管子与孔子思想比较

春秋战国纷乱交织之际,管仲作为现实政治之实践者,既主张以法治国,又肯定道德教化的必要性,相桓公"九合诸侯,一匡天下",使齐桓公成为春秋第一个霸主。而孔子则为理想王国之缔造者,他的一生都在追求理想的社会,虽在当时恓恓惶惶四处奔走犹如丧家狗,却在后世被尊为"万世师表"。管仲终于成就了齐桓公春秋霸主的地位,被誉为"春秋第一相";孔子则创造了儒家学说,奠定了后世文化发展的坚实基础,被尊为"圣人"。     

麦卡锡《上帝之子》中的暴力和伦理选择

当代美国小说家科马克·麦卡锡的《上帝之子》用令人颤栗的笔触，讲述了巴拉德暴力、凶残、怪诞的一生。童年时期父母的缺位、混乱的生活环境，以及暴力的合谋，致使他未能完成伦理选择，进而认同了动物伦理，通过暴力建立了骇人听闻的"地下王国"。最后，经过乔伊斯式的"顿悟"，他认识到自己一丝尚存的人性，通过走向死亡，完成了伦理选择。在人类伦理失序的语境下，借用"上帝之子"之名，小说深刻揭示了巴拉德面临的种种伦理困境，并通过其作出的正确伦理选择最终完成了对社会的回归，巧妙地表达了作者对人性的深切关照。     

试论莎士比亚笔下的哈姆雷特

本文以十六世纪前后英国历史转变的情况入手,从经济、政治和文艺的关系,说明了文艺复兴的时代背景及人文主义的产生。莎士比亚在这一时代背景和人文主义的影响下,写出了他的不朽名著《哈姆雷特》一剧。哈姆雷特这一人文主义的典型人物,在莎氏的笔下,把复仇和实现理想结合起来,从受到一系列严重打击而“垮”了的情况下,最后报了杀父之仇。本文分析指出了《哈姆雷特》之所以是个悲剧的主要点是在于主人翁没有完成他最高的理想:重整脱了节的时代,建立起他理想的社会。其原因是时代和哈姆雷特思想和地位的局限。他没有也不可能与人民群众一起,铲除邪恶,实现他人文主义的理想。     

力禁“花田”重农桑——李用清“丁戊”救荒活动考察

作为襄助山西赈务官员之一,李用清努力履行赈济官员上达民意、下抚民众的职责,身体力行,亲历州县调查,了解灾情,既解决眼前的饥荒问题,又不断思考灾荒的深层原因,极力主张禁种罂粟、重视农桑。更重要的是他始终牢记这次灾荒教训,在以后的为官生涯中注重教养民众,继续推行禁种罂粟,重视水利,以农为本的政策,将发展生产、预防灾荒作为施政的主要内容。     

家学对曾国藩理学思想形成的影响

清代学人曾国藩,惯以理学修身治世。然其理学启蒙之路归功于父祖辈开创之家学。父祖两代皆为理学信徒,平日谨守伦理规范,亦步亦趋,治家育儿既重言传更重身教。受祖父之训（恪守礼制、经世济民）和父亲之教（孝亲育弟、事君为孝）的双重熏染,曾国藩少年立志,潜心于理学数十年,汲汲于内圣外王之业,笃实践履,终成有清一代理学名臣。     

张耒杂诗创作背景浅论

张耒为“苏门四学士”之一，以诗歌创作的成就闻名于世，其杂诗数量约有四百首。张耒杂诗创作数量多，是受当时社会背景和个人诗歌主张影响的，主要有以下几个方面：一是他在新旧党争中的坎坷经历；二是他的反对片面追求声律之奇，发乎自然，出乎精诚的诗歌创作主张；三是其诗歌创作远师汉唐，近师都官、苏门。     

论张九龄荆州之贬及其心态

张九龄的被罢相和贬为荆州长史，既是盛唐政治之大变，也是诗人政治理想破灭的标志，故其心态之忧愁危苦，是其早期迁放洪州期间所不能比拟的。此时的张九龄，心态中常交织着历史、现实和身世的深沉感慨，对现实政治深感忧虑和不满；他感慨仕途风波之恶，对自己的遭遇和人生世态充满了迷惘。然而，张九龄并没有因此而改变对君王的忠诚勤慤之心和报恩之志，因他对君王的忠诚与对自己理想和人格的忠诚，在某种意义上是一致的。诗人与迁放洪州期间一样，对归田隐逸和世外境界有一种深情的向往，而此时则更多地具有一种寻找身心最后归宿的意义。     

ESSAYS ON SCIENCE AND SOCIETY: Of Comets and Meteors

Fred L. Whipple was born in Iowa in 1906. During his career as an astronomer, he discovered six comets and advanced the study of comets and meteors. He has encouraged amateur astronomers and advised many U.S. governmental and scientific agencies. He deduced that comets consist of ice and dust from observing that their orbits and timing change slightly through the gas vaporization from the ices. In this essay, he recounts highlights of his career, including developing radar-disrupting chaff and the promise of the global positioning system.     

