中美数字图书馆建设比较研究

作者从中国与美国数字图书馆建设在统一规划、统一技术标准以及资金筹措渠道等方面进行了全面的比较和研究．找出了目前我国数字图书馆建设的差距、问题和对策。     

ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Polygraph Testing and the DOE National Laboratories

A new security policy that mandates polygraph testing as a security measure at U.S. national laboratories has spurred controversy, which is explored in this essay. Congress imposed the requirement last year in response to security failures at the labs. But opponents challenge the scientific validity of the polygraph, and argue that it could tend to undermine the vitality of the labs that it is intended to protect.     

The Two Cultures of Science： Implications for University-Industry Relationships in the U.S. Agriculture Biotechnology

Partnerships between U.S. universities and industries have existed for several decades and in recent years have become generally more varied, wider in scope, more aggressive and experimental and higher in public visibility. In addition, in the last few decades, public and private interests have advocated for government policies and laws to globally promote the commercialization of university science. This paper examines the persistence or convergence of the two cultures of science and the implications of this commercialization for university-industry relationships in agriculture biotechnology. The perceptions and values of over 200 U.S. university and industry scientists, managers and administrators who participate in or oversee research collaborations in agricultural biotechnology were analyzed. The findings revealed that the participants in these research relationships continue to perceive very distinct cultures of science and identify a wide range of concerns and disadvantages of these partnerships. Several actions were discussed to ensure that the two cultures serve complementary roles and that they maximize the public benefits from these increasing collaborations.     

Focus on polar research

A few of the scientific challenges of polar research are reviewed, with stress on the work being done by U.S. investigators. The accomplishments that have been made are impressive, but much remains to be done. An evaluation of future research goals and priorities in science per se and in the national interest is not attempted, but a research strategy for the future, presently planned by the National Research Council's Polar Research Board, should contribute to this end.     

农业科技服务体系建设的国际经验及相关启示——以美国、日本为例

农业科技服务是加快科技成果推广应用,并转化为现实生产力的重要纽带。在农业科技服务体系的建设上,美国构建了农科教结合的三级联动模式,日本构建了由政府与农协并行主导的双轨协同模式。本文选取美国、日本两国为代表,系统梳理了它们的共性经验,包括明确主体分工及工作目标、完善法律法规体系、加大公共财政投入并有效撬动私人资本、强化人员准入及队伍管理机制、搭建便于供需方对接的信息平台。当前,中国面临着农业科技服务法律制度保障缺乏、基层部门服务效率低下、服务供需失衡等一系列问题。借鉴国际经验及中国国情,本文进一步构建了中国农业科技服务体系的运行结构框架,并提出明晰职能划清边界,统筹协调形成合力;完善法律法规建设,强化政策扶持保障;重视人力资源开发,提升基层队伍能力;充分利用信息技术,搭建智慧服务平台的政策建议。     

Science policy. Clinton's science legacy: ending on a high note

Once perceived to be at best ambivalent about science policy, President Bill Clinton is now credited with steering the U.S. government's $80-billion-plus R&D enterprise through one of its most perilous and productive decades. Along the way, supporters say, Clinton and his science-savvy vice president, Al Gore, have won respect from researchers. Although the reviews are not uniformly good, even critics agree that Clinton's term is ending on a much higher note for science than what many initially expected from the former Arkansas governor.     

镇江赛珍珠旅游产品开发定位与展望

对镇江赛珍珠旅游产品开发进行了定位,按照旅游产品空间结构的类型,从点状产品、线状产品和网络状产品3个角度,对镇江赛珍珠旅游产品开发进行了探讨,将赛珍珠研究拓展到旅游学术研究领域,为提升赛珍珠旅游资源的综合效益以及同类产品的开发提供参考。     

Slow neutron scattering experiments

Neutron scattering is a versatile technique that has been successfully applied to condensed-matter physics, biology, polymer science, chemistry, and materials science. The United States lost its leadership role in this field to Western Europe about 10 years ago. Recently, a modest investment in the United States in new facilities and a positive attitude on the part of the national laboratories toward outside users have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of U.S. scientists involved in neutron scattering research. Plans are being made for investments in new and improved facilities that could return the leadership role to the United States.     

MIDDLE SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT: Asia Stays on Top, U.S. in Middle in New Global Rankings

Eighth graders from the United States are still running in the middle of the global pack when it comes to science and math achievement, according to the latest results from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. And Asian nations continue to lead the way, with Singapore and Taiwan emerging as the star performers among the 38 participating countries. The news is not good for U.S. science and math educators, who have spent much of the decade pursuing reforms aimed at raising student achievement.     

Regulating the boundaries of dual-use research

A new U.S. policy for dual-use life science research defines what is permissible by scientists and the government. However, further negotiations will be needed as governments realize the consequences of such boundaries for research and society.     

