2015-2020年湖北省襄阳市羊布鲁氏菌病净化效果监测

本研究对湖北省襄阳市2015-2020年羊养殖场(户)的布鲁氏菌病净化工作进行了监测。累计监测34 678个养殖场,共检2 065 602份血清样品,检出阳性场群627个,平均场群阳性率为1.81%;检出阳性样品7 189份,平均个体阳性率为0.35%。2015年襄阳市羊场群阳性率最高(10.58%),随后逐年下降,2020年下降到0.18%;个体阳性率从1.37%(2015年)下降到0.01%(2020年)。人间与羊间的布鲁氏菌病相关性分析显示,两者之间呈现明显的正相关性,随着羊间布鲁氏菌病的下降,人感染布鲁氏菌病的病例也明显减少。结果表明:襄阳市2015年启动的羊布鲁氏菌病净化工作成效显著,今后应按照方案要求,继续推进羊布鲁氏菌病净化工作。     

2015—2020年湖北省宜城市羊布鲁氏菌病净化效果监测

湖北省宜城市2015年开始全面启动羊布鲁氏菌病净化工作。为掌握该市羊布鲁氏菌病净化效果，2015—2020年对宜城市所有的4 588个羊养殖场户，采集405 198份血清样品进行布鲁氏菌抗体检测，共检出阳性场群148个，阳性样品1 297份。羊场群阳性率从2015年的5.94%下降到2020年的0.62%，差异具有统计学意义（n = 4 588，χ2 = 56.216，P＜0.05）；个体阳性率从2015年的0.67%下降到2020年的0.03%，呈持续下降趋势，差异显著具有统计学意义（n = 405 198，χ2 = 484.724，P＜0.05）。人间与羊间布鲁氏菌病病例相关性分析显示，人间布鲁氏菌病的发生与羊间布鲁氏菌病呈正相关（rs = 0.812，P = 0.05）。结果表明，宜城市羊布鲁氏菌病净化工作成效明显。今后应继续推进羊布鲁氏菌病净化工作，争取早日达到净化区目标，从而保证人类健康安全。     

2018—2020年湖南省宁乡市牛羊布鲁氏菌病血清学监测

为掌握宁乡市牛羊布鲁氏菌病防控净化效果,2018—2020年在全市开展了牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测工作。共检测1 932个牛羊养殖场户,采集牛羊血清样本32 356份,应用虎红平板凝集试验(RBPT)进行初筛,竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(c ELISA)进行复核。结果显示:2018—2020年共检出阳性场户10个(羊场户9个、牛场户1个),平均场户阳性率为0.52%;检出阳性样品82份,平均个体阳性率为0.25%。2018年场户阳性率为1.57%,个体阳性率为0.33%,2019年场户阳性率为0.15%,个体阳性率为0.06%;2020年场户阳性率为0.24%,个体阳性率为0.41%。2018年检出阳性乡镇5个,2019年1个,2020年2个。结果表明,宁乡市布鲁氏菌病流行得到有效控制,流行范围大幅缩小,但传播风险依然存在,还需继续加大监测和防控力度,加快推进布鲁氏菌病净化。本研究为宁乡市布鲁氏菌病防控提供了数据支撑。     

