粳稻粒形性状的数量性状基因座检测

 【目的】通过对粳稻粒形性状的QTL检测,为粳稻粒形性状相关QTL的精细定位和分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论依据。【方法】利用大粒粳稻DL115与小粒粳稻XL005杂交获得的F2代200个个体为作图群体,在北京进行稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、千粒重等粒形性状的鉴定。采用复合区间作图法,利用SSR标记对上述粒形性状进行数量性状基因座检测。【结果】上述粒形性状在F2群体均呈正态连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状。共检测到与粒形性状相关的QTL 16个,分布于第2、3、5和12染色体上。其中qGL3a、qGW2、qGW5、qGT2、qRLW2、qRLW3、qGWT2和qGWT3对表型变异的贡献率分别为15.42%、40.89%、13.54%、33.43%、13.82%、13.61%、12.51%和10.1%,为主效QTL。其中,qGW2、qGT2、qRLW2和qGWT2均位于第2染色体上的RM12776－RM324 区间。在所检测到的16个QTL中,4个QTL的增效等位基因来源于小粒亲本XL005,而其余QTL的增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本DL115。基因作用方式主要表现为加性或部分显性。【结论】粳稻粒形性状是由多基因控制的数量性状。第2染色体RM12776－RM324区间是分别与粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和千粒重相关的4个主效QTL的共同标记区间,与其相邻的2个标记（RM12776和RM324）应在分子标记辅助选择育种中探讨其利用价值。大粒亲本对稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重等性状的增效作用显著。     

水稻穗颈维管束及产量相关性状的QTL分析

采用2个偏粳品种“光三”／C418的重组自交系群体，构建SSR标记的连锁图谱，并以此对水稻穗颈维管束数和产量相关性状进行了QTL(Quantitative Trait Loci)分析。在第1，5，8和11染色体上检测到4个控制穗颈大维管束数的QTL。在第5，9和10染色体上检测到3个控制穗颈小维管束数的QTL；共检测到产量及8个与产量相关性状的30个QTL。通过分析穗颈维管束数与穗一、二次枝梗数，穗一、二次枝梗粒数，穗粒数，结实率，单株产量QTL在染色体上的分布及连锁关系，表明穗颈维管束是影响产量的重要解剖结构；通过增加穗颈大、小维管束数可望增加水稻“库”的容量。保证“流”的畅通。     

数量遗传学的新发展——数量性状基因图谱的构建和应用

应用中性的、共显性的DNA分子标记组成的饱和遗传图,可以将一个数量性状分解为多个QTL。迄今为止,已在20多种作物的很多重要性状（例如产量、品质、抗病虫性等）上构建了QTL的遗传图谱。这些QTL图谱提供的信息包括：（1）一个被研究的数量性状受多少个QTL控制？（2）它们位于何处？（3）它们对于该性状表达的各自效应和联合效应如何？这些图谱修正了传统数量遗传学中一些不恰当的假定和结论,并已作为植物育种的新策略应用。     

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Grain Traits in Japonica Rice

Quantitative trait loci（QTLs） of grain traits were detected to provide theoretical basis for fine mapping and molecular marker-assisted breeding of grain traits in japonica rice.Using an F2 population including 200 individuals derived from a cross combination between two japonica rice DL115 with large grain and XL005 with small grain,the grain length,grain width,grain thickness,ratio of grain length to width and 1 000-grain weight were evaluated in Beijing;and the quantitative trait loci for above five grain traits were identified by composite interval mapping using SSR markers.The results showed that the five grain traits exhibited a normal continuous distribution in F2 population,indicating they were quantitative traits controlled by multiple genes.A total of 16 QTLs conferring the five grain traits were detected on chromosomes 2,3,5 and 12,respectively.Eight QTLs,namely qGL3a,qGW2,qGW5,qGT2,qRLW2,qRLW3,qGWT2 and qGWT3,were major QTLs and explained 15.42,40.89,13.54,33.43,13.82,13.61,12.51 and 10.1% of the observed phenotypic variance,respectively.Among them,qGW2,qGT2,qRLW2 and qGWT2 were mapped in same interval RM12776-RM324 on chromosome 2.The marker interval RM12776-RM324 on chromosome 2 was common marker intervals of four major QTLs,and the two SSR markers RM12776 and RM324 would be used in molecular markerassisted breeding in japonica rice.The modes of gene action were mainly additive and partial dominance.Four QTLs＇ alleles were derived from small grain parent XL005,and other 12 QTLs＇ alleles were derived from large grain parent DL115.The alleles from larger parent were showed significant effects to grain length,grain width,grain thickness and 1 000-grain weight.     

