茶树新品系21-1工夫红茶香气成分分析北大核心

采用顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,分析了茶树新品系21-1(湘红3号)工夫红茶的香气组成及特异性香气成分。结果表明:2个样品共检测出57种香气物质,主要包括醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类和其他酸、烯和烷烃类等,其中醇类和酯类占主导,其次是醛类和酮类。水杨酸甲酯、香叶醇、芳樟醇及其氧化物等10种香气物质含量占香气总量的80%以上,共同构成了21-1工夫红茶的主导香气成分。其中,水杨酸甲酯含量最高,是21-1工夫红茶的特征性和指示性香气成分,表现出与印度、斯里兰卡红茶相似的冬青叶香气特征。     

茶树新品系21-1工夫红茶香气成分分析

采用顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,分析了茶树新品系21-1(湘红3号)工夫红茶的香气组成及特异性香气成分。结果表明:2个样品共检测出57种香气物质,主要包括醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类和其他酸、烯和烷烃类等,其中醇类和酯类占主导,其次是醛类和酮类。水杨酸甲酯、香叶醇、芳樟醇及其氧化物等10种香气物质含量占香气总量的80%以上,共同构成了21-1工夫红茶的主导香气成分。其中,水杨酸甲酯含量最高,是21-1工夫红茶的特征性和指示性香气成分,表现出与印度、斯里兰卡红茶相似的冬青叶香气特征。     

广东红茶香气成分的比较研究

为了研究广东地方红茶香气物质并确定主要呈香特征,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取方法结合气质联用技术准确地鉴定了红茶样品中香气物质种类及其对总体香气的贡献。结果表明,研究鉴定了50多种香气化合物,主要包含醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类和烯类、烷烃类等,其中醇类是最主要的物质,其次是酯类和醛类。所体现的花香、甜香、果香是广东红茶的香气特征。香气化合物中芳樟醇、橙花醇、水杨酸甲酯、氧化芳樟醇、壬醛是五种最主要的呈香物质,平均含量分别占总香气的37.55%、11.90%、8.89%、5.4%和5.21%。英德系列红茶中醇类物质最多;白毛系列红茶中醛类、酮类物质最多;烯类物质以单丛和福建系列红茶含量较高。     

不同地理来源的黄毛草莓果实香气成分初步分析

风味改良是目前草莓育种最重要的工作之一，黄毛草莓因其具有特殊的香气成分而被广泛关注，四川等西南地区黄毛草莓资源丰富，但目前其香气成分的研究并不系统，本研究通过分析不同地理来源的黄毛草莓果实香气成分，拓宽栽培草莓遗传背景，为创新利用黄毛草莓资源和育种攻关提供理论依据。本研究采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用技术，初步分析6个不同地理来源的黄毛草莓果实香气成分的差异。结果显示，共检测出89种香气物质，与文献报道的栽培草莓香气成分不同，除丽江玉龙雪山外，其他5个地理来源的草莓香气成分中酯类化合物所占比例均不高。本研究共检测出相对含量大于1%的挥发性物质56种，其中醛类2种，烃类19种，酯类16种，酮类5种，醇类4种，胺类和酸类5种，其他化合物5种。无共同的芳香成分，芳香成分以酯类和烃类为主，但未达50%。丽江玉龙雪山的黄毛草莓香气成分种类最为丰富，万源秦巴山的黄毛草莓香气成分种类最少。测得的香气成分中，相对含量较高的挥发性成分依次为：赤藓-9,10-二溴二十五烷、二丁基邻苯二甲酸酯、苯乙胺等。聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明，丽江玉龙雪山黄毛草莓的香气成分被划分为单独一簇。虽然同为黄毛草莓品种，香气成分却因为地理位置及环境特点大不相同，关于环境对草莓挥发性物质的影响需要进一步研究。     

广东英德红茶代表产品的香气成分鉴定研究

为了探索英德红茶有别于其他红茶香气的物质基础和主要的芳香成分,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用技术,以云南滇红、印度阿萨姆红茶和斯里兰卡乌瓦红茶为对照,对产自广东省的英红9号、英红1号红茶和群体红茶3个代表性产品的主要香气组分进行了比较分析。结果表明：从广东英德红茶样品中共鉴定出50多种香气化合物,主要包含醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类、烯类和烷烃类等,其中相对含量最高的香气组分是醇类物质,平均含量占总香气的67.03%;其次是酯类和醛类,平均含量分别是12.85%和11.33%;香气化合物中芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、氧化芳樟醇、橙花醇和壬醛的相对含量占香气物质总量的60%以上,呈现花果香、甜香等风味的芳香化合物是广东英德红茶香气的主要特征成分。     

SPME/GC-MS法分析不同龙眼品种果实中的香气成分

采用 SPME/GC-MS法对4个龙眼品种果实香气成分进行了分析鉴定。结果表明，4个龙眼品种共检测出44种芳香物质，其中烷类11种，烯类18种，酯类10种，醇类3种，酮类1种，炔类1种，它们构成4种龙眼主要的香气成分。4个龙眼品种在香气组成和含量上有所差异，储良、东良、东丰、石硖中分别含有25种、24种、26种、21 种香气成分。其中，4种龙眼共有的香气成分有7种：分别是十七烷、罗勒烯(顺式)、罗勒烯(反式)、别罗勒烯、1,3,8-对-薄荷三烯、α-石竹烯、(E)-β-金合欢烯，但其相对含量都有所差异；此外，各品种也具有自己独特的香气成分，如储良特有的香气成分有9种：包括十六烷、2-甲基-4-亚甲基-5 -(2,2-二甲基环丙基)-1-戊烯、5-环丙基戊酸乙酯、二十酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯、9-十六碳烯酸乙酯、香叶基芳樟醇、芳樟醇、2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔；东丰特有的3种：包括1-碘十一烷、反式，反式-法尼基酸甲酯、2-羟基十二烷酸甲酯；石硖特有的4种：包括十一烷、(-)-异丁香烯、1,3,3-三甲基-2-乙基环己烯、喇叭茶醇；东良没有特有的香气成分。     

