闽北毛竹林密度变化相关因子的动态规律研究

本文针对１９８５年及１９９２年森林资源二类调查资料，采用列联表方法，对毛竹林立竹密度与海拔及林分平均胸径对毛竹林分布的影响进行卡方检验、剩余分析和ｌｏｇ－线性模型拟合，得出：闽北毛竹林密度多在１８００株／ｈｍ２以下，胸径为第四级（８ｃｍ）以下，海拔最适分布区为４００－１０００ｍ；现实毛竹林密度及平均胸径偏低，应提高毛竹林经营水平，促使林分达到合理结构以实现速生丰产的目标。     

笋竹两用毛竹林经营管理技术探讨

以宁化国有林场毛竹林基地为研究对象,经过6年的抚育管理,竹林从立竹量小、年龄结构不合理、平均胸径小、立竹粗度差异大、立竹在林中分布不均逐步成为笋竹两用丰产林的林分结构,总结出笋竹两用毛竹林最重要的经营管理措施是劈山除杂、垦复、施肥、调整年龄结构和防治病虫害。     

雨雪冰冻灾害对毛竹林的影响及恢复技术研究综述

在总结毛竹林雨雪冰冻灾害特征的基础上,综述了海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、土层厚度等环境因子对毛竹林灾害程度的影响,认为海拔、坡度是主要的环境影响因子。竹林经营类型(纯林、混交林)、立竹密度、立竹年龄结构、大小年等林分结构状况与灾害程度密切相关。指出了毛竹林混交经营,合理林分结构建立,科学施肥,立竹钩梢等毛竹林预防雨雪冰冻灾害和灾后恢复技术,总结提出了毛竹林雨雪冰冻灾害影响因子,增强抵御雨雪冰冻灾害能力的林分结构模式优化,灾后快速恢复及经济效益提高或稳定的竹林复合经营等需重点研究的方向。     

苦竹林分结构对鲜笋产量的影响分析

苦竹是川南地区优良的笋用竹种。本研究比较了不同年龄结构、胸径结构,以及林分密度3个因子下苦竹的产笋能力差异。结果表明:年龄结构、林分平均胸径、立竹度对苦竹鲜笋产量均有显著的影响,而胸径整齐度对苦竹鲜笋产量影响不显著。其中1年生+2年生+3年生竹龄主导型的竹林产笋能力最好,鲜笋产量达4 770 kg·hm~(-2),发笋数达13 900个·hm~(-2);平均胸径6 cm的竹林鲜笋产量最高,达到4 580 hm~2;立竹度10 000～12 000株·hm~(-2)的竹林产笋能力最好,鲜笋产量达4 700 hm~2,发笋数达1 550 hm~2。结合各因子来看,以1、2、3年生竹竹龄主导型+中大的林分平均胸径(4～6 cm)+中等立竹度(10 000～12 000株·hm~(-2))的苦竹林鲜笋产量最高,是比较理想的苦竹林分结构。     

毛竹林生态系统生物量动态变化规律研究

毛竹林生态系统的稳定性是影响竹林可持续经营的重要方面,竹林立竹密度、径级等生态构件及林下植被是系统生物量形成的关键因子.作者应用生态分室原理并进行试验处理,调查不同立竹密度和经营方式等对毛竹林生物量的影响,结果表明立竹各器官以竹秆生物量为最大,竹根最小,差异显著,并随立竹径级的增大而增加;随着林分立竹密度增大,林分的生物量显著增加,增加幅度可达2.28倍;林下植被生物量具季节性变化规律,竹阔混交林林下植被丰富,生物量大,自肥功能强.为此,建议采用竹阔混交林经营模式,增加现行毛竹林经营中的立竹密度.     

密度对毛竹生长的影响

本文以崇阳县毛竹为研究对象,在4种密度(1 300±100株·hm~(-2)(D1)、1 900±100株·hm~(-2)(D2)、2 500±100株·hm~(-2)(D3)及3 100±100株·hm~(-2)(D4))毛竹林分内对其主要生长因子进行了实地调查以研究毛竹林分密度效应。结果表明,虽然密度对退笋率影响不显著,但对毛竹的出笋率和成竹率有显著影响,二者都呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。毛竹林叶面积指数随林分密度的增大而增大(3.18~7.10),不同密度毛竹叶面积指数之间的差异极显著。毛竹林分平均胸径在10.75~11.75 cm,不同密度毛竹胸径之间的差异极显著。毛竹林分平均竹高在12.96~13.33 m,不同密度毛竹竹高之间的差异不显著。株数按径级分布与株数按树高级分布均符合正态分布。     

