北京28号桃芽变株系的ISSR和SSR鉴定

品种鉴定是种质资源研究和新品种保护的基础,研究在形态学鉴定的基础上,通过ISSR和SSR标记,对3株北京28号疑似芽变材料及来自同一果园和不同果园对照未变异北京28号进行分子鉴定。结果发现,芽变株系在物候期及果实性状上存在不同程度的变异,50对SSR标记中只有CPPCT022和BPPCT023在对照C2和其他供试样品间...     

柑橘芽变选种以及芽变性状形成机理研究进展

综述了柑橘芽变选种的成果。近年来,我国选育了崀丰、长红、新世纪、奉晚等脐橙品种和华柑2号椪柑、岩溪晚芦、光明早温州蜜柑等宽皮柑橘品种,还有锦橙101、红肉琯溪蜜柚等其他柑橘品种。介绍了RAPD、AFLP、ISSR、MSAP和基于反转录转座子的分子标记在柑橘芽变品种鉴别中的应用。阐述了部分柑橘芽变性状形成的细胞学机理和分子机理,指出目前对芽变的研究主要集中在反转录转座子的插入、DNA甲基化、基因结构和表达差异等方面。结合果树芽变研究的现状,对今后进行芽变研究提出了展望。     

我国梨芽变育成品种分析及芽变性状变异机制研究进展

通过对梨已育成芽变品种/品系进行整理分析,将芽变涉及的变异性状分为5大类和16小类,这些变异性状主要集中在大果型、果实皮色、成熟期、耐贮性及自交亲和性等方面。综述了不同芽变品种及相关性状的研究进展,大果型芽变分别由染色体加倍与控制果重基因变异2种因素引起;果实皮色芽变分别由花青苷、叶绿素、木栓合成途径中的基因变异引起;S-基因位点的变异形成了自交亲和性芽变。探讨了芽变选育在梨的不同品质性状改良中的有效性,并对梨芽变选育方法相关研究及技术的发展进行了展望。     

RAPD标记鉴定果树芽变的可行性分析

在综合分析果树芽变的遗传特点以及RAPD标记技术的原理与存在问题的基础上，结合已有的研究报道，对RAPD标记应用于果树芽变鉴定中的可行性进行了探讨。对于不同的果树芽变类型，RAPD标记技术表现出不同的鉴定可行性。同时，对某些有关的问题提出了相应的建议。     

果树的芽变选种

果树是高度杂合的多年生木本植物,常会发生芽变,而且变异性状可以用无性繁殖加以固定、繁殖和利用.芽变是果树产生新变异无限丰富的源泉,它既可为果树杂交育种提供新的种质资源,又可从中选出优良品种,是果树选育新品种的一个简易而有效的方法.     

沙田柚芽变品种“真龙柚”的分子标记鉴定

真龙柚是从沙田柚芽变中选育出的新品种。为了进一步确定芽变系性状的可遗传性,对沙田柚和真龙柚及其无性系子代6个样品进行了RAPD和SSR分析。结果表明,8个RAPD引物共扩增出43条稳定清晰的条带,其中5条具有多态性,多态性比率为11.6%;26对SSR引物共扩增出34条带,只有5条带具有多态性,多态性比率为14.7%;真龙柚样品与沙田柚样品的遗传距离为0.063,它们之间在DNA水平上存在遗传差异。     

葡萄芽变机制研究进展及应用

芽变作为一种重要的果树育种手段,受到研究者和育种家的高度重视.环境条件等因素是诱导体细胞突变形成芽变的主要原因,L1、L2不同细胞层的变异引起葡萄不同性状发生改变.近年来,随着高通量测序技术的快速发展,研究者开发出不同的分子标记方法对葡萄芽变进行鉴定,同时葡萄芽变的变异机制也有了较为深入的研究.笔者重点从葡萄的花序和果...     

