矮化苹果栽培管理措施分析

近年来,矮化苹果栽培技术在果树栽培领域广泛应用,以高密度种植提高产量的方法有效提高了果树生产的经济效益。分析了当前矮化苹果栽培的技术和管理措施,并旨在促进其进一步推广和应用。通过因地制宜的科学种植方法,最大限度地提高果树产量和品质,满足优质苹果的消费需求。持续研究和推广矮化苹果栽培技术,并不断优化和调整,有助于提高果树管理水平和经济效益。     

湖北利川莼菜营养生长繁殖的形态特征调查

本次调查发现,莼菜植株有主茎、根茎和直立茎。主茎无节,密集着生根茎、直立茎和束状不定根,顶端具不定芽。根茎和直立茎在主茎上形成离层而脱落。主茎为营养繁殖中心,根茎和直立茎节能长出主茎,主茎能长出根茎和直立茎。主茎和根茎位于水下淤泥中适应冬季低温。主茎不同于常见被子植物茎的分枝方式,在被子植物的系统发育和进化中具有重要研究价值和意义。主茎可作为种苗培育,推动利川莼菜的生态农业发展。     

柑橘落花落果的营养元素含量及其脱落损耗

 以成年纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑和沙田柚为材料,研究落蕾、落花和脱落幼果中的养分 含量及其脱落造成的损耗。结果表明,3 个品种的蕾和花营养元素含量为N 3.34% ~ 3.66%,P 0.26% ~ 0.31%,K 1.67% ~ 2.30%,Ca、Mg 和S 含量0.17% ~ 0.48%,Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu 和B 含量8.1 ~ 87.5 mg · kg^-1。 除花的B 含量显著高于蕾外,花和蕾的多数营养元素含量相近,且品种间差异小。与蕾和花相比,幼果 的N 和P 含量较少,N 和P 含量分别少21.8%和19.5%,但Fe 含量较多,其它营养元素含量变化不明显。 纽荷尔脐橙、兴津温州蜜柑和沙田柚单株脱落的蕾、花和幼果干物质量合计分别为3 016.3 g、3 533.6 g 和1 486.7 g,由此所造成的单株主要养分损耗为N 49.2 ~ 119.4 g、P 4.3 ~ 10.1 g、K 30.1 ~ 76.2 g、Mg 2.5 ~ 7.1 g、Zn 24.0 ~ 81.5 mg 和B 65.5 ~ 170.2 mg。兴津温州蜜柑和沙田柚均以落花的养分损耗最大,落蕾其 次,落果最小;纽荷尔脐橙则是落花和落蕾的养分损耗相近且远高于落果。品种间以兴津温州蜜柑脱落 的养分损耗最大,纽荷尔脐橙其次,沙田柚最小。因此,柑橘应控制过量开花,并在萌芽开花期及时补 充养分。     

中国农技推广网.cn重点推荐奇农技术 巧治果树毒素、病毒及病毒病

<正>争夺果品美观、口感、甜度和品质第一,超常规增产由于环境污染恶化,可以说果树100%存在毒素和病毒,只是受害程度不同而已。果树发生病虫害,毒素和病毒就更为严重。防治果树毒素、病毒及病毒病,是果树超常增产和提高果品美观、口感、甜度和品质的关键措施。经多年实践证明,奇农技术能有效解决这一技术大难题。     

硫和钴在杨梅植株体内的分布及对生长的影响

 杨梅对硫有较强的吸收能力, 3 年生‘东魁’杨梅定植一年后, 在未施任何肥料的情况下,使土壤含硫量下降了37.7 %。杨梅吸收硫主要积累在叶片和根瘤中, 叶片和根瘤中的含硫量是根的2 倍左右。杨梅吸收钴主要积累在根瘤和根中, 根瘤和根中钴含量是叶片的4.88 和4.48 倍。每株施硫酸钴15 和30 mg 能促进杨梅对硫和钴的吸收利用, 且硫和钴优先向根瘤运输和积累; 根瘤和叶片含硫量分别是根系含硫量的3.38～4.58 倍和2.75～3.72 倍, 根瘤含硫量又是叶片含硫量的1.23 倍; 根瘤含钴量分别是根和叶的1.39～1.90 倍和3.53～4.55 倍。每株施硫酸钴15 和30 mg , 能显著增加杨梅植株的生物量、株高、根瘤量和固氮酶活性, 且根瘤的固氮酶活性是对照的8～18.35 倍。提出硫元素与Frankia 放线菌的共生固氮有关, 有利于根瘤形成和固氮。     