云南省昆明市羊布鲁氏菌病血清流行病学调查

为了解云南省昆明市羊布鲁氏菌病流行情况,预判流行趋势,评估疫情发生风险,2017—2019年,根据昆明市家畜布鲁氏菌病监测计划,采用虎红平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验相结合的方式,对全市14个县区54 470个场次的420 635份未免疫羊血清样品进行抗体检测,并对不同年份、不同养殖方式、不同县区、不同季节的检测数据进行统计分析。结果显示：3 年来共检出阳性血清样品5 489份、阳性场次1 367个,总个体阳性率为1.31%,总群体阳性率为2.51%;2017—2019年,个体阳性率从1.91%下降至0.73%,群体阳性率从3.32%下降至0.84%;规模养殖场个体阳性率和群体阳性率均明显高于散养户（P＜0.05）;羊布鲁氏菌病流行呈散发态势,区域不均衡性明显,在奶山羊较集中的县区以及养殖分散区流行较为严重（P＜0.05）;第一季度的个体阳性率和群体阳性率均明显高于其他季节（P＜0.05）。结果表明,昆明市羊布鲁氏菌病流行逐步得到有效控制,但仍须加强高风险季节、高风险地区以及规模场的监测和净化工作。本调查为昆明市羊布鲁氏菌病的预警预防提供了参考数据,也为昆明市羊布鲁氏菌病防控策略制定提供了依据。     

2018年河南省未免疫羊群布鲁氏菌病流行情况调查

为了解河南省未免疫羊群布鲁氏菌感染情况,2018年以河南省未免疫布鲁氏菌病疫苗的羊群为研究对象,开展羊群布鲁氏菌病血清学普查,共对1 830个场群的59 462份血清样品进行布鲁氏菌抗体检测,并对结果进行空间、群间分布分析。结果显示：河南省羊群布鲁氏菌感染抗体平均场群阳性率为3.93%,个体阳性率为1.24%;豫西地区场群流行率和个体流行率均最高,分别为12.31%和6.43%,豫东地区最低,分别为0.55%和0.04%;散养户的场群阳性率和个体阳性率均最高,分别为7.53%和2.17%,而羊屠宰场和交易市场中未检出阳性。结果表明：豫西地区以及散养户羊群布鲁氏菌病流行情况较为严重,应采取全面免疫的防控措施,降低该地的布鲁氏菌病流行率;豫东、豫南地区和种羊场等流行率较低的地区和场点,可采取检测、扑杀等措施,逐步实现净化目标;羊屠宰场和交易市场虽然无阳性检出,但应继续加强监测,防止病菌交叉传播。通过本次河南省未免疫羊群普查,基本掌握了全省未免疫羊群的布鲁氏菌病流行状况,从而为全省羊群布鲁氏菌病防控提供了重要的参考数据。     

2018—2021年四川省金堂县牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测结果分析

为掌握牛羊布鲁氏菌病(简称“布病”)的发生、流行状况,统计分析了2018—2021年兽医系统实验室的牛羊布病检测数据。结果显示：4年累计检测样品31 050份,检出阳性样品49份,平均阳性率为0.15%。2018—2021年,个体阳性率分别为0.39%、0.12%、0、0.08%,整体呈下降趋势;场点阳性率分别为4.40%、0.81%、0、3.88%。奶牛个体阳性率和场点阳性率均高于黑山羊,奶牛规模场个体阳性率高于散户,黑山羊散户个体阳性率高于规模场。分析表明,当前金堂县牛羊布病总体呈低流行水平,但奶牛规模养殖场污染较重。提示该地区的布病防控取得了一定成效,但仍应加强家畜调运检疫监管,提高农户防疫意识,强化综合防控与监测,切实推进布病净化工作。     

2014年~2019年河池市羊布鲁氏菌病监测分析

为全面了解河池市羊布鲁氏菌病(Brucellosis,以下简称“布病”)流行现状和特点,进行风险评估,为全市的布病防控和全面净化提供科学依据。2014年—2019年,采集全市11个县(区)1337个场点47062份羊血清,采用虎红平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验进行布病检测,检出阳性场点25个,阳性血清417份,群体阳性率为1.87%、个体阳性率为0.89%,采取扑杀及无害化处理阳性羊及其同群羊1431只。河池市2016年检出羊布病个体阳性率高达6.15%,通过采取扩大监测面、强化监测频次、对检出阳性病例进行100%扑杀无害化处理等措施,2019年羊布病个体阳性率下降到0.18%,防控工作卓有成效,但布病防控形势仍然严峻,要实现所有县(区)达到羊布病净化标准,还需要毫不松懈继续抓好羊布病监测工作。     

