双线盗毒蛾NPV-Bt-白僵菌复合杀虫剂初步研究

通过室内生物测定和野外试验,筛选出双线盗毒蛾ＮＰＶ－Ｂｔ－白僵菌复合杀虫剂的最佳组合为Ｂ１Ａ１Ｃ３,即