不同坐果方式对设施西瓜产量和品质的影响

以植物生长调节剂CPPU(氯吡脲)为对照,研究了CPPU处理、人工授粉和蜜蜂授粉3种坐果方式对西瓜果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,采用蜜蜂授粉的西瓜商品果率、商品果产量显著高于CPPU处理,分别提高了11.76%和14.99%。采用蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉的西瓜果实品质无显著差异,但蜜蜂授粉的商品果率和商品果产量显著高于人工授粉,分别提高了5.56%和19.27%。采用CPPU处理的西瓜果皮硬度显著高于蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉,其果皮亮度L值最小,果肉硬度和质地最大,可溶性固形物含量和口感等级最低。与蜜蜂授粉相比较,CPPU处理的西瓜果实可溶性固形物含量和口感分级分别下降了5.03%和8.21%。采用蜜蜂授粉坐果的西瓜果实可溶性固形物含量、固酸比和口感最佳。因此,设施栽培条件下采用蜜蜂授粉坐果效果最佳,其果实产量最高,品质也最好,可替代人工授粉和CPPU处理坐果,值得在设施西瓜栽培中推广应用。     

树形对浙江台州设施促早熟葡萄生长、品质及效益的影响

为探究树形对设施促早栽培鄞红葡萄生产的影响,以双顶膜覆盖促早熟大棚内定植的1年生自根苗为试材,分别进行龙干式多主蔓杂乱X形(对照)、T形和H形整形,第2年调查树体生长发育、果实品质、用工及种植效益情况。结果表明,T形和H形可以显著提高枝蔓径髓比和木质化程度,径髓比分别较对照提高22.4%、14.2%,木质化程度(木质化枝梢数占总梢数的比例)提高10个百分点以上。萌芽率为T形(88.2%)>H形(80.9%)>对照(74.2%),差异显著。H形和T形果穗整齐度分别达到90.8%和82.1%,均显著高于对照。H形和T形的果实着色度和可溶性固形物含量无显著性差异,但均显著高于对照,果实品质明显提高。T形和H形可以不同程度地减轻病害发生、减少裂果,效果以T形最佳,其炭疽病发病率、白粉病发病率和裂果率均为0。与对照相比,T形和H形的冬剪和绑蔓等枝蔓管理用工明显下降,T形和H形的效益分别提高21.6%和9.7%。综合来看,T形和H形的枝条更充实,萌芽率更高,果实品质更好,省工节本,效益提高,尤其以T形最佳。     

毛花猕猴桃‘华特’果实采后糖代谢研究

【目的】探究毛花猕猴桃果实采后在常温和低温贮藏下果肉与果心的糖代谢特性。【方法】以毛花猕猴桃新品种‘华特’为材料,将采后果实分别在常温(20℃)和低温(1℃)贮藏28 d和56 d,检测果肉和果心的淀粉、蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量、淀粉酶和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。【结果】‘华特’果肉和果心均以积累己糖为主,两者总糖含量相近,但不同糖的分配存在差异,特别是果心的蔗糖含量极显著高于果肉的含量。果肉和果心的淀粉和糖含量的变化趋势基本一致,即淀粉伴随着淀粉酶活性的升高迅速降解,果糖和葡萄糖快速积累,而蔗糖含量逐渐下降。果肉和果心糖含量的差异变化是蔗糖代谢各种酶协同作用的结果。果肉和果心的蔗糖分解酶活性,即酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性高于蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,使蔗糖含量逐渐下降。【结论】‘华特’果实采后果肉与果心的蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量变化表现差异,果肉具有较高AI和NI活性,及较低SPS活性是导致其蔗糖含量显著低于果心的重要原因。低温贮藏有效降低了果实淀粉酶、AI、NI、SPS和SS活性的变化幅度,从而缓解了果肉和果心蔗糖和淀粉的降解,也延缓了果糖和葡萄糖的积累。     

发展农业节水灌溉技术促进农业持续发展

水是维系国民经济和社会发展的重要基础资源。节约用水,既是关系人口、资源、环境可持续发展的长远战略,也是当前经济和社会发展的一项紧迫任务。水是人类生存的生命线,也是农业和整个经济建设的生命线。我们必须高度重视水的问题。要坚持不懈地搞好节约用水和防治水资源污染的工作,大力发展节水灌溉,提高水资源的利用率。把发展节水农业和推广节水灌溉作为一项革命     

行道树木的修剪与环境的和谐统一

本文以龙柏和国槐作为行道树木修剪的研究对象,努力探索能够和整体建筑相匹配,适合公园园林发展需求的大型行道树木的修剪方法,提升人文和整体景观效果。作为行道树,受环境因素和空间的影响,龙柏的修剪要保持其结构的完善和挺拔的树形,采取底部规整上部自然的修剪方法,使得植物在自然美的基础上,与建筑相得益彰,烘托出整体的园林氛围。国槐为大型落叶乔木,可根据周围具体空间情况和植物生长的主次关系以及人工管理的需求和安全性出发,进行适当的修剪,主要对上部生长过于旺盛和底部旁逸斜出的枝条进行短截或者回缩,抑制整体树势高度和冠幅不断扩大,保持整体树形紧凑,达到植物总体生长与管理的和谐统一。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.