页岩烧结保温砌块砌体基本力学性能试验研究

通过对页岩烧结保温砌块砌体轴心抗压、沿通缝抗剪、剪压复合抗剪性能试验研究,分析其破坏特征和破坏机理。试验结果表明:页岩烧结保温砌块砌体受压破坏时,在竖向灰缝附近形成主裂缝,接近极限荷载时砌体出现表皮剥落现象;沿通缝抗剪破坏模式主要为单剪破坏,脆性明显;剪压破坏有剪磨、剪压和斜压3种类型;实测轴心抗压强度平均值高于规范值,沿通缝抗剪强度、复合抗剪强度平均值低于计算值,并分别给出砌体轴心抗压强度平均值、抗剪、剪压复合受力抗剪强度平均值建议公式;剪压复合抗剪强度随着压应力的增大而增大;建立了页岩烧结保温砌块砌体受压应力应变关系表达式;给出该类砌块的弹性模量和泊松比的建议值。     

高速铁路隧道基底软岩动力累积损伤特性

利用相似材料模拟高速铁路隧道基底软岩,采用荷载控制和非对称正弦波循环加载方式对软岩试件进行动三轴疲劳与损伤检测综合试验。通过试验结果分析,建立了软岩3参数多项式疲劳寿命计算模型和4参数多项式累积损伤参量计算模型,获得了软岩疲劳损伤特性,即：软岩疲劳破坏表现为端部拉-剪复合破坏和中部压-剪复合破坏两种模式;疲劳破坏全过程表现为初始微孔隙压密、裂纹发生与稳定扩展以及损伤裂纹加速发展3个发展阶段;软岩疲劳寿命主要取决于本身强度和动应力水平,强度愈高、动力应力水平愈低,其疲劳寿命就越长;当动应力水平相同时,软岩疲劳寿命与其弹性模量呈线性增长关系。     

钢筋混凝土无腹筋细长梁剪切破坏机理模型研究综述

根据现有关于钢筋混凝土无腹筋细长梁剪切破坏机理问题的研究成果,介绍了基于修正压力场理论的抗剪模型、临界剪切裂缝理论、塑性理论、压力路径理论、劈裂破坏理论和基于截面应变分析的抗剪模型的基本假设、核心观点及受剪承载力计算方法,并给出总结、归纳及评析;另一方面,利用相关试验数据和ACI-DAfStb无腹筋细长梁剪切破坏数据库,分别对不同理论模型的受剪承载力计算公式进行了设计参数的影响评估和统计评估;并展望了无腹筋细长梁剪切破坏机理研究的发展方向。研究结果表明：不同理论模型的部分假设缺少直接的试验依据支持,梁腹混凝土的受拉（劈裂）或受剪（骨料咬合）以及受压区混凝土对抵抗剪力的贡献成为抗剪机制的主要分歧;不同受剪承载力计算公式对不同影响因素的考虑方式的合理性和计算结果的准确度均有待进一步提高。后续深入研究应综合考虑剪切破坏问题的随机性和物理属性,利用先进测试技术、应力演化分析方法,进一步揭示剪切破坏机理。     

重组竹的单轴与纯剪应力应变关系

重组竹是将竹丝束平行组坯、经高压胶合而成的一种生物质复合材料,是一种极具潜势的建筑结构材料。研究重组竹的基本力学性能和应力应变关系,是建立此类材料本构关系和进行重组竹结构非线性分析的基础。将重组竹理想化为横向各向同性复合材料,通过试验,给出了重组竹各主轴方向的单轴与各主平面的纯剪力学参数,建立了各种应力状态下的应力应变关系。结果表明,重组竹力学性能优于常用的结构用木材,且变异性较小。重组竹顺纹受拉强度约是顺纹受压强度的2倍;横纹受拉强度远远低于横纹受压强度;横切面内的剪切模量及强度远远低于另外两个方向,且横纹剪切强度是顺纹剪切强度的3倍。重组竹的应力应变关系和破坏模式与纤维参与受力程度密切相关。顺纹受拉时,拉应力完全由纤维承担,破坏表现为纤维的脆性拉断,强度最高,应力应变为完全线性关系;其他应力状态下,破坏均发生在基体或纤维-基体界面,若裂纹的扩展受到纤维限制,破坏呈渐进性,强度较低,应力应变曲线由早期的线性关系转入后期的非线性关系;当裂纹的扩展未受到纤维限制,破坏强度最低,应力应变呈线性关系。     