辐射诱变和芽变柑橘品种(系)的AFLP分析

为了对广东省近年来新选育的16个60Co-γ辐射诱变和芽变柑橘优良品系(株系)进行遗传差异分析,应用AFLP技术,对3个亲本和16个辐射诱变和芽变的柑橘品种(系)进行了遗传差异分析。从64对引物中筛选出9对多态性高、分辨能力强的引物进行分析,结果表明:(1)与各自的亲本相比,供试16个辐射诱变和芽变的柑橘变异类型的遗传基础均已经发生了不同程度的变化。(2)利用引物EcoRⅠAAG+MseⅠCTT绘制供试样品的AFLP指纹图谱,并根据各自的差异带或特征带区分了19个柑橘试材。(3)对AFLP扩增结果进行聚类分析,根据相似系数0.77的水平可将19个样品分为4组。红江橙品系中的华青1号与亲本间的相似性系数仅为0.647 7,可将其单独划为一组。可为柑橘新品种选育研究的早期鉴定提供参考依据。     

红色砂梨新品种''''奥冠红''''梨

'奥冠红'梨为'满天红'梨的红色芽变品种,属砂梨系统,果皮浓红色,果实大,扁圆形,平均单果质量430.9 g,最大960.0 g;可溶性固形物含量为14.60%,糖酸比为16.3;肉质较细脆,石细胞极少,多汁,香气浓郁,品质上等.     

‘石硖’龙眼大果型桂花味芽变系的RAPD分析鉴定

 用160个10 bp单个和混和随机引物对‘石硖’龙眼大果型桂花味芽变母树芽变枝及普通枝的基因组DNA进行RAPD扩增分析, 从中筛选出6个单引物( S71、S161、S303、S304、S341、S1212) 和4个双引物( Z7、Z59、Z60、Z70) 能在二者之间扩增出稳定的多态性片段。10个引物共扩增出99条片段, 其中多态性片段有S71-560、S161-813、Z70-800等13条, 占13.1% , 表明芽变枝果实大小及风味的变化与其遗传物质的改变密切相关。用两个特异引物S71、Z70对来源于同一芽变枝不同树龄的芽变嫁接单株及对照进行RAPD扩增, 所得特异片段与引物筛选中完全一致, 进一步表明芽变引起的遗传物质的改变可通过无性繁殖的方式稳定存在, 利用特异引物可对芽变嫁接单株的结果性状做早期预测。     

Genetic diversity of Indonesian cauliflower cultivars and their relationships with hybrid cultivars grown in Australia

The objectives of this study were to investigate genetic variation and relationships between Indonesia-, Australian- and European-based cultivars and to evaluate variation within Indonesia cultivars as all cultivars are open-pollinated. Eight cauliflower cultivars collected from three production regions in Indonesia and four F₁ hybrids cultivars grown in Australia were evaluated using RAPD and ISSR markers. DNA polymorphisms generated from 10 polymorphic RAPD primers were used to construct a dendogram using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and to generate a fingerprinting key. ISSR marker analysis using 14 primers were attempted but DNA polymorphisms could not be clearly identified. The RAPD technique indicated that variation occurred both within and between Indonesian cultivars. Comparison between Indonesian-, Australian- and European-based cultivars showed that Indonesian cultivars have unique genotypes and would be good sources of genes for future crop improvement.     

极早熟葡萄新品种‘90- 1’

 ‘90- 1’是从‘乍娜’的芽变中选出的葡萄新品种。该品种除保持母本的优质、丰产、适合保护地栽培等优良性状外, 其最突出的特点是极早熟, 果实6 月下旬成熟, 果实发育期仅35 d。     

Field performance and molecular diversification of lemon selections

Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) is one of the most important Citrus fruit for Turkey because of its great amount of production and export. It has been cultivated for a long time in Turkey, and therefore variations for agronomical traits are likely among cultivated lemons due to bud mutations and, hybridizations. The objectives of this study were to determine variations for some selected agronomical traits and genetic markers among 12 new lemons derived from selections. Tree growth, yield, fruit quality, and molecular diversification of these clones were determined. After four years of evaluation, ‘Kutdiken’ M-51 indicated the highest canopy volume. For yield per tree, the best clone was ‘Kutdiken’ M-51. After five years of evaluation, ‘Kibris’ M-54 had the highest fruit weight and acidity. ‘Italian Memeli’ M-56 contained the lowest seed number and the highest total soluble solids. Molecular analysis, as assessed with 22 random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 11 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers, indicated that seven of twelve clones were separated with RAPD markers, whereas four were distinguished with ISSR markers. Combined analysis of RAPD and ISSR data detected that similarity values among the lemons clones were between 0.97 and 1.00. It can be concluded that variations in orchards are abundant and mainly due to mutations.     

