甘肃金昌市生物多样性保护与建设探讨

生物多样性是人类赖以生存和发展的基础,通过调查分析金昌生物多样性的现状和存在的问题,提出保护生物多样性的措施。     

Assessing land-use impacts on biodiversity using an expert systems tool

Habitat alteration, in the form of land-use development, is a leading cause of biodiversity loss in the U.S. and elsewhere. Although statutes in the U.S. may require consideration of biodiversity in local land-use planning and regulation, local governments lack the data, resources, and expertise to routinely consider biotic impacts that result from permitted land uses. We hypothesized that decision support systems could aid solution of this problem. We developed a pilot biodiversity expert systems tool (BEST) to test that hypothesis and learn what additional scientific and technological advancements are required for broad implementation of such a system. BEST uses data from the U.S. Geological Survey's Gap Analysis Program (GAP) and other data in a desktop GIS environment. The system provides predictions of conflict between proposed land uses and biotic elements and is intended for use at the start of the development review process. Key challenges were the development of categorization systems that relate named land-use types to ecological impacts, and relate sensitivities of biota to ecological impact levels. Although the advent of GAP and sophisticated desktop GIS make such a system feasible for broad implementation, considerable ongoing research is required to make the results of such a system scientifically sound, informative, and reliable for the regulatory process. We define a role for local government involvement in biodiversity impact assessment, the need for a biodiversity decision support system, the development of a prototype system, and scientific needs for broad implementation of a robust and reliable system.     

Using spatial analysis to drive reserve design: a case study of a national wildlife refuge in Indiana and Illinois (USA)

Our refuge design strategy involves a landscape approach formulated to complement existing management efforts and employ restoration in the heavily degraded Kankakee River watershed in northeastern Indiana and northwestern Illinois. The watershed historically contained an approximately 400,000 ha wetland (Grand Marsh), a diverse riverine system, oak savanna, and prairie. Today only fragments of these habitats remain. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service developed a preliminary project proposal (PPP) during the summer of 1996 to protect and restore habitat within the watershed by establishing the Grand Kankakee Marsh National Wildlife Refuge. The Indiana and Illinois Gap Analysis projects provided the resources to move beyond the expert workshop approach to a data-driven method for initial reserve design. Using visual analysis of various Gap Analysis data layers, we established Focus Areas that formed the basis for the Environmental Assessment and the Economic Impact Study required under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). We have initiated Phase II of the reserve design analysis using preliminary results of the Indiana Gap Analysis project and C-Plan software in conjunction with the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service.     

Exploring preferences for biodiversity and wild parks in Chinese cities: A conjoint analysis study in Hangzhou

There has been a transformation of value orientation from an anthropocentric to eco-centric view in Chinese urban park design. Biodiversity enhancement has been increasingly seen as a prioritised park design aim by landscape designers. This promotes the rise of a novel park style with wild, less manicured appearance in cities, which shows strong contrasts to the traditional park style with ornamental, manicured characteristics. However, in this urban park transformation process, people’s opinion has been almost ignored. This research investigated the importance of biodiversity compared with other relevant urban park attributes (i.e., Facilities, Woodlands, Maintenance, and Seasonal views) identified from preliminary focus groups. The research further predicted preferences between wild and traditional urban parks. Conjoint analysis was used to address these questions. Five urban park attributes (i.e., Biodiversity, Facilities, Woodlands, Maintenance, and Seasonal views) were included in the conjoint questionnaire survey. The survey (N = 187) was conducted with the public and ecology/landscape professionals in Hangzhou, China. Results showed that for professionals, biodiversity was the most important attribute relative to others; for the public, both facilities and biodiversity were the most important attributes. Preferences for the two park styles varied between the two groups: professionals preferred wild parks, whereas the public preferred traditional parks. Yet, public preferences for wild parks were enhanced by improving maintenance levels and providing recreation facilities. The study concluded the appreciation of biodiversity among both the public and professionals. Differences in professional preferences for wild parks compared to the public should be considered when professionals design wild parks in the future.     

Predicting mammal species richness and distributions: testing the effectiveness of satellite-derived land cover data

Mapping species richness and distributions is an important aspect of conservation and land use planning, but the time and cost of producing maps from field surveys is prohibitive. It is useful, therefore, if mappable environmental variables, from a readily accessible source, can be used as surrogates for species attributes. We evaluated the power of satellite-derived land cover information, from the Land Cover Map of Great Britain, to predict species richness and occurrences of terrestrial mammals in one hundred 10×10 km quadrats, from four regions of Britain. The predictive power of the land cover data was relatively poor – with a few exceptions, land cover explained less than half of the variation in mammal species richness and occurrence in regression models. Predictive power was considerably stronger when regions were analyzed separately than when analyzed together, and best fitting models varied between regions and between mammal taxa. Predictive power was also affected (positively or negatively depending on taxon) when PCA-ordinated land cover variables were used as predictors. The predictive strength of the land cover data was probably limited mostly by the high proportion of British mammal species with geographic distributions changing rapidly and independently of land cover (and hence the non-saturation of preferred habitats), and to a lesser extent by shortcomings in the mammal and land cover data, and the influence of landscape factors other than land cover on mammal distributions. The results suggest that regional stratification is essential when attempting to predict species richness and distributions, even across relatively limited areas such as Great Britain. We conclude that caution is necessary in using results from environmental information systems such as this as a basis for conservation and land use planning decisions.     

GAP management status and regional indicators of threats to biodiversity

Conservation assessment requires quantitative criteria for evaluating the relative degree of threat faced by species or ecological communities. Identifying appropriate criteria for communities is complicated because the species inhabiting them can have many different responses to land uses and other forms of environmental stress. The Gap Analysis Program (GAP) uses summary data on the proportion of the community that is protected as an estimate of its vulnerability. Management status from a gap analysis of California was compared with three ecological indicators (permitted land uses, human population growth, and the spatial extent of road effects) that more directly represent impacts on biodiversity. The classification of management status appears to provide a crude first approximation of these three indicators. Public and private lands that are not formally protected were susceptible to extensive land use conversion or resource extraction in both rural and urban settings. Some plant community types are more susceptible to future infringement by human population increases that were not well predicted by management status alone. Other community types have a high road density despite being moderately well protected. It is suggested that indicators such as future growth and current road effects could complement status in rating the potential vulnerability of plant communities and setting conservation priorities. The choice of indicators will depend on the threatening processes in a given region and the availability of spatial data to map or model them.     

Greening cities through urban planning: A literature review on the uptake of concepts and methods in Stockholm

Nature-based solutions (NBS) represent the most recent of several "greening" concepts proposed to support spatial planning and decision-making towards sustainable metropolitan regions. Despite similarities, the concepts stem from different disciplines and policy arenas and reflect various models of people-nature relations. This paper aims to analyze the uptake of greening concepts in scientific planning literature focusing on (urban) nature and landscape in the metropolitan region of Stockholm, Sweden, over the last three decades. It investigates what changes this evolution has brought in terms of the topics adopted, methods applied, and types of planning support put into practice. We identified 574 articles that reflect substantial research on greening concepts in the Swedish planning context. The articles demonstrate an initial prevalence of biodiversity with later increases of interest in ecosystem services and NBS. A detailed analysis of the studies focusing on Stockholm revealed Population growth/densification, Green space management and Biodiversity conservation as the most commonly addressed societal challenges. The most frequently mentioned type of green and blue element is Parks and (semi-)natural urban green areas, including urban forests. Methods applied were mostly quantitative, while mixes with qualitative approaches were only apparent in ecosystem services articles. Half of the studies involved practitioners or decision-makers, but only four seemed related to real-life planning processes. Taken together, the influence of scientific literature on the uptake of greening concepts in spatial planning seems to have been limited. Future mainstreaming of greening concepts in Stockholm and beyond could benefit from available data, methods and experiences, but will require more active translation and boundary management. Further research into science-policy-planning interfaces at city scale is thus imperative to advance more sustainable pathways for people and nature in metropolitan regions.     

The spatial distribution of diversity between disparate taxa: Spatial correspondence between mammals and ants across South Florida,USA

Gap Analysis takes a proactive landscape-level approach to conserving native species by identifying nodes of high biological diversity. It uses vertebrate species richness as an index of overall biological diversity. However, it remains unknown whether or not the spatial distribution of vertebrate diversity corresponds with the diversity of other taxa. We tested whether landscape-level diversity patterns corresponded between a vertebrate and an invertebrate taxon, mammals and ants, across the southern half of the Florida peninsula, USA. Composite digital maps with a 30-m spatial resolution were produced for each taxon. Spatial correspondence between the taxa was determined by normalizing and then subtracting the composite maps. There were large areas of spatial correspondence – indicating that richness between mammals and ants was similar over much of southern Florida. However, spatial correspondence occurred where the richness of both taxa was low or moderate, and areas with the highest species richness (highest 20%) for each taxon, the explicit focus of Gap Analyses, corresponded over only 8752 ha. Gap Analysis provides a much needed assessment of landscape-level diversity patterns and proactive reserve design, but it must be explicit that the results are applicable for vertebrate diversity, which does not necessarily correspond with diversity patterns of other taxa. The two taxa investigated differ by orders of magnitude in the scale that they perceive their environment, and it is likely that diversity hotspots vary as the scale of investigation – and the taxa mapped – vary.     