2016—2018年贵州省羊群布鲁氏菌病血清学检测

为了解近年来贵州省羊群布鲁氏菌病流行情况和发展趋势,2016—2018年根据贵州省动物疫病监测与流行病学调查计划中的采样方案,采集全省9个市（州）和3个直管县3 346个场次227 539份未免疫羊血清样品,采用虎红平板凝集试验（RBT）、试管凝集试验（SAT）进行布鲁氏菌检测,并就不同年份、不同类型养殖模式的个体阳性率和群体阳性率进行统计分析。结果显示：3年共检出布鲁氏菌阳性样品5 679份,个体总阳性率为2.50%（5 679/227 539）,群体总阳性率为9.06%（303/3 346）;2016—2018年个体阳性率从3.19%下降至1.81%,群体阳性率从11.22%下降至4.46%,均呈逐年下降趋势,表明贵州省布鲁氏菌病防控工作取得了一定成效,羊群布鲁氏菌病感染得到一定程度的控制;从不同类别场点来看,散养户群体阳性率（12.81%）＞种畜场（7.53%）＞商品代饲养场户（6.76%）,说明散养户是布病传播的重要风险点,应加强重点控制;商品代饲养场户个体阳性率偏高,种畜场阳性率无明显下降,说明此类场点的布病风险也不容忽视,需要进一步加强饲养管理和生物安全管理,加快推进布病净化。本研究为贵州省羊群重大动物疫病的预警预防提供了参考。     

2016—2020年山东省家畜布鲁氏菌病血清学监测结果统计分析

为了解山东省家畜布鲁氏菌病流行情况,在 “全国动物卫生监测平台——疫病监测系统”数据库中,下载2016—2020 年山东省各年度的布鲁氏菌血清感染抗体检测数据,使用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。结果显示：2016—2020 年山东省共检测血清样品1 025 069份,检出阳性3 599份,平均个体阳性率为0.35%;共检测场点26 296个,检出阳性场点367个,平均场点阳性率为1.40%;各年份的个体阳性率分别为0.70%、0.53%、0.24%、0.28%和0.19%,场点阳性率分别为2.07%、2.13%、1.04%、1.02%、0.86%,均总体呈现下降趋势,但各年份差异不显著（P＞0.05）。羊、奶牛和其他品种牛的个体阳性率分别为0.43%、0.29%和0.07%,场点阳性率分别为1.75%、1.37%和0.42%,阳性水平较低,品种间无显著差异（P＞0.05）;种畜场、散养户和商品代场的个体阳性率分别为0.63%、0.33%和0.31%,场点阳性率分别为2.50%、1.42%和1.20%,阳性水平也较低,场点间差异也不明显（P＞0.05）。结果表明,山东省布鲁氏菌病总体防控效果较好,发生大流行的风险较低,但仍存在疫情散发风险。结果提示,应进一步加强家畜布鲁氏菌病综合防控,加大动物跨区域调运检疫以及交易市场的监管力度,全面提升布鲁氏菌病防控能力,持续开展布鲁氏菌病净化,从根本上遏制布鲁氏菌病的发生和流行。本研究为山东省制定布鲁氏菌病防控净化策略和措施提供了依据。     

2018—2022年剑川县羊布鲁氏菌病监测分析

为了掌握剑川县羊布鲁氏菌病的疫情形势，应用虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)和试管凝集试验(SAT)方法，对2018—2022年采集到的14 379份羊血清样品进行了布鲁氏菌病抗体检测。结果显示，共检出阳性样品380份，平均阳性率1.9%,其中2019年最高达3.2%,后呈逐年下降趋势；但是疫情复杂，污染面广，存在传播风险。在监测结果的基础上进一步分析了剑川县布鲁氏菌病防控存在的问题，并提出相应的建议和对策，期望能为布鲁氏菌病防控净化工作提供参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.