大豆形态性状的QTL分析

大豆的多数农艺性状均为重要的数量性状,对大豆的数量性状进行基因定位具有重要的研究和应用价值.以美国半矮秆大豆品种Charleston为母本,东北农业大学高蛋白大豆品系东农594为父本及其F2:14代重组自交系的154个株系为试验材料.164个SSR引物经亲本筛选后用于群体扩增,并构建遗传图谱.对亲本间表现多态的8个农艺性状进行了调查及QTL分析.结果表明,9个农艺性状共检出25个QTLs,每个性状的QTLs检出个数1～10个不等,平均每个性状检测出3.1个.与国内外对应农艺性状QTL检测结果相比,多个性状的QTL位点均一致,说明QT检测准确率较高,可以进一步用于分子辅助育种.     

水稻重要农艺性状的QTL定位

以东农422与东农427构建的F2 3群体为试材,通过构建其分子标记遗传连锁图,全基因组定位与水稻农艺性状相关的数量性状位点。结果表明,在水稻的12个连锁群上共检测到28个QTLs,在1、4、5、6、7、8、10、11和12号染色体上都有分布,其中主要集中在第6、7号染色体上。共检测到5个控制水稻株高的QTLs,2个控制有效穗数的QTLs,4个控制千粒重的QTLs,6个控制穗长的QTLs,2个控制一次枝梗数的QTLs,9个影响水稻抽穗期的QTLs。由此可知,第6与第7条染色体是控制水稻重要农艺性状的QTLs的分布密集区。     

Identification of QTLs for grain size and characterization of the beneficial alleles of grain size genes in large grain rice variety BL129

Grain size is one of the most important agronomic components of grain yield. Grain length, width and thickness are controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci(QTLs). To understand genetic basis of large grain shape and explore the beneficial alleles for grain size improvement, we perform QTL analysis using an F2 population derived from a cross between the japonica variety Beilu 129(BL129, wide and thick grain) and the elite indica variety Huazhan(HZ, narrow and long grain). A total number of eight major QTLs are detected on three different chromosomes. QTLs for grain width(q GW), grain thickness(q GT), brown grain width(q BGW), and brown grain thickness(q BGT) explained 7 7.67, 36.24, 89.63, and 39.41% of total phenotypic variation, respectively. The large grain rice variety BL129 possesses the beneficial alleles of GW2 and q SW5/GW5, which have been known to control grain width and weight, indicating that the accumulation of the beneficial alleles causes large grain shape in BL129. Further results reveal that the rare gw2 allele from BL129 increases grain width, thickness and weight of the elite indica variety Huazhan, which is used as a parental line in hybrid rice breeding. Thus, our findings will help breeders to carry out molecular design breeding on rice grain size and shape.     

小麦籽粒蛋白质含量的动态QTL定位

 【目的】检测灌浆过程中控制小麦籽粒蛋白质含量（GPC）的条件及非条件QTL,阐明不同时期及不同时段内QTL的表达方式,揭示籽粒蛋白质积累的分子遗传机理。【方法】以花培3号×豫麦57的168个双单倍体（doubled haploid,DH）群体为材料,于6个不同的环境下种植,在籽粒灌浆的5个时期取样,对小麦GPC进行动态QTL分析。【结果】共检测到影响GPC的9个非条件QTL和10个条件QTL。QGpc3A为整个灌浆过程都能表达的非条件QTL,其余条件和非条件QTL只在几个或单独一个时期表达。花后12 d,控制GPC的基因表达活跃,非条件QTL和条件QTL总共能解释表型变异贡献率的42.62%;花后22 d,条件QTL和非条件QTL总共可解释表型变异的贡献率较低,仅为17.43%,GPC降到“低谷”。 QGpc4A-1对GPC前期积累有重要意义,QGpc1D和QGpc4A-2对GPC灌浆中后期积累有重要意义。【结论】GPC呈现出“高-低-高”的变化规律,控制GPC的基因在灌浆过程中以一定的时空方式表达。     

水稻糙米粒宽性状的QTL定位研究

利用由怀香B和筒恢211配制的F2群体进行糙米粒宽基因的QTL定位,定位到了2个粒宽基因的QTLs,其中有1个新的QTLs.有1个增效基因为主效基因,解释的表型变异高达20.2%.研究表明,所利用的F2群体的糙米粒宽可能主要是由1个主效QTL所控制.     

水稻遗传图谱构建及粒形相关性状的QTL定位

[目的]构建水稻遗传连锁图谱,并对水稻粒形相关性状进行QTL分析,为水稻高效育种提供理论依据和育种材料.[方法]对具有极端粒形差异的两份水稻材料K1561和G1025进行杂交、自交获得F2分离群体,通过软件Map-maker/Exp 3.0构建水稻遗传连锁图谱,并利用软件QTLNetwork-2.0对2011年F2群体、2012年F2∶3家系群体的粒形相关性状数据进行相关性状的QTL定位.[结果]两个亲本的粒形性状指标差异明显,以千粒重相差最大;F2、F2∶3两个群体的相关粒形指标基本上呈连续分布状态且分布频率范围广.与F2单株相比,F2∶3家系的千粒重、粒长和粒宽的平均值更偏向于大粒亲本K1561.构建了含161对SSR标记的水稻遗传连锁图谱;共检测到18个粒形相关性状的QTL,分别分布于第1、2、3、7、9和12染色体上.其中,控制千粒重、粒长、粒宽和长宽比的QTL分别有7、5、5和1个,除qGL/GW12外,其他增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本K1561.两个群体均能检测到的QTL有8个,分别为qTGW3、qTGW7、qTGW9.2、qTGW12、qG L1、qGL9、qGW12和qGL/GW12,其平均加性遗传力为6.04％、12.59％、6.29％、22.08％、4.86％、15.39％、22.12％和10.83％.[结论]定位获得3个效应值较大的新QTL位点qTGW12、qGL9和qGW12,为进一步定位并克隆这些粒形相关基因、阐明水稻产量和品质的控制机理提供了较好的遗传材料.     

水稻穗长上位性效应和QE互作效应的QTL遗传研究

利用基于混合模型的QTL定位方法研究了由籼稻品种IR64和粳稻品种Azucena杂交衍生的DH群体在四个环境中穗长的QTL上位性效应和环境互作效应。结果表明上位性可能是数量性状的重要遗传基础，并揭示了上位性的几个重要特点。在本研究中，所有的QTL中只有两个没有参与上位性效应的形成，在参与上位性效应的QTL中，64.7%的QTL还具有本身的加性效应。因此传统方法对QTL加性效应的估算会由于上位性的影响而有偏。其它35.3%的QTL没有本身的加性效应，却参与了上位性互作，这些位点可能通过诱发和修饰其它位点而起作用。上位性的特点还包括，经常发现一个QTL与多个QTL发生互作；大效应的QTL也参与上位性互作；上位性互作易受环境影响。QTL与环境的互作效应比QTL的主效应更多次地被检测到，表明数量性状基因的表达显著地受到环境的调控。     

QTL Mapping of Isoflavone,Oil and Protein Contents in Soybean （Glycine max L. Merr.）

Soybean （Glycine max L. Merr.） is the world＇s foremost source of edible plant oil and proteins, meantime, the biologically active secondary metabolites such as saponins and isoflavones are benefit to human health. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci （QTL） and epistatic interactions associated with isoflavone, protein, and oil contents in soybean seeds. An F13 recombinant inbred line （RIL） comprising 474 lines was derived from a cross between Jindou 23 and Huibuzhi cultivars. SSR technique was employed for mapping of the QTLs. The QTLs for isoflavone, protein, and oil contents were analyzed and 23 QTLs were detected based on the constructed linkage map. Six QTLs for isoflavone content were localized in linkage groups J, N, D2, and G, eleven QTLs for oil content were localized in the linkage groups A1, A2, B2, C2, and D2, and six QTLs for protein content were localized in linkage groups B2, C2, G, and H1. The correlative analysis demonstrated that the isoflavone content had significant correlation with protein content, while significantly negative correlations was existed between oil and protein content, and significantly positive correlations was existed between protein and oil content. All these findings have laid an important basis for the marker assisted breeding in soybean. The phenotypic correlations of quantitative traits may be resulted from the correlation of the QTL controlling those traits.     