Theory and language in landscape analysis,planning, and evaluation

A soft paradigm for landscape analysis is presented. This paradigm focuses on the analysis of function first, and then on structure. The objective is to determine which factors are operationally significant, how these factors bring about change, and how they define the spatial characteristics of landscapes.     

Thermal infrared remote sensing for analysis of landscape ecological processes: methods and applications

Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data can provide important measurements of surface energy fluxes and temperatures, which are integral to understanding landscape processes and responses. One example of this is the successful application of TIR remote sensing data to estimate evapotranspiration and soil moisture, where results from a number of studies suggest that satellite-based measurements from TIR remote sensing data can lead to more accurate regional-scale estimates of daily evapotranspiration. With further refinement in analytical techniques and models, the use of TIR data from airborne and satellite sensors could be very useful for parameterizing surface moisture conditions and developing better simulations of landscape energy exchange over a variety of conditions and space and time scales. Thus, TIR remote sensing data can significantly contribute to the observation, measurement, and analysis of energy balance characteristics (i.e., the fluxes and redistribution of thermal energy within and across the land surface) as an implicit and important aspect of landscape dynamics and landscape functioning.The application of TIR remote sensing data in landscape ecological studies has been limited, however, for several fundamental reasons that relate primarily to the perceived difficulty in use and availability of these data by the landscape ecology community, and from the fragmentation of references on TIR remote sensing throughout the scientific literature. It is our purpose here to provide evidence from work that has employed TIR remote sensing for analysis of landscape characteristics to illustrate how these data can provide important data for the improved measurement of landscape energy response and energy flux relationships. We examine the direct or indirect use of TIR remote sensing data to analyze landscape biophysical characteristics, thereby offering some insight on how these data can be used more robustly to further the understanding and modeling of landscape ecological processes.     

Impact of mowing frequency on arthropod abundance and diversity in urban habitats: A meta-analysis

Urbanization is an important driver of global insect decline. Yet, recent studies have demonstrated the potential of greenspaces in cities to promote biodiversity conservation. One of many factors negatively affecting arthropods in urban areas are unsuitable habitats, as non-woody greenspaces predominantly consist of manicured lawns. Maintenance practices such as high mowing frequencies, can have direct and indirect negative impacts on the local flora and fauna. The present study examines the effects of different mowing regimes on arthropod abundance and diversity by conducting meta-analyses of studies assessing the effect of mowing on arthropod abundance (46 datasets) and taxa richness (23 datasets) in urban environments. Due to a geographical bias in the literature, only data from the temperate, northern hemisphere are analyzed. While our meta-analysis on arthropod abundance showed a medium positive effect (effect size: g = 0.54) of reduced mowing, the cumulative positive effect of reduced mowing on arthropod taxa richness was large (g = 1.25). Grouping the studies not only resulted in lower heterogeneity, but also showed that manicured lawns disproportionately favor the abundance of “pest” species as well as ground-dwelling arthropods. There was also a significantly higher abundance of winged insects on sites with reduced mowing as compared to arthropods without wings. Overall, the findings of the present meta-analysis strongly support the notion that a reduction in mowing frequencies in urban greenspaces benefits insect biodiversity.     

A multiscale framework for landscape analysis: Object-specific analysis and upscaling

Landscapes are complex systems that require a multiscale approach to fully understand, manage, and predict their behavior. Remote sensing technologies represent the primary data source for landscape analysis, but suffer from the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). To reduce the effects of MAUP when using remote sensing data for multiscale analysis we present a novel analytical and upscaling framework based on the spatial influence of the dominant objects composing a scene. By considering landscapes as hierarchical in nature, we theorize how a multiscale extension of this object-specific framework may assist in automatically defining critical landscape thresholds, domains of scale, ecotone boundaries, and the grain and extent at which scale-dependent ecological models could be developed and applied through scale.     

A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from the Phoenix metropolitan region,Arizona, USA

Landscape Ecology - Urbanization is arguably the most dramatic form of land transformation that profoundly influences biological diversity and human life. Quantifying landscape pattern and its...     

