家畜小花棘豆中毒的研究进展

小花棘豆是豆科棘豆属多年生草本植物 ,全株有毒 ,在国内分布广泛 ,适于在干旱地区生长 ,家畜采食一定量后可逐步“成瘾”,常使大批家畜发病死亡 ,使该草分布地区蒙受巨大的经济损失。文章主要从小花棘豆的生态、部分地区小花棘豆中毒的情况、家畜小花棘豆中毒后的临床症状、病理学、引起小花棘豆中毒的毒性成分 (溶血毒素和有毒生物碱等 )及对小花棘豆中毒家畜采取的防治措施等进行了综述     

阿拉善左旗天然草地有毒植物及其防除

阿拉善左旗天然草地有毒植物有30科71属139种，在对家畜有毒害作用的植物种类分布，有毒化学成分进行研究的基础上，全旗分布面积最广，生长密度最大，对家畜危害程序最重的3种主要有毒植物－异黄芪，小花棘豆，醉马草的形态特征，地理分布，生境条件，家畜中毒症状作了重点阐述，使广大牧民和畜牧工作者能够识别有毒植物，了解家畜中毒症状和掌握急救方法，并提出防除草草措施，以减少家畜中毒死亡。     

小鼠小花棘豆生物碱中毒的病理学观察

将32只小鼠随机分成4组，包括3个试验组和1个对照组。试验组每日分别按剂量400、800、1600mg／kg给小鼠灌服小花棘豆生物碱正丁醇萃取部分(粗碱)水溶液，同时给对照组灌服等量的生理盐水。60 d后，采集心、肝、肾、脾和脑进行病理组织学及超微结构检查。结果发现，肝、肾等实质器官的细胞胞质空泡变性，这与苦马豆素中毒引起的病理变化一致，表明小花棘豆的主要有毒成分是苦马豆素。     

山羊小花棘豆中毒的病理学研究

对试验性小花棘豆中毒山羊的病理变化作了动态观察和分析,结果表明:山羊小花棘豆中毒是一个渐进发展的慢性过程。肝脏首先受损伤,尔后对神经系统产生广泛的损害,最后损伤性变化可波及全身各器官;主要引起上述器官实质细胞水泡变性,受损细胞线粒体肿胀和粗面内质网脱粒、肿胀和崩解;外周血液白细胞数量改变和淋巴细胞空泡变性。     

青海格尔木地区草地有毒植物危害及防治

在进行调查的基础上 ,对格尔木地区草地危害较大的主要有毒植物小花棘豆 ,醉马草 ,达乌里龙胆的分布状况 ,引起牲畜中毒的症状 ,中毒处理方法等进行综合整理 ,提出防治对策。     

额济纳旗主要有毒植物及家畜中毒病的调查

为了全面了解额济纳旗天然草地主要有毒植的种类、分布及危害情况,为草地家畜中毒病防治提供科学依据.根据调查显示,在额济纳旗草地上已发现的主要有毒植物分别属于2科、2属、4种,目前对额济纳旗畜牧业造成严重危害的有毒植物有称为"疯草"的豆科棘豆属小花棘豆、黄芪属变异黄芪和哈密黄芪和以及禾本科芨芨草属的醉马草4种.文章还对额济纳旗主要有毒植物的生物学特性、分布面积和防治等进行了阐述.     

家畜小花棘豆中毒诊断与防治技术

小花棘豆（Oxytropis glabra）是新疆草原分布最广泛的有毒植物,放牧家畜采食后可引起中毒死亡,还影响其繁殖和畜种改良,严重影响畜牧业可持续发展。本文就放牧家畜小花棘豆中毒诊断与防治技术方面的最新研究进展进行综述。     

甘肃天然草原主要毒草分布、危害及其防治对策

甘肃天然草原有毒植物有18科39属178种。对家畜危害性大、分布较广的毒草主要有:豆科棘豆属的甘肃棘豆Oxytropis ransuensis、黄花棘豆O．ochrocephala、小花棘豆O.glabra、糠形棘豆O.falcate、蓝花棘豆O．coerulea,豆科黄芪属的变异黄芪Astragalus variabilis,瑞香科狼毒属的狼毒Sellera chmaejas- me,禾本科芨芨草属的醉马草Achnatherum inebrians、由于自然和人为因素的影响,甘肃省天然草原退化严重,生态环境逐渐变劣,有毒植物大量繁衍增生,家畜采食后,中毒的现象时有发生,造成较大的损失。为此,对毒草的地理分布、生境条件、家畜中毒症状做了简要阐述,提出了防治对策,以减少家畜中毒死亡。     

新疆小花棘豆的毒性危害与利用

小花棘豆（Oxytropisglabra）在新疆分布广泛，可引起放牧牲畜中毒。本文概述小花棘豆的生物学特性和牲畜小花棘豆中毒的机理及其危害，分析牲畜中毒与采食量、饲养管理和草原生态的关系，评价了小花棘豆的利用前景。     

山羊冰川棘豆中毒的病理学观察

8只杂种奶山羊，按每日每千克体重10g的剂量饲喂冰川棘豆（Oxytropis glacialis)草粉，第25天起，出现以中枢神经系统机能紊乱为特征的中毒症状。病理组织学检查，心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、卵巢等组织发生空泡变性，空泡变性普遍而且严重，并且观察到淋巴结和脾脏中巨噬细胞胞核空泡变性，淋巴细胞胞核淡染，呈空泡样。肝、肾脑组织电镜观察，病理变化以空泡变性为主，细胞中线粒体肿胀、空泡化，粗面内织网断裂，溶酶体增加。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …