按实蝇的检疫背景（二）

按实蝇的检疫背景（二）陈乃中（农业部植物检疫实验所北京１０００２９）２美洲重要水果上的按实蝇种类名录　　　　　　　　　　　按实蝇的检疫背景（二）@陈乃中$农业部植物检疫实验所...     

墨西哥按实蝇在我国的适生性分析

墨西哥按实蝇是美洲地区严重危害水果生产的一种重要害虫。本研究采用CLIMEX模型与ArcGIS分析相结合的预测方法,明确了墨西哥按实蝇的CLIMEX参数指标体系和适生性评判标准,分析了该实蝇在我国的的适生范围和适生程度。研究发现冬季低温构成了影响墨西哥按实蝇分布的主要限制因素,墨西哥按实蝇在我国南部较为适生,分布在16.43~27.12°N,97.67~121.29°E和28.19~30.83°N,102.53~108.42°E范围内,其中云南、广西、广东、海南和台湾5省入侵并适生的可能性较高。鉴于该实蝇在我国南方地区适生范围较广,适生程度较高,我国应加强墨西哥按实蝇的植物检疫措施力度,严防该虫的传入。     

珠海局截获南美按实蝇

2007年5月，斗门出入境检验检疫局工作人员从一进境的厄瓜多尔籍华侨携带的行李中截获2只芒果，发现有实蝇为害状，经珠海局技术中心饲养羽化成虫后鉴定并经广州局梁帆研究员复核，该虫为我国植物检疫性害虫——南美按实蝇[Anastrepha fraterculus（Wiedemann）]。南美按实蝇在国内少有截获。这是珠海局首次截获该种害虫。     

按实蝇属重要害虫种类的鉴定

本篇根据国内外近期研究的结果，详细记载按实蝇属ＡｎａｓｔｒｅｐｈａＳｃｈｉｎｅｒ中７种重要果蔬类害虫的寄主植物和地理分布；并编制成、幼虫分种检索表和附有特征图，以供分类鉴定时参考     

按实蝇属重要害电话中类的鉴定

本篇根据国内外近期研究的结果，详细记载按实蝇ｎａｓｔｒｅｐｈａ Ｓｃｈｉｎｅｒ中７种重要果蔬类害虫的寄主植物的地理分布；并编制成、纪虫分种检索表和附有特征图，以供分类鉴定时参考。     

按实蝇的检疫背景（三）

按实蝇的检疫背景（三）陈乃中（北京农业部植物检疫实验所北京１０００２９）３部分按实蝇种类成虫检索表（雌）１翅Ｓ带不发达完整；Ｖ带无端臂；中室大部分透明；Ｒ１室黄色，透明部分在翅痣端部处达室全宽。虫体淡棕色。小盾片具完整的棕色基横带………………………ｐ...     

上海局从入境旅客携带的水果中截获南美按实蝇

2003年4月,上海口岸检疫人员从韩国入境航班的旅客携带的新鲜柿子中截获多头实蝇幼虫,饲养后羽化出成虫,经鉴定为南美按实蝇Anastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann)见封面］.     

按实蝇的检疫背景（一）

按实蝇的检疫背景（一）陈乃中（北京农业部植物检疫实验所１０００２６）按实蝇（Ａｎａｓｔｒｅｐｈａ）属于实蝇科（Ｔｅｐｈｒｉｔｉｄａｅ）、实蝇亚科（Ｔｒｙｐｅｔｉｎａｅ）、实蝇族（Ｔｒｙｐｅｔｉｎｉ），至今已发现约１８０种，美国得克萨斯和佛罗里达的南部...     

五个重要果蔬类有害实蝇属的鉴定：双翅目：实蝇科

本篇着重阐述五个重要果蔬实蝇害虫类群：果实蝇属Ｂａｃｔｒｏｃｅｒａ Ｍａｃｑｕａｒｔ，寡鬃实蝇属Ｄａｃｕｓ Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ，小条实蝇属Ｃｅｒａｔｉｔｉｓ Ｍａｃｌｅａｙ，按实蝇属ＡａｎｓｔｒｅｐｈａＳｃｈｉｎｅｒ和绕实蝇属ＲｈａｇｏｅｔｉｓＬｏｅｗ的分类地位问题和主要特征；并备有分属检索表（成虫）和特征图，以供分类鉴定时参考。     

美国的按实蝇及对佛罗里达州经济的影响

美国的按实蝇及对佛罗里达州经济的影响杨国海，梁广勤（广州动植物检疫局５１００１０）根据Ａｌｕｊａ（１９９４）的统计，按实蝇属Ａｎａｓｔｒｅｐｈａ在全世界已记录１８４种。美国曾记录有１８种（Ｆｏｏｔｅ等，１９９４）。它们是：１．Ａ．ｂｉｃｏｌｏｒ（ｓｔ...     