也谈梁启超对中国图书馆学的贡献

梁启超对文献学的研究,是世人对其称道的缘由,但他更大的功勋在于身体力行创办图书馆,为中国的图书馆事业奠定了基础。他对图书馆学的贡献,一是创立了自己的图书馆理论,二是对图书的辨伪和考订提出了创造性的见解,他是中国图书馆理论的开拓者。     

Correction

In an article titled "How safe is Bendectin?" (31 Oct. 1980, p. 518), it was incorrectly reported that William McBride of Sydney, Australia, was paid $5000 a day to testify as an expert witness in a court case involving allegations that Bendectin caused birth defects in a Florida child named David Mekdeci. McBride was not paid for certain testimony. Rather, he was compensated for time away from his Australian practice at a rate of approximately $1116 a day so that he could appear as an expert witness on behalf of the Mekdeci family. He was also reimbursed for his travel expenses to and from Australia. Science regrets the error.     

浅论陶渊明的主体创作意识

东晋陶渊明打破了诗坛的沉寂 ,“独起众类”地以自觉的创作意识及创作成果而声名于后 ,在诗歌艺术的长河中建构了一个独特的诗文领域 ,实现了他的“以诗文传世”的创作理想。《陶渊明集》成了中国文学史上的第一部文人专集。     

范仲淹的庆历兴学与书院教育

范仲淹在创通经义、革新政令与书院讲学三个方面,奠定了宋学的学术精神。特别是他推动的庆历兴学与书院教育,使他成为宋学的开创者、奠基人。范仲淹对书院教育的推动,主要表现在他与睢阳书院的学缘关系及在睢阳书院的教学活动。     

杜威职业教育观的社会思想背景探析

职业教育是杜威教育思想的重要组成部分。杜威的职业教育观植根于广阔的社会背景。理解杜威职业教育观离不开对其所处时代背景和社会民主思想的了解和分析。杜威的职业教育思想,体现了他对19世纪美国劳资问题的热切关注,对劳工阶层的同情。杜威认为教育是促进工业民主和推进实现合作共同体理想的基本途径。通过对社会思想基础的分析,有利于全面加深我们对杜威职业教育思想的理解。     

王冕与九里山

王冕是中国元代画家、诗人和梅树种艺者。他隐居九里山13年,生活清苦,但不忘国家和人民,通过种梅、画梅、吟梅,留下了很多旷世名作,并且达到了“梅人合一”的精神境界,是梅花精神的最好体现。     

明末戍将茶痴龙膺——青海西宁茶文化建设的奠基人

龙膺,湖广武陵人,万历八年进士,两次治兵湟中(今西宁),驰骋疆场,建立武功,官至南京太常卿,著有诗文专集《龙膺集》。在西宁任职期间,政绩卓著,创作了大量诗词和茶文佳作,是当之无愧的青海茶文化建设的奠基人。     

道德缺失与犯罪——对加罗法洛犯罪学的思考

加罗法洛在《犯罪学》中首次提出了犯罪学概念并使之成为一门学科,但过分拘泥于道德层面,忽视了导致犯罪的其他因素。其理论虽在犯罪学发展史上产生了重要影响,但仍有局限性。     

论陈澧经学观的形成

陈澧是晚清汉宋调和思潮的代表人物。他早年遵信乾嘉汉学,中年以后论学不分汉宋门户,强调通经致用。王懋竑和顾炎武的经学思想对陈澧会通汉宋、回归孔孟的经学观的形成有着深刻的影响。     

论谢灵运诗文的儒学意蕴

谢灵运的创作受到了儒家思想的影响,在谢灵运的文学思想和创作中,时时可见儒学思想的牵绊。在门阀世家出身的谢灵运身上可以看到传统文人的那种儒学人格,在其诗文作品中时时可见儒家的经文典故,而儒家的情性观、山水观更是支撑起了其诗文独特的审美意境。具备儒学人格的他精通儒家经典,诗文隶事用典和山水意象的选用也都浸透着儒学色彩,而儒学情性观和山水观更是与其诗文审美意境的建构联系密切。     

Erratum

The item on Clarence J. Hylander [Science 130, 1244 (1959)] indicated that he left the post of executive director of the American Institute of Biological Sciences to take his current position as visiting professor of biology at Bowdoin College. He last held the AIBS post in 1953; since that time he has been an information officer for the Army Chemical Corps and has written a number of books.     

Sustainable agriculture and free market economics: Finding common ground in Adam Smith

There are two competing approaches to sustainability in agriculture. One stresses a strict economic approach in which market forces should guide the activities of agricultural producers. The other advocates the need to balance economic with environmental and social objectives, even to the point of reducing profitability. The writings of the eighteenth century moral philosopher Adam Smith could bridge the debate. Smith certainly promoted profit-seeking, private property, and free market exchange consistent with the strict economic perspective. However, his writings are also consistent with many aspects of sustainable agriculture. For example, Smith argued that people ought to exercise restraint in their pursuit of self-interest, and he believed in balancing economic with environmental and social considerations. If both sides of the debate more fully regard the work of Adam Smith, then proponents of the strict economic perspective might be more appreciative of the concerns raised within the sustainable agriculture community, while advocates of sustainability might be more effective in achieving the objective of a sustainable agriculture. Harvey S. James Jr., PhD is an Associate Professor in the Division of Applied Social Sciences at the University of Missouri-Columbia. His research interests are in the economic determinants of trust and ethical behavior. He recently completed studies on trust in biotechnology institutions and the ethical attitudes of farmers.