大豆重组自交系群体异黄酮含量QTL连锁定位与关联定位的比较研究

【目的】异黄酮是大豆等豆类植物中富含的一类次生代谢产物,对食品和保健产业有重要作用。大豆籽粒可分离出12种异黄酮组分,可归为三大类:大豆苷类异黄酮、染料木苷类异黄酮和黄豆苷类异黄酮。通过鉴定大豆籽粒异黄酮总含量及3个组分含量性状的加性及上位性QTL,进而全面解析其复杂的遗传构成。【方法】利用先进2号和赶泰2-2双亲衍生的大豆重组自交系群体NJRSXG,在5个环境下测定4个异黄酮含量性状:异黄酮总含量(total isoflavone content,SIFC)、大豆苷类异黄酮总含量(total daidzin group content,TDC)、染料木苷类异黄酮总含量(total genistin group content,TGC)和黄豆苷类异黄酮总含量(total glycitin group content,TGLC)。选用混合模型复合区间作图法(mixed-model-based composite interval mapping,MCIM)和限制性两阶段多位点全基因组关联分析方法(restricted two-stage multi-locus genome-wide a...     

粳稻幼苗前期耐碱性的QTL检测

以粳粳交优质高产的东农425/长白10号F2:3代180个家系为作图群体,在25 mmol·L-1NaHCO3溶液碱环境胁迫下,对水稻进行耐碱性鉴定,并依据SSR标记构建的分子连锁图谱,对水稻幼苗前期的根数、根长和叶绿素含量及其相对碱害率进行数量性状基因座(QTLs)的检测。结果表明,在F2 3株系群中,水稻的根数、根长和叶绿素含量及其相对碱害率均呈单峰连续的正态分布。共检测到在碱胁迫下与水稻幼苗前期根数、根长、叶绿素含量及其相对碱害率相关的16个QTLs,分别位于第1、3、6、7、8、9、10、11和12染色体上。其中与根数相关的QTL 3个;与根数相对碱害率相关的QTL 1个;与根长相关的QTL 2个,与根长相对碱害率相关的QTL 2个;与叶绿素含量相关的QTL 2个;与叶绿素含量相对碱害率相关的QTL 6个。研究结果可作为水稻耐碱性QTL精细定位和分子辅助选择育种的理论基础和科学依据。     

Dissection of QTLs for Yield Traits on the Short Arm of Rice Chromosome 6

This study was undertaken to dissect quantitative trait loci （QTLs） controlling yield traits on the short arm of rice chromosome 6. A residual heterozygous line that carries a heterozygous segment extending from RM587 to RM19784 on the short arm of rice chromosome 6 was selected from an F7 population of the indica rice cross Zhenshan 97B/Milyang 46. An F2：3 population consisting of 221 lines was derived and grown in two trial sites. Six yield traits including number of panicles per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, total number of spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility, 1 000-grain weight, and grain yield per plant were measured. An SSR marker linkage map was constructed and employed to determine QTLs for yield traits with Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5. QTLs were detected in the target interval for all the traits analyzed except NP, with phenotypic variance explained by a single QTL ranging between 6.3% and 35.2%. Most of the QTLs for yield components acted as additive QTLs, while the three QTLs for grain yield had dominance degrees of 1.65, 0.84, and -0.42, respectively. It was indicated that three or more QTLs for yield traits were located in the target region. The genetic action mode, the direction of the QTL effect, and the magnitude of the QTL effect varied among different QTLs for a given trait, and among QTLs for different traits that were located in the same interval.     

A Brief Review: Statistical Methodology for Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci

由于数量性状表型变异的连续性,无法用传统的孟德尔方法对单个数量性状位点（ＱＴＬ）进行分离和定位。８０年代初发现的ＤＮＡ分子标记已被广泛应用于ＱＴＬ的分离、定位及遗传效应估计,即ＱＴＬ作图。统计学分析是实现ＱＴＬ作图的一个重要环节。本文对８０年代以来ＱＴＬ作图统计方法的主要发展进行了简要综述。     

Meta-Analysis of 100-Seed Weight QTLs in Soybean

100-seed weight is a very complicated quantitative trait of yield. The study of gene mapping for yield trait in soybean is very important for application. However, the mapping result of 100-seed weight was dispersed, the public map should be chosen which was suitable for the published results integrated, and to improve yield. In this research, an integrated map of 100-seed weight QTLs in soybean had been established with soymap2 published in 2004 as a reference map. QTLs of 100-seed weight in soybean were collected in recent 20 yr. With the software BioMercator 2.1, QTLs from their own maps were projected to the reference map. From published papers, 65 QTLs of 100-seed weight were collected and 53 QTLs were integrated, including 17 reductive effect QTLs and 36 additive effect QTLs. 12 clusters of QTLs were found in the integrated map. A method of meta-analysis was used to narrow down the confidence interval, and 6 additive QTLs and 6 reductive QTLs and their corresponding markers were obtained respectively. The minimum confidence interval (C.I.) was shrunk to 1.52 cM.These results would lay the foundation for marker-assisted selection and mapping QTL precisely, as well as QTL gene cloning in soybean.     