An industry picture of u.s. Science policy

With regard to promoting the competitiveness of U.S. industry, federal science policy is performing unevenly. Federally supported basic research is not well aligned with industrial needs, although the National Science Foundation's Engineering Research Centers and similar programs are improving matters. Large-scale federal undertakings in science and technology, such as the Apollo program and now the Strategic Defense Initiative, actually tend to divert resources away from commercial research and development. Needed are federal and industrial leaders who will work together to serve the interests of both competitive industry and efficient government in the United States.     

The ecological transformation of Cuba

Faced with an extremely difficult economic situation following the loss of its major trade relations, a tightened U. S. blockade, and a world recession, Cuba has taken major steps towards building an ecological society. The major change in the orientation of development strategy that is now taking place requires a complex analysis that includes such long term general factors as the socialist commitment to developing science, the absence of a sector that profits from high tech agriculture or environmental degradation, and a receptivity to Marxist analysis of science combined with the development of a self confident and articulate ecological community and shorter term changes associated with “rectification”, a political swing to the left, and the present “Special Period”. Ecologists by conviction are joined by ecologists by necessity in introducing emergency measures that they hope will become permanent features of Cuban Society.     

ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Selling Science to the Public

In this essay, Highfield reflects on his personal experiences as science journalist and editor at the British broadsheet the Daily Telegraph. Highfield believes that scientists can learn from journalists' dialogue approach to science communication. Highfield believes that readers are "ignorant but smart," and are sufficiently sceptical not to believe all the hype that they read. What is most important is that a dialogue is created. For example, large-scale experiments performed by the Daily Telegraph together with the BBC allow the public to get a glimpse of the scientific method that is often ignored.     

美国森林病虫害教学及科研现况

<正> 应美国同行的邀请,我们一行三人于1984年夏访问了威斯康辛大学(麦迪逊)、明尼苏达大学、纽约州立大学(塞拉库斯)、弗罗里达大学和加利福尼亚大学(伯克利)。此外,还访问了美国农业部林务局下设的北部林业中心试验站、西南太平洋林业试验站,以及印第     

Natural philosophy in the constitution

The natural philosophers who wrote the U.S. social contract held the advancement of science to be the supreme exercise of citizen sovereignty. The rising nation, in the late 19th century, established the seat of that sovereignty in its universities. Today those institutions have come to be regarded as contract research centers at the service of the federal government. Research contracts in support of the proposed Strategic Defense Initiative are pressed on them against the consensus of the scientific community that holds this "Star Wars" enterprise to be technically infeasible. The time has come to reconstruct the relation between the federal government and university science in the spirit of our social contract.     

U.s.-European cooperation in space science: a 25-year perspective

In the past 25 years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has engaged in a range of cooperative activities in space with other countries and international organizations, most of the scientific interactions being with Europe. The character of U.S.-European cooperation in space science is changing as a result of the increased maturity and level of space capability which Europe is bringing to the partnership; the consequent addition of a competitive dimension to the relationship; the increasing cost of space science missions; and the relative scarcity of funds available for space science. A number of issues flow from the current situation, but in general the outlook is for continued productive cooperation between the United States and Europe in space science..     

Science advice in the white house? Continuation of a debate

Thus, we are skeptical of the commonly stated arguments for re-creation of a science office at the White House, but are ultimately convinced that such an office is justified. A three-man CST is a reasonable proposal, although the detailed structure is less critical than the mandate given to the office, and the general understanding within government of its functions and limitations and of its relationship to the President. To give it permanence, the office should be grounded in a science policy management and oversight function that is critically needed today. That kind of strong office could lead a president to use it as his personal science advisory staff, but the decision must be made anew by each president. The President does have other ways of obtaining scientific advice, although the right kind of science office would be a preferable route in our view. The importance of such an office being able to present its analyses and recommendations in policy terms useful to other policy-makers cannot be overestimated. This has important implications for the kind of competence required to staff and work with such a council; it also requires recognition of the fact that policy-relevant studies and advice can never be value-free, even when carried out by scientists and engineers. And finally, such a council could bring intensive and continuous attention to the international dimension of U.S. science policy, which seems to us to be particularly neglected. It is not yet clear whether there will be any structural changes in the new Administration. But it is not too soon to be clearer about the essential factors that should underlie a sensible proposal for this or the next Administration.     

SCIENCE EDUCATION: Ehlers Bill Wins Bipartisan Backing

A House panel has unanimously endorsed a major bipartisan initiative to improve math and science education in U.S. elementary and secondary schools. The bill would authorize nearly $100 million a year for several new programs to be run by the National Science Foundation, a sizable addition to its current $275 million budget for precollege education.     

ELECTION 2000: Uncertainty Wins by a Landslide

Scientists seeking order from the chaos of the U.S. election results may have a long wait. With the closest presidential election in a generation still undecided as Science went to press and the winners in several closely watched Senate and House races also unknown, it may be months before researchers and science lobbyists know who will fill influential posts in Congress and the new Administration for shaping science policies and budgets.     

专利制度对美国社会的影响

美国是当今世界较早建立专利制度的国家之一。专利制度在促进科学技术进步,刺激经济发展,激发公众创新意识的同时,也产生了一定的消极影响。