高强钢绞线网加固混凝土粘结性能试验研究

通过高强钢绞线网聚合物砂浆加固层与混凝土结构的剥离破坏试验,对加固层与混凝土界面的剥离破坏特征进行了研究。探讨了单侧加固、植筋加固及U型加固等不同的加固方式对加固层抗剪承载力及抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,采用U型加固等增加粘结面积的方式能有效提高加固层粘结面抗剪承载力,但同时会削弱加固层的抗剪强度,而在界面上植入抗剪钢筋后,能同时提高聚合物砂浆加固层的抗剪承载力及抗剪强度。根据试验结果,提出了最小植筋率的建议值。     

不考虑碳化深度的烧结砖砂浆回弹曲线

通过对烧结普通砖砂浆回弹法所基于的历史试验进行再分析,认为碳化深度对砂浆回弹值影响不大。在此基础上,通过由不同强度等级的砂浆砌筑而成的烧结普通砖砌体结构进行新一轮砂浆灰缝试验,运用Origin8.0软件对标准砂浆试块强度与砂浆灰缝回弹值进行回归分析,得出了不考虑碳化深度影响的烧结普通砖砂浆回弹曲线。     

成孔机构与土壤相互作用的力学模型及应用

为实现油菜移栽机成孔机构形成满足农艺要求的栽植孔,并为设计新型移栽机提供理论依据,针对不同类型土壤具有不同物理机械力学特性等问题,进行成孔机构与土壤相互作用力学试验研究。分析土壤极限抗剪承载力Qu与土壤摩擦阻力Qf的计算公式,建立成孔机构与土壤相互作用的力学模型,完成不同类型土壤的物理机械力学特性指标的测定,结合成孔机构相关结构参数,求解圆柱形孔刺垂直刺入土壤75cm处所受抗剪阻力Ff1与垂直弹出土壤时所受摩擦阻力Ff2,得出圆柱形孔刺在不同类型土壤中,其抗剪阻力Ff1最大值1139.7N,摩擦阻力Ff2最大值达到107.6N。该研究为设计栽植孔成型机构提供了试验依据,为进一步研究不同类型土壤与成孔机构的阻力提供了理论依据。     

混凝土拉压强度尺寸效应的细观非均质机理

为了从材料细观非均质角度揭示混凝土强度尺寸效应机理,建立了混凝土细观单元等效非均质力学模型,开展了立方体抗拉、抗压强度尺寸效应细观数值模拟研究。研究结果表明：混凝土强度尺寸效应根源于材料细观非均质性,随着模型尺寸的增加,混凝土材料细观单元弹性模量变异系数增大,材料细观非均质性增强,大尺寸模型内部存在更多的低强度单元或缺陷,导致混凝土立方体抗拉、抗压强度降低,极限应变减小,脆性增大;混凝土损伤破坏由少量集中区域,发散扩展形成多条非贯通的裂纹带;数值模拟结果与尺寸效应实验数据相吻合。     

酸雨环境下老旧砖砌体的抗压性能

为研究酸雨环境下老旧砌体抗压力学性能退化规律,实验室配置了PH值分别为1.5、2.5和3.5的3种硫酸和硝酸混合溶液来模拟酸雨环境,采用完全浸泡加速腐蚀的试验方法对砖、砂浆和砖柱进行不同程度的腐蚀,并测定其抗压强度。试验表明,随着腐蚀时间的增加,砂浆试块抗压强度先增大后降低;砖试块抗压强度随腐蚀时间的增加而降低;模拟酸雨溶液PH值越小,砂浆和砖试块抗压强度降低程度也愈大;砖柱极限承载力和弹性模量均随腐蚀时间的增加而降低,且模拟酸雨溶液PH值越小,降低程度愈大;随着腐蚀时间的增加,砖柱初始刚度逐渐减小,极限破坏位移增大;模拟酸雨溶液PH值越小,砖柱在达到峰值荷载时的变形值越小,脆性愈大;基于试验结果,建立了酸雨环境下砖柱应力应变曲线上升段统一数学表达式及酸雨侵蚀后普通烧结粘土砖砌体剩余抗压强度回归公式。     

砂土材料状态相关临界状态各向异性模型

考虑材料状态对砂土临界状态的影响,采用宏细观结合的方法建立了砂土的各向异性模型。将新的各向异性状态变量引入砂土模型的临界状态方程,增加了各向异性参量、应力状态和应力与材料组构方向关系3个因素对临界状态的影响,扩展了砂土材料状态相关的概念。随应力状态和应力与材料组构方向几何关系变化,π平面上模型的临界状态线、相变状态线和峰值状态线的形状和位置自然产生变化,各向异性越大,状态线偏离的静水压力轴也越远,形状变化也越大。模型的剪胀方程和硬化规律也是状态参量函数,随细观参量的变化,细化和量化了砂土物理状态变量对剪胀性及硬化规律的描述。模型用一组参数可以描述较大围压和密度范围砂土各向异性强度-变形的力学响应。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.