红壤侵蚀区毛竹经营措施研究

长汀是我国红壤侵蚀区中水土流失最为严重的县域之一,也是毛竹面积较大的县。为充分发挥毛竹林的生态效益和经济效益,该研究对不同经营措施下的毛竹林出笋情况和生长情况进行了比较分析。结果表明:与粗放经营模式相比,劈杂除草模式对毛竹出笋量的提高效果不显著,除杂扩鞭模式下的毛竹林出笋量翻了一番,扩鞭施肥模式下的毛竹林冬笋和春笋平均产量分别为36.96kg/hm2和123.05kg/hm2,分别提高了862.50%和489.04%。同时,劈杂除草模式对毛竹生长情况和产量的提高效果亦不显著,除杂扩鞭模式下的毛竹林平均立竹产量、立竹平均胸径和平均竹高分别提高了139.18%、35.28%和26.06%;扩鞭施肥模式下的毛竹林平均立竹产量为2722株/hm2,立竹平均胸径为10.79cm,平均竹高为13.61m,分别提高了363.71%、57.29%和44.79%。     

竹林结构对粗放经营毛竹林新竹产量的影响

为了解竹林结构对粗放经营毛竹林新竹产量的影响,在桃江县武潭镇经营粗放的毛竹林中,对随机选取的21块标准地进行样地调查和数据分析。结果表明:桃江粗放经营毛竹林的立竹密度与单位面积新竹数量及地上部分生物量均符合二次曲线关系;随着立竹密度的增加,单位面积新竹数量呈先下降后上升的趋势;立竹胸径与新竹胸径、新竹整齐度、新竹地上部分生物量均有显著或极显著的线性正相关关系;新竹的立竹胸径和单位面积数量受现存立竹年龄的影响明显,特别是Ⅱ～Ⅲ度母竹对新竹产量影响较大。     

浙江毛竹林分非空间结构特征及其动态变化

利用2004与2009年浙江省两期森林连续清查毛竹样地数据,应用因子分析、聚类分析、相关分析、多元方差分析及核密度估计方法,采用7个指标(样地生物量,样地株数,林分平均胸径,1,2,3和≥4度竹所占比例)描述毛竹林分非空间结构特征。结果表明:毛竹林分非空间结构特征的主导因素依次为年龄结构因子、样地生物量因子、林分平均胸径因子;浙江现有毛竹林老龄化问题较突出,林分中各龄级所占比极不合理,现有经营措施存在较大缺陷,从而使林分生产力衰退;样地株数较少时,林分平均胸径与样地株数几乎没有相关性,但随着样地毛竹株数的增加,表现出一定的负指数关系;影响毛竹林分生物量的主要因素依次是样地株数与林分平均胸径;7个指标中除3度竹所占比例没有显著差异外,其他指标都存在显著差异,使得毛竹林分非空间结构(由7个指标构成)在2004年与2009年存在显著性差异;平均胸径小于8.7 cm的林分随着毛竹的生长所占比重在减少,而平均胸径大于8.7 cm的林分在增加,这也说明2009年林分平均胸径比2004年显著增大,样地株数和林分生物量与林分平均胸径有类似的趋势。研究结果对毛竹林的可持续经营与固碳功能的提高有一定的参考价值。     

撩壕施肥对毛竹林分结构的影响

历时10年对撩壕施肥的毛竹林生长特性和林分结构变化进行调查研究,结果表明:(1)不同径级毛竹均分布在林分密度3 750~10 305株/hm~2的中密度到高密度的范围之内,当林分密度为8 250株/hm~2的中密度时,林分平均胸径和新竹平均胸径达到生长高峰;当林分密度为10 305株/hm~2的高密度时,平均枝下高、秆全高和枝下高占全高的比例也达到最大值。(2)撩壕施肥竹林立竹株数为8 625株/hm~2,其中胸径12~17 cm的大径竹占该竹林总株数61.2%,比对照竹林增加4.02倍;胸径9~11 cm的中径竹占该竹林总株数33.2%,比对照竹林增加38.4%;胸径8 cm以下的小径竹占该竹林总株数5.6%,为对照竹林的87.4%。(3)撩壕施肥竹林Ⅰ~Ⅳ度竹为幼、壮、中龄竹,立竹株数和蓄积量占林分比例均在70%以上,处于绝对优势,繁殖功能旺盛;Ⅴ~Ⅶ度竹为次老龄竹和老龄竹,立竹株数和蓄积量占林分比例均在30%以下,繁殖能力有所下降,但因能增加立竹密度,有利于为新竹提供营养。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.