Entomopathogenicity of native bacteria from Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata against the pest Phyllocnistis citrella

In Piura (Peru), the pest Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton damages the photosynthetic rate and new bud production of Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle (sweet lemon), decreasing the yield, productivity and commercial price of its fruit. Biological control was evaluated through the crossed effect of bacteria obtained from pests (Anastrepha fraterculus Wied., Ceratitis capitata Wied. and Rhynchophorus palmarum L.) that are pathogenic against their original host species. Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards and Serratia marcescens Bizio (from A. fraterculus and C. capitata) and Pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni (from R. palmarum) were used against P. citrella. The bacterial strains were inoculated into its food and the accumulated mortality was evaluated. Larvae of P. citrella treated with P. mendocina had the highest mortality (66.7%). These bacterial species were entomopathogenic against the original source pest in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays, and this result widens the pathological activity range of these bacterial species.     

Contribution of Biological Control to Integrated Pest Management of Tephritid Fruit Flies in the Tropics and Subtropics

The biological control of pest tephritid flies using parasitoids has been successful in relatively few subtropical and tropical regions. The best documented successes were in Hawaii and Florida, USA, Fiji and southern Europe. There were relatively limited successes in Australia, Costa Rica and Mexico. With the accidental establishment of new pest tephritids, such as Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) in Hawaii or Bactrocera papayae Drew and Hancock in Australia, foreign exploration for new parasitoids is essential. A renewal of interest in classical biological control has recently occurred, although not at the same level as in the 1940s and 1950s. New parasitoid species are currently being obtained for several tephritids, such as Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann), B. latifrons and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew). The advances in mass rearing and quality control technology for parasitoids has enabled researchers to perform large-scale field testing of these parasitoids to determine the potential of augmentative releases. Numerous studies on the augmentative release of parasitoids have been done. Historically, the larval—pupal parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) has been the most frequently studied parasitoid, due to the ease of rearing this species. However, recent successes in rearing other species with different biologies, e.g. the egg—pupal parasitoid Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), the gregarious eulophid, Tetrastichus giffardianus (Silvestri) and the pupal parasitoid, Coptera sp., will enable researchers to broaden the repertoire of parasitoid species for the future. Both successes and failures in augmentative releases have occurred. Without knowledge of the behavioural ecology of parasitoids, the reasons for success or failure can only be surmised. Recent research on the dispersal and host habitat finding of tephritid parasitoids will provide insights into improving augmentation and conservation strategies. The integrated pest management (IPM) of tephritid flies in the tropics has been less well-developed than research and programmes for tephritids in temperate zones. Significant emphasis is now being placed on the development of quarantine treatment methods that are environmentally sound; thus IPM will take a larger role. Several existing pest management strategies are reviewed which show the potential for compatibility with the activities of tephritid parasitoids. These include trap cropping, insecticides with selective toxicity to the target pests, mass trapping with parapheromones, the sterile insect technique and field sanitation.     

Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops

The toxicities of three enzyme inhibitors and their synergistic effects on four insecticides were studied by using the dry film method on field populations of 18 species of insects collected in Jianxin and Shanjie, China, from 2003 to 2005. Meanwhile, the inhibitory effects of these enzyme inhibitors on the activities of acetylcholinesterases (AChE), carboxyesterases (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GST), in vivo, were also studied. In general, triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl maleate (DEM) showed low toxicities to six herbivorous pest insects, four ladybirds and eight parasitoids. Piperonyl butoxide (PB) exhibited low toxicities to the herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds, but high toxicities to the eight parasitoids. The tolerance to the insecticides in 11 pest insects and natural enemies was mainly associated with the tolerance to PB. PB showed the highest synergism on methamidophos, fenvalerate, fipronil and avermectin in nine species of pest insects and natural enemies. In general, TPP and DEM showed significant synergisms to these four insecticides in four parasitoid species. However, in contrast to their effects on the parasitoids, the synergistic effects of TPP and DEM on the four insecticides by TPP and DEM against four pest insects and one ladybird varied depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitor. Activity of AChE, CarE or GST could be strongly inhibited, in vivo, by PB, TPP or DEM, depending on the insect species and enzyme inhibitors. From the results obtained in this study, mixed-function oxidase (MFO) was thought to play the most critical role in insect tolerances to the tested insecticides in the field. Low competition existed in the evolution of insecticide resistance in the field populations of parasitoids, as compared with herbivorous pest insects and ladybirds. Possible causes of the high synergistic effects of PB on the four classes of insecticides, based on multiattack on the activity of CarE, GST or AChE in the insect species, are also discussed.     

