基于图式理论的网络阅读研究

图式理论已经成为阅读理论研究中的重点。通过对图式理论的阐释,认为网络阅读的认知图式需要进行重建。将传统阅读内容认知图式的优点保留于网络阅读中,将网络阅读中其他认知图式通过学习和教育,并积极作用于社会环境,以达到网络阅读认知图式重建的目的。     

Equipotentiality quantified: the anatomical distribution of the engram

Sensory events and the representation of past experience cause distinctive changes in the electrical activity of widespread regions of the brain. These regions have similar roles in the engram in the sense that they all seem to participate in responses to external events and in subsequent representations of these events. However, the relative contribution of these processes to the activity of different brain regions is quantitatively different, in that some regions are much more strongly affected than others. These results may constitute the basis for reconciliation of localizationist and antilocalizationist views of brain function.     

图式理论在大学英语写作教学中的应用

图式是认知心理语言学家们用以解释、理解心理过程的一种理论。阅读与写作是相辅相成的。提高学习者的写作能力,应认真分析篇章的难句、重点生词及疑句,构建语言图式要勇于激活背景知识,建立内容图式;善于分析篇章结构特点,建立形式图式。     

山东省产业结构变动及调整的实证分析

本文对山东省1980-2003年产业结构变化和产业结构变动趋势进行定量分析,考察了产业结构变动引起各产业部门对经济增长的贡献和作用的响应变化,分析表明,这一时期山东省产业结构变动基本符合工业化发展的演变规律,但是产业结构转换仍滞后于经济总量增长的要求,进一步优化产业结构,需要着重解决省内区域经济发展的不平衡问题。     

Age, sex, density, winter weather, and population crashes in Soay sheep

Quantifying the impact of density, extrinsic climatic fluctuations, and demography on population fluctuations is a persistent challenge in ecology. We analyzed the effect of these processes on the irregular pattern of population crashes of Soay sheep on the St. Kilda archipelago, United Kingdom. Because the age and sex structure of the population fluctuates independently of population size, and because animals of different age and sex respond in different ways to density and weather, identical weather conditions can result in different dynamics in populations of equal size. In addition, the strength of density-dependent processes is a function of the distribution of weather events. Incorporating demographic heterogeneities into population models can influence dynamics and their response to climate change.     

浅析具体化技术在大学生心理咨询中的运用

在大学生心理咨询中,认知行为疗法常常运用到心理咨询中的具体化技术。结合案例,分析具体化技术在大学生心理咨询中运用的重要性和功能等问题,指出大学生心理咨询中运用具体化技术时需要注意的几个问题,如进行聚焦式的提问,明确问题的实质,与其他辅导技术结合使用,使双方讨论的问题更加清晰、准确,力争取得良好的咨询效果。     

居住区宅旁绿地设计浅议

宅旁绿地作为居住区绿化的主要形式,应用越来越广泛,居住环境中宅旁绿地的空间设计是对人们居家心理的一种回应,可构成人们心中的认知图式,它作为一种人性化的空间而存在,并在住户的参与下而最终完成向人性化空间的转化。     

大气CO2浓度升高对植物某些生理过程影响的研究进展

生长在高浓度CO2环境下的植物,其生理生态及形态等方面将会发生相应的变化。表现在光合速率提高,呼吸作用受抑制,气孔密度减小,水分利用效率增加。这些生物要素和生态过程的变化会引起群落内植物间对资源原有的竞争关系发生变化,对资源竞争的格局发生变化,最终将会导致森林结构和功能的改变。不同光合途径(C3、C4及CAM)及不同植被类型的植物随CO2浓度发生的上述指标的变化在长期反应与短期反应方面具有很大差异。     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the southern oscillation, and the weak 1975 el nino

The observed rate of change of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the South Pole, Fanning Island, Hawaii, and ocean weather station P correlates with an index of the southern oscillation and with El Ni?o occurrences. There are changes at all four stations that seem to be in response to the weak 1975 El Ni?o. Thus, even poorly developed El Ni?o events may affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.     

IMS与PSTN互通中MGCF的分析设计

探讨了3GPP IMS与PSTN互通中的媒体网关控制功能MGCF的设计问题。分析了MFCF的功能需求,在此基础上,提出了MGCF的设计思想,定义了MGCF中涉及的主要数据结构和功能函数,设计了主要的功能模块,给出了功能模块中进程间消息的转换图,并且就MGCF中的SIP和ISUP消息的互相转换这一重要问题阐明了解决方法,从总体上实现了对MGCF框架设计。     

The cognitive unconscious

Contemporary research in cognitive psychology reveals the impact of nonconscious mental structures and processes on the individual's conscious experience, thought, and action. Research on perceptual-cognitive and motoric skills indicates that they are automatized through experience, and thus rendered unconscious. In addition, research on subliminal perception, implicit memory, and hypnosis indicates that events can affect mental functions even though they cannot be consciously perceived or remembered. These findings suggest a tripartite division of the cognitive unconscious into truly unconscious mental processes operating on knowledge structures that may themselves be preconscious or subconscious.     

Dynamics of automatic and controlled visual attention

The time course of attention was experimentally observed using two kinds of stimuli: a cue to begin attending or to shift attention, and a stimulus to be attended. Precise measurements of the time course of attention show that it consists of two partially concurrent processes: a fast, effortless, automatic process that records the cue and its neighboring events; and a slower, effortful, controlled process that records the stimulus to be attended and its neighboring events.     

