茶多糖的提取分离及生物活性研究进展

茶多糖(Tea Polysaccharide,TPS)是茶叶中一类具有生物活性的水溶性复合多糖总称,具有多种生物活性,对人体具有重要生理功能,其降血糖和防治糖尿病作用尤为突出。本文对近年来茶多糖的提取、分离方法和生理功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为其下一步研究与开发利用提供参考。     

茶多酚与多糖的相互作用:作用机理及功能特性变化研究进展

茶多酚具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗辐射等多种生物活性,与环糊精、黑木耳多糖或壳聚糖等多种多糖作用后,功能活性增强,但相互作用的过程与机理尚不明确。因此,对茶多酚与多糖的结构及其相互作用的研究显得尤为重要。近几年,关于茶多酚与多糖之间相互作用的研究日益增多,本文介绍了茶多酚和多糖的分类及结构,概括了多糖与茶多酚之间的相互作用类型、影响因素及研究方法,针对二者之间的相互作用对茶多酚功能特性的影响进行了综述,为后续研究二者与其他活性物质相互作用以及功能特性变化等方面提供参考。     

绿茶及其提取物在食品工业中的应用进展

绿茶具有显著的保健功能,近年来受到越来越多的学者关注.本文简要综述绿茶及其提取物在增加食品风味、食品护色和保鲜、脱臭、食品去毒、合成食品包装材料、形成凝胶、回收蛋白酶等方面的应用.     

茶多糖的提取及分离纯化研究进展

茶多糖是从茶叶提取出来的植物多糖,具有多种生物活性,近些年已发展成为茶学领域的一个新的研究热点.本文主要综述了近年来茶多糖提取、分离纯化等方面的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向和发展前景进行了展望,以期为茶多糖的研究与开发提供理论依据.     

可食膜保鲜剂在蜜柚上的应用研究

通过研究澳大利亚可食膜保鲜技术和方法在蜜柚上的应用,筛选出最佳的膜配方和保鲜方法,用配方2（过滤水＋杀菌剂＋膜剂）涂膜处理后结合低温冷藏保鲜,贮藏期为120天后好果率达到90%以上,可食率高于75%。利用可食性保鲜膜涂膜,为改变原有的热塑包装保鲜提供新的参考方案。     

茶多糖提取纯化、结构活性及应用研究进展

我国茶叶产量世界第一,茶资源十分丰富。茶多糖作为从茶叶、茶花和茶籽中提取出来的一种复合多糖,因具有抗糖尿病、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、增强免疫和调节肠道菌群等多种生物活性引起极大关注,并被广泛应用于保健品、化妆品和医药等领域。文章对茶多糖的提取纯化、化学结构、功能活性及产业化应用进行综述,以加强对茶多糖的认知,推动茶叶健康产业发展。     

食品安全管理对国民健康的影响及其对策——基于区块链技术的应用视角

食品安全事件影响国民健康,让食品产业链的生产及交换过程透明化,是解决食品安全问题重要的第一步。基于食品追溯制度,阐述食品管理与追踪追溯的关联,通过架构分析,探究区块链技术在食品追踪追溯中应用的可行性及其应用范围,进行区块链技术的适用性原则探讨,在此基础之上提出区块链技术可能在食品成分溯源、下架召回、保鲜期限和生产规范等方面提供助益。     

复载纳他霉素的壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性涂膜对芒果低温保鲜效果的研究

为探究不同纳他霉素添加量（0.05、0.1、0.2 g/kg）对壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性复合涂膜保鲜芒果（N₁、N₂、N₃）效果的影响,以壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白复合涂膜处理为阳性对照（CZ）,以清水处理为空白对照（CK）,研究芒果在低温（13℃）贮藏30 d过程中转黄率、病情指数、果肉色泽特征、生理生化、品质变化及抗氧化能力。结果表明：CK组贮藏期仅为24 d,涂膜处理可至少将芒果贮藏期延长6 d;纳他霉素涂膜组推迟了芒果呼吸高峰的出现,N₃组的呼吸峰值最低;与CK组相比,N₃组在24 d的转黄率和病情指数分别降低了45.83%和44.17%;N₃组显著抑制了自由水分、果实质量和硬度的下降,保持了可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和维生素C等营养物质含量;同时,涂膜组的POD和SOD含量均显著低于CK组,果肉总色差和相对电导率上升得到了抑制,说明复合涂膜处理有效延缓了芒果衰老进程,保持了更好的果实新鲜度。综上,添加纳他霉素的壳聚糖/玉米醇溶蛋白可食性复合涂膜可显著提升对芒果的保鲜效果,添加量为0.2 g/kg的纳他霉素复合涂膜效果更佳。纳他霉素复合涂膜在水果保鲜的应用中具有良好的前景。     

茶多酚的生物活性及效用研究进展

茶多酚是绿茶中重要的生物活性物质，具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌、降血糖血脂以及抗衰老等多方面的生物活性作用，广泛应用于医疗保健、化工、食品等领域，成为近年来研究的热点。本文就近年来茶多酚生物活性以及目前研究存在的问题进行综述，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

含茶多酚的大豆分离蛋白涂膜对甜樱桃保鲜效果的影响

将天然抑菌抗氧化物质茶多酚添加到大豆分离蛋白中制成复合涂膜液,以感官指标、硬度、腐烂指数、可溶性固形物和VC含量为质量指标定期取样分析测定,研究所制成的涂膜液在室温条件下对甜樱桃的保鲜效果。结果表明,含茶多酚的大豆分离蛋白复合涂膜液能较好地保持贮藏樱桃的感官品质,降低甜樱桃在贮藏期间的腐烂率,延缓果实硬度、VC和可溶性固形物含量的下降,从而延长果实的保鲜期。5%的大豆分离蛋白溶液中添加200mg/kg茶多酚制得的涂膜液保鲜效果显著,和对照相比,可将甜樱桃的室温保鲜期从2d延长至8d。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).