顶空固相微萃取——气质联用技术分析余甘子叶片挥发性成分初探

采用顶空固相微萃取——气质联用技术对余甘子叶片的挥发性成分进行分析测定.结果表明,余甘子叶片中检测出73种香气成分,占总峰面积的97.51%.主要成分为醇类、酮类、烃类、酯类、醛类和其他化合物.醇类在余甘子叶片中含量最高,其中最主要的物质是苯甲醇(15.48%),其次是叶绿醇(3.71%)、1-十八烷醇(3.58%)和麦角甾醇(3.43%).酸类物质中以硬脂酸为主,占3.9%,β-紫罗兰酮和巨豆三烯酮亦是余甘子叶片香气成分的重要组成部分,分别占6.84%和4.69%;此外,还含有咖伦宾(3.97%)和秋水仙碱(3.78%)等物质.     

不同类型乌龙茶香气差异分析

以茗科1号（金观音）制成的清香型乌龙茶、闽南乌龙茶和闽北乌龙茶为研究对象,用同时蒸馏萃取法（SDE）提取茶叶香气,气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）测定其香气成分,并对不同类型乌龙茶之间的香气化学成分及含量进行比较。结果表明在被测样品中共检测出47种香组分,其中共有的香气成分有35种,以碳氢化合物、醇类、醛类、酯类为主,橙花叔醇含量占精油总量的30%以上,是最主要的香气物质。香气精油总量、主要香气组分含量、吲哚、橙花叔醇含量高低顺序为清香乌龙茶＆gt;闽南乌龙茶＆gt;闽北乌龙茶;闽南乌龙茶香气组分44种,数量最多,α-法尼烯、醇类物质含量/精油总量比例最高;闽北乌龙茶酯类物质含量最高,尤其是棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯和亚麻酸甲酯。不同类型乌龙茶在香气组分、含量上存在差异,从而形成各自的香气特征。     

紫果西番莲果实发育过程中挥发性香气物质及相关酶活性的变化

以西番莲香气物质较丰富的紫果‘台农1号’为试材,选取未成熟（T₁）、近成熟（T₂）和完全成熟（T₃）3个时期果实,采用顶空–固相微萃取–气质联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术测定3个果实发育过程的挥发性香气物质组成及含量变化情况,同时检测对应果实中酯类香气物质合成相关的脂氧合酶（LOX）和醇酰基转移酶（AAT）活性,以期了解不同发育时期果实主要致香物质变化情况及物质与相关酶活性之间的相关性。结果表明：随着西番莲果实成熟度的增加,挥发性香气物质的种类和含量均有很大的提高,3个时期检测的香气物质总数分别为72种、95种和136种,总峰面积呈倍数增加;未成熟（T₁）和近成熟（T₂）2个时期萜烯类和酯类物质为主要的挥发性香气物质,在完全成熟（T₃）时期主要的挥发性香气为酯类,其峰面积占总峰面积达80.31%;随着果实成熟度的增加,酯类香气的种类和含量不断的提升,其中己酸乙酯,1-甲基己酯-己酸、丁酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、1-甲基辛酯-丁酸、己酸己酯、1-甲基己酯-丁酸、丁酸己酯、(Z)-3-己烯基酯-己酸、乙酸己酯、2-甲基-辛酯-丙酸、辛酸己酯、3-羟基乙酯-己酸、(Z)-2-丁酸-乙酯等含量提升或占比较大,这些脂肪酸代谢途径产生的酯类在西番莲果实成熟过程中可能发挥了致香作用。LOX是酯类合成第一步的限速酶,AAT为酯类合成最后的关键酶。对不同发育期果实酯类合成相关酶活性测定结果表明,随着果实成熟度的增加,LOX、AAT酶活性呈上升趋势,尤其是T₃时期AAT酶活性显著的提升。由此推断,紫果西番莲果实发育过程中LOX和AAT酶的活性与酯类香气成分形成直接相关,酶活性的提升促进酯类香气的合成。     

青梅腌制过程中的风味物质变化

以腌制青梅果肉为样品，采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）对青梅腌制过程中的风味成分分析鉴定，并进行统计分析。结果表明：其中，醛类物质14种、醇类9种、酯类7种、酸类3种、酮类3种、烷烃类12种和其他杂环类2种（占总挥发性的84.52％），共检测出50种挥发性成分。在腌制过程中，醛类和烷烃类与腌制时间显著负相关(p<0.01)，醇类风味物质含量与腌制时间呈弱负相关(p<0.05)，酯类物质含量与腌制时间显著正相关(p<0.01)。典型风味成分苯甲醛含量高达19.80％，腌制第2天，果肉中风味成分含量高且丰富，当腌制第8天时，风味成分变化趋于稳定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).