血清 ,这样…     

传染性法氏囊病病毒对鸡法氏囊组织中干扰素和p53转录的影响

为了分析传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染对鸡体抗病毒天然免疫能力的影响,本研究应用IBDV弱毒(B87)和强毒(QL/12)分别感染4周龄SPF鸡,每隔12h(12~84h)取3只鸡的法氏囊组织作为1个pool,用荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测其感染前后干扰素(IFN)和p53的mRNA水平,同时分析法氏囊组织的病理变化和病毒载量。结果显示:在QL/12组,IFN-α和IFN-βmRNA水平随着时间的增加逐渐升高,48h达到峰值,随后降低;IFN-γmRNA水平随着时间的增加逐渐升高,60h达到峰值,随后逐渐降低;p53mRNA含量迅速升高,60h达到峰值,随后降低。在B87组,IFN-αmRNA水平先降低后升高(48h达到最低值),而IFN-βmRNA水平变化不规则,72h含量最高;IFN-γmRNA水平先逐渐升高后降低(72h达到峰值);p53mRNA含量变化较小,36h含量最高。QL/12组诱导法氏囊组织产生的IFN mRNA(IFN-α、IFN-β和IFN-γmRNA)以及p53mRNA水平均显著高于B87组。病理组织学检查,QL/12组法氏囊淋巴滤泡呈不同程度的损伤,而B87组法氏囊组织未见明显的组织病变。qRT-PCR检测,QL/12组法氏囊组织中病毒含量48h达到峰值(8.4×106拷贝/mg),而B87组法氏囊组织中病毒含量72h达到峰值(6.6×104拷贝/mg)。本研究结果表明IBDV感染严重干扰了鸡体IFN和p53介导的抗病毒天然免疫反应。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒地方流行毒株的免疫原性

从河北省一些发病鸡场分离到JD1～JD10共10株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)毒株,用IBD标准阳性血清以琼扩试验进行了初步鉴定.并进行了IBDV分离物及其鸡胚适应毒免疫原对标准强毒IBDV-BC6/85株免疫保护试验,D78弱毒疫苗对IBDV各分离毒株的免疫保护试验以及分离毒株间交互免疫保护试验.结果表明,D78疫苗对JD2,JD5和JD10 IBDV分离株的保护率较低,分别为40%、50%和60%.分离毒株JD5、JD2及其鸡胚传代物E-JD2对强毒株的免疫保护率可达100%.交互免疫保护试验表明,JD2对其余各分离株的免疫保护指数达到80%以上,对标准强毒株和地方分离株均可产生有效免疫保护.