Identification of novel soybean oil content-related genes using QTL-based collinearity analysis from the collective soybean genome

Soybean is a global principal source of edible plant oil. As more soybean oil-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been located in the collective genome, it is urgent to establish a classification system for these distributed QTLs. A collinear platform may be useful to characterize and identify relationships among QTLs as well as aid in novel gene discovery. In this study, the collinearity MCScanX algorithm and collective soybean genomic information were used to construct collinearity blocks, to which soybean oil-related QTLs were mapped. The results demonstrated that 666 collinearity blocks were detected in the soybean genome across 20 chromosomes, and 521 collinearity relationships existed in 231 of the 242 effective soybean oil-related QTLs. This included 214 inclusion relationships and 307 intersecting relationships. Among them, the collinearity among QTLs that are related to soybean oil content was shown on a maximum of seven chromosomes and minimum of one chromosome, with the majority of QTLs having collinearity on two chromosomes. Using overlapping hotspot regions in the soybean oil QTLs with collinearity, we mined for novel oil content-related genes. Overall, we identified 23 putatively functional genes associated with oil content in soybean and annotated them using a number of annotation databases. Our findings provide a valuable framework for elucidating evolutionary relationships between soybean oil-related QTLs and lay a foundation for functional marker-assisted breeding relating to soybean oil content.     

大豆籽粒蛋白与脂肪含量上位性QTLs分析

大豆籽粒富含蛋白与脂肪,是人类植物蛋白与食用油重要来源;然而,蛋白、脂肪含量属多基因控制数量性状,尽管已有相关QTLs报道,但多是针对单个QTL进行分析,而很少有关于上位性QTLs的报道。鉴于此,利用大豆RIL群体,在4种环境条件下评价其籽粒蛋白与脂肪含量,结合SNP基因型进行上位性QTLs分析发现,定位到48对控制籽粒蛋白、55对控制籽粒脂肪含量上位性QTLs,涉及大豆所有染色体;进一步分析发现,有19对上位性QTLs同时与籽粒蛋白和脂肪含量相关,具体包括12对定位区间完全相同的QTLs、2对定位区间含共同标记的QTLs以及5对定位区间距离不超过5 c M的QTLs;同时发现,19对上位性QTLs分布在除11号染色体以外的19条染色体,其中以13号染色体分布数量最多,其次为1号染色体。上述结果不仅增添了控制大豆蛋白与脂肪含量上位性QTLs,而且为揭示二者之间的负相关关系提供了QTL间/基因间互作方面的分子证据。     

大豆异黄酮与脂肪、蛋白质含量基因定位分析

 【目的】研究大豆异黄酮与脂肪、蛋白质含量基因定位及相关性,为大豆品质改良、分子育种及基因克隆等应用提供理论依据。【方法】利用SSR技术,对晋豆23号和灰布支杂交构建的F13代大豆重组自交系群体的474个家系进行了连锁图谱的构建。在此基础上,利用 WinQTLCart2.0 软件分析了影响大豆异黄酮含量、脂肪含量和蛋白质含量3个重要品质性状的QTL,通过复合区间作图分析,检测QTL;同时,对异黄酮与脂肪、蛋白质的含量相关性分析。【结果】检测到23个QTL,其中控制异黄酮含量QTL有6个,分别定位在J、N、D2和G染色体的连锁群上;控制脂肪含量的QTL有11个,分别定位在第A1、A2、B2、C2和D2染色体的连锁群上;控制蛋白质含量的QTL有6个,分别定位在B2、C2、G和H1染色体的连锁群上。相关性分析结果表明：异黄酮与蛋白质含量呈极显著负相关;蛋白质和脂肪含量呈极显著负相关;蛋白质和蛋白质脂肪总量呈极显著正相关。【结论】3个重要品质性状的部分基因定位结果与其相关性分析是一致的,其结果对大豆品质育种应用有重要利用价值。