Cloning,molecular analysis,and developmental expression of 3 oleosin cDNA isoforms in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)

Coconut stores its lipid reserves in the endosperm, specifically in oil bodies that contain proteins called oleosins which stabilise their structure. This study reports the complete cDNA sequences of 3 genes for 3 isoforms of oleosin termed CnOLE500a, CnOLE500c, and CnOLE300a with 396, 375, and 381 nucleotides, respectively. Their predicted amino acid sequences were 131, 124, and 126 residues in length, respectively, with molecular weights of 13,787, 12,982, and 12,988 Da, respectively. The complete CnOLE500a cDNA sequence had 83.1% similarity with that of CnOLE500c, while CnOLE300a cDNA had only 50.7% and 46.5% similarity with CnOLE500a and CnOLE500c, respectively. None of the 3 coconut oleosins had the 18 amino acid insertion characteristics of H-class oleosins, thus they belonged to the L-class of oleosins. However, phylogenetic analysis showed that CnOLE300a was more related to H-class oleosins from dicots. All 3 isoforms were highly expressed at all stages of coconut endosperm development. CnOLE500c exhibited 6% higher expression than CnOLE500a and 15% higher than CnOLE300a at all stages of coconut endosperm development. However, oleosin proteins were barely detectable in the solid endosperm of coconut at 5–6 months, but this increased 20-fold at 6–7 months, and increased by a further 2- and 12-fold, at 7–8 and 8–9 months, respectively.     

Landscape pattern in topographically complex landscapes: issues and techniques for analysis

Ecological research provides ample evidence that topography can exert a significant influence on the processes shaping broad-scale landscape vegetation patterns. Studies that ignore this influence run the risk of misinterpreting observations and making inappropriate recommendations to the management community. Unfortunately, the standard methods for landscape pattern analysis are not designed to include topography as a pattern-shaping factor. In this paper, we present a set of techniques designed to incorporate the topographic mosaic into analyses of landscape pattern and dynamics. This toolbox includes adjustments to classic landscape indices that account for non-uniform landscape topography, indices that capture associations and directionality in vegetation pattern due to topographic structure, and the application of statistical models to describe relationships between topographic characteristics and vegetation pattern. To illustrate these methods, we draw on examples from our own analysis of landscape pattern dynamics in logged and unlogged forest landscapes in southwestern British Columbia. These examples also serve to illustrate the importance of considering topography in both research and management applications.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Association analysis of yield,oil and fatty acid content,and main phenotypic traits in Paeonia rockii as an oil crop

Tree peony has been recently recognised as an oil crop in China. To identify the molecular markers associated with nine important oil-related traits, we performed association analysis among 205 P. rockii genotypes for three consecutive years using 102 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs). As a result, the phenotypic traits showed higher coefficient of variation (CV) level ranged from 7.47% to 72.76%. Based on the general linear model (GLM, Q) and mixed linear model (MLM, Q + K), the marker-trait associations were different; however, a total of 74 allelic variations were repeatedly detected in all the three consecutive seasons, with 15 SSR markers associated with five traits, such as yield per plant (Y), the number of valid fruits per plant (PFN), the produced seed ratio (YFWR), hundred seed weight (HKW), and linolenic acid content (LA). In conclusion, the SSR markers ps207, ps328 and ps356 associated with Y, and ps345 associated with LA, which would provide an efficient reference for oil tree peony breeding.     

Detecting dominant landscape objects through multiple scales: An integration of object-specific methods and watershed segmentation

Complex systems, such as landscapes, are composed of different critical levels of organization where interactions are stronger within levels than among levels, and where each level operates at relatively distinct time and spatial scales. To detect significant features occurring at specific levels of organization in a landscape, two steps are required. First, a multiscale dataset must be generated from which these features can emerge. Second, a procedure must be developed to delineate individual image-objects and identify them as they change through scale. In this paper, we introduce a framework for the automatic definition of multiscale landscape features using object-specific techniques and marker-controlled watershed segmentation. By applying this framework to a high-resolution satellite scene, image-objects of varying size and shape can be delineated and studied individually at their characteristic scale of expression. This framework involves three main steps: 1) multiscale dataset generation using an object-specific analysis and upscaling technique, 2) marker-controlled watershed transformation to automatically delineate individual image-objects as they evolve through scale, and 3) landscape feature identification to assess the significance of these image-objects in terms of meaningful landscape features. This study was conducted on an agro-forested region in southwest Quebec, Canada, using IKONOS satellite data. Results show that image-objects tend to persist within one or two scale domains, and then suddenly disappear at the next, while new image-objects emerge at coarser scale domains. We suggest that these patterns are associated to sudden shifts in the entire image structure at certain scale domains, which may correspond to critical landscape thresholds.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北京昌平苹果园土壤养分、pH与果实矿质营养的多元分析

2008-2009年,通过对北京昌平34个成龄苹果园土壤养分、pH和果实矿质元素含量的调查和多元统计分析,探讨了果实矿质元素含量最佳的土壤养分含量和pH优化方案.结果表明,土壤有机质与土壤各种养分均呈正相关,土壤养分与果实矿质元素含量的相关性非常弱,单因子相关分析不能揭示土壤养分与果实矿质元素间的关系;典型相关分析表明...