Growth cone guidance in insects: fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily

The cellular cues that guide neuronal growth cones toward their targets are highly conserved in such diverse organisms as insects and vertebrates. Evidence presented here suggests that the molecular mechanisms underlying these events may be equally conserved. This article describes the structure and function of fasciclin II, a glycoprotein expressed on a subset of fasciculating axons in the grasshopper embryo. Antibody perturbation experiments suggest that fasciclin II functions in mediating one form of neuronal recognition: selective fasciculation. Fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and is homologous in structure and function to the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM and to several other vertebrate cell adhesion molecules.     

国内外土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究综述

土地利用／土地覆盖变化是目前全球变化研究的核心主题之一。它不仅影响到了人类生存与发展的自然基础,而且影响到地球生物化学圈层的结构、功能及地球系统能量与物质循环等方面。本文通过分析国内外土地利用／土地覆盖变化,以便为推动我国在土地利用和土地覆被变化领域研究工作的进展,促进我国土地利用变化研究工作与世界全球变化研究相衔接发挥积极作用。     

隐喻理论综观

修辞隐喻、认知隐喻和语法隐喻的说法，反映了对隐喻研究视角上的相异。修辞隐喻、认知隐喻和语法隐喻对隐喻性质、工作机制和功能的看法既有联系又有区别，本文对此进行了尝试性的探讨，指出隐喻的性质在于其动态性，隐喻工作机制的核心是转义，修辞隐喻是词汇层面的;认知隐喻是句子层面，强调隐喻对认知发展的作用;语法隐喻则侧重语篇的构建功能。     

仔猪肠道发育和氨基酸营养调控机制

肠道生长是仔猪生长发育的核心和快速生长的基础。新生仔猪肠道发育不健全,断奶引起肠黏膜结构和功能变化,导致绒毛萎缩、通透性增加、消化吸收和屏障功能受损。氨基酸是小肠优先利用的重要营养物质,通过转运载体进入肠上皮细胞内作用于相应的受体,启动细胞信号,调控细胞内生理过程。氨基酸作为肠黏膜主要能量来源以及合成蛋白质和多种信号分子的前体物,对促进肠道生长发育、维持肠道结构功能具有重要作用。本文围绕仔猪肠道发育和氨基酸利用,揭示猪肠黏膜形态结构发育和断奶适应性变化规律,阐明猪肠道氨基酸感应利用机制以及氨基酸促进仔猪肠道结构功能发育的作用机制,为调控肠道氨基酸代谢、提高饲料氨基酸利用效率提供了理论基础,对促进仔猪肠道健康、提高生产效率具有重要的科学意义。     

Simulation models applied to crops with potential for biodiesel production

Due to the rapid decline in crude oil reserves, the use of vegetable oils as diesel fuels has been promoted in many countries. Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention due to its environmental benefits and the fact that it comes from renewable resources. Depending upon climate and soil conditions, different nations are looking into different vegetable oils for diesel fuels. In this context, crop simulation models are potentially useful tools to assess the risks associated with various management strategies and to assist in decision making processes. This article is a review on simulation models applied to crops with potential for biodiesel production, emphasizing applications of widely used models and those developed for specific crops and purposes.     

Delay of gratification in children

To function effectively, individuals must voluntarily postpone immediate gratification and persist in goal-directed behavior for the sake of later outcomes. The present research program analyzed the nature of this type of future-oriented self-control and the psychological processes that underlie it. Enduring individual differences in self-control were found as early as the preschool years. Those 4-year-old children who delayed gratification longer in certain laboratory situations developed into more cognitively and socially competent adolescents, achieving higher scholastic performance and coping better with frustration and stress. Experiments in the same research program also identified specific cognitive and attentional processes that allow effective self-regulation early in the course of development. The experimental results, in turn, specified the particular types of preschool delay situations diagnostic for predicting aspects of cognitive and social competence later in life.     

Performance assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The current plans for permanent disposal of radioactive waste call for its emplacement in deep underground repositories mined from geologically stable rock formations. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have established regulations setting repository performance standards for periods of up to 10,000 years after disposal. Compliance with these regulations will be based on a performance assessment that includes (i) identification and evaluation of the likelihood of all significant processes and events that could affect a repository, (ii) examination of the effects of these processes and events on the performance of a repository, and (iii) estimation of the releases of radionuclides, including the associated uncertainties, caused by these processes and events. These estimates are incorporated into a probability distribution function showing the likelihood of exceeding radionuclide release limits specified by regulations.     

Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes

The human frontal cortex helps mediate working memory, a system that is used for temporary storage and manipulation of information and that is involved in many higher cognitive functions. Working memory includes two components: short-term storage (on the order of seconds) and executive processes that operate on the contents of storage. Recently, these two components have been investigated in functional neuroimaging studies. Studies of storage indicate that different frontal regions are activated for different kinds of information: storage for verbal materials activates Broca's area and left-hemisphere supplementary and premotor areas; storage of spatial information activates the right-hemisphere premotor cortex; and storage of object information activates other areas of the prefrontal cortex. Two of the fundamental executive processes are selective attention and task management. Both processes activate the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.