Laboratory and field cage studies on female‐targeted attract‐and‐kill bait stations for Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BACKGROUND: Development of attract‐and‐kill bait stations for pest fruit flies has been limited by the water solubility of sugar needed as a feeding stimulant and by the volatility of chemical attractants. A wax‐based matrix was developed that provides the longevity needed for field use and is biodegradable. RESULTS: Laboratory bioassays with the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), confirmed the efficacy of bait stations containing avermectin, methomyl, spinosad and phloxine B. Field cage studies demonstrated that significant mortality occurred with either 1% (w/v) spinosad or 1% (w/v) methomyl bait stations versus pesticide‐free bait stations. Bait stations were exposed to environmental conditions by placing them in trees at the ARS station in Miami, Florida, between tests. There was no loss in efficacy, in spite of exposure to over 360 mm of rainfall over the 56 days of the study, indicating that the bait stations could provide population suppression for at least 1–2 months when used in subtropical environments. CONCLUSION: A long‐lasting, female‐targeted fruit fly bait station, such as the one developed herein, could provide a cost‐effective option for fruit fly population suppression that would be an important tool in tephritid pest management and control. Additional studies are needed to demonstrate efficacy against wild fruit fly populations and determine deployment strategies. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preliminary survey for insects associated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal

The detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Pinus pinaster trees in Portugal in 1999 led the official services to implement exceptional and urgent control measures to prevent the spread of the pest. Because the pest is vector-transmitted, special attention was paid to the insects associated with infested trees. A survey comprising 21 species of insects, from six families, with a total of 1367 specimens, was made in order to evaluate their possible role as vectors of the nematode in Portugal. Five insect species were found to carry other Bursaphelenchus spp., but only Monochamus galloprovincialis was associated with B. xylophilus .     

Computer-aided consultation and identification system for insect pests infesting fruits

A computer database has been developed on insect pests infesting fruits, for use by phytosanitary inspectors and pest risk analysts in China. A total of 304 species is covered. Besides basic nomenclatural, biological and distributional information on each pest, the database includes dangerousness scores calculated according to a new system, and an identification system based on external characters.     

Gut bacteria associated with the Pacific Coast wireworm,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Limonius canus</Emphasis>, inferred from 16s rDNA sequences and their implications for control

A multitude of bacteria have been isolated from the guts of several insect species. Some of these have been modified to interfere with the development of the host insect or with the development and transmission of plant and animal pathogens transmitted by the host insect. We surveyed the gut flora of the Pacific Coast wireworm,Limonius canus LeConte, a serious pest of potato, at two sites in Oregon and Washington. Isolates were obtained from surface-sterilized triturated larvae by dilution plating on standard media. A rich diversity of species was found in 86 isolates, including spore-formers, non-spore-formers and aerobic and facultatively anaerobic species collected on four sampling dates at each location. Twenty-one of the isolates were identified to species based on rDNA sequence (nine distinct species). An additional 34 isolates were identified to genus from the sequence data while six isolates could be assigned only to family based on sequence comparisons. Twenty-seven additional isolates were identified to species (9), genus (17) or family (1) based on side-by-side morphological comparisons with isolates identified from rDNA sequence. The most frequently isolated bacterium wasBacillus megaterium, followed byRahnella aquatilis. A naturally occurring bacterium found in the gut and/or environment of a targeted insect that is modified to express toxins or other detrimental substances could provide certain advantages (such as persistence and recycling) over inundatively applied microbial control agents, particularly within soil habitats. The hypothesis that these species or others from the survey represent candidates for genetic modification to provide control options forL. canus is discussed.     

Roles of bootstrap resampling,measure of central tendency,and method for calculating thermal units when developing phenology models for pest management

The successful development of phenology models from field studies depends on many factors, some of which are entirely under the control of pest managers. For example, one such factor is the choice of method for calculating thermal units. In this study, we have demonstrated that four methods for calculating thermal units provided for acceptable predictions of one phenological event of one insect species, while another method for calculating thermal units did not. The measure of central tendency (mean or median) that is used to estimate lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. Here, we show that predictions that were made when using phenology models based on median lower developmental temperatures and median required thermal summations were superior to predictions that were made when using phenology models based on mean lower developmental temperatures and mean required thermal summations. The use of bootstrap vs. non-bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is yet another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. In this study, we found that calculating and using bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations in phenology models did not improve the predictions of one phenological event for one insect species. The implications of these and other findings are discussed.     

First records of the ash whitefly Siphoninus phillyreae Haliday (Hemiptera,Aleyrodidae) in Belgium

In recent years, a whitefly species has become more abundant in Belgian pear orchards, and a survey over six locations in the province of Limburg in 2017 showed it to be exclusively Siphoninus phillyreae Haliday, the ash whitefly. Although the puparia of the species are fairly easy to recognize in the field, S. phillyreae most probably has previously been overlooked but present in Belgium. Although the species is an important pest in some parts of the world, so far no significant damage has been observed in Belgian pear orchards. This is the first report of this pest in Belgium.     

Introduction,release and recovery of several exotic natural enemies for biological control of the citrus leaf miner,Phyllocnistis citrella,in Israel

The citrus leafminer,Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, was first discovered in citrus groves in Israel in 1994. A biological control project was launched immediately and six species of natural enemies of the pest were introduced from Thailand, China, Australia and Florida. These were reared and released in citrus groves. At present, most have been recovered from the release sites and some seem to have become established, with relatively high rates of parasitization. The current status of the pest and of its indigenous and introduced natural enemies is briefly discussed.