极早熟葡萄新品种‘洛浦早生’

 ‘洛浦早生’是从‘京亚’的芽变中选育出的葡萄新品种。该品种极早熟、大粒、质优。果实发育期45 d, 6月底7月初成熟。抗病性强, 适合保护地栽培。     

Genetic diversity of ash gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] inbred lines based on RAPD and ISSR markers and their hybrid performance

Ten inbred lines of ash gourd [Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.] were crossed to produce 45 F₁ hybrids (without reciprocal) which were evaluated along with the parents for 20 growth- and yield-related traits, in a replicated field trial. High level of heterosis was observed among the hybrids for most of the traits examined, including yield. These inbred lines were analysed by using 42 RAPD primers those produced 282 DNA marker bands. A total of 130 RAPD markers were obtained with a mean of 3.1 per primer, which in combination discriminated all the inbreds from each other. Pair-wise genetic distance measurements ranged from 0.07 to 0.31, suggesting a wide genetic diversity for these inbreds. These inberds were also analysed with five ISSR primers of which four were informative. Twenty-six ISSR marker bands were generated of which 11 were polymorphic with an average of 2.80 per primers. The percentage of polymorphic bands produced were higher in ISSR markers (>80%) than generated through RAPD markers (46%). Although the results indicated significant positive correlations of genetic distance with hybrid performance and heterosis, the RAPD based genetic distance measures and use of limited ISSR markers in this present study could not effectively predict hybrid performance in this crop. The genetic variation among ash gourd inbred lines examined, herein, defined a marker array (combined ISSR and RAPD) for the development of a standard reference for further genetic analyses, and the selection of potential parents for predicting hybrid performance and heterosis.     

A comparative analysis of the genetic diversity between inbred lines of Zinnia elegans using morphological traits and RAPD and ISSR markers

Genetic diversity within Zinnia elegans is key to the genetic improvement of this important ornamental species. Here, morphological traits and RAPD and ISSR molecular markers were used to assess levels of polymorphism across 20 inbred lines. Thirty-four morphological traits were scored and also 147 RAPD marker-fragments, as amplified by 12 arbitrary primers, and 128 ISSR marker-fragments as generated by 9 primers. The number of polymorphic loci, the percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon's Information index (I) and the effective number of alleles (Ne) were calculated from the RAPD data as 100, 68.03%, 0.3559 and 1.4169, respectively. From the ISSR data, these respective statistics were calculated as 97, 76.38%, 0.4013 and 1.4728. Thus, ISSR markers were considered slightly superior to RAPD markers for assessing genetic diversity between the accessions; however, Mantel's test indicated significant correlation (R = 0.733) of the RAPD and ISSR results. By contrast, the morphological matrix showed low correlation with both RAPD and ISSR data matrices (R = 0.3814 and 0.3765, respectively). Cluster analysis showed that groupings of the accessions according to all three methods correlated well with their geographic region of origin, but flower color was not strongly associated with the genetic classification of these inbred lines of Z. elegans.     

我国无核柑桔类型选育研究进展——文献综述

综述了国内无核柑桔类型选育研究进展。通过芽变、实生选种及诱变育种等手段，我国已先后获得了１１９个无核或少类类型的柑桔品种（品系），涉及柑桔属的主要栽培种类和金柑属、黄皮属。芽变选种和实生选种为获得无核或少核类型的有效途径。大多数无核变异与花粉育性下降有关，胚囊败育、倍性变异及自交不亲和也是造成无核的原因。细胞工程技术为培育无核柑桔类型开展了一条新途径。     

苹果新品种‘天汪1号’

 ‘天汪1号’是从‘红星’的芽变中选育出的苹果短枝型新品种, 在天水地区9月中旬成熟,果实生育期148 d。果实圆锥形, 五棱突起, 果形指数0.90～0.98, 平均单果质量210 g, 果实全面浓红,色相片红; 果肉细而致密, 汁多, 味香甜, 可溶性固形物含量11.9%～14.1%。树势强健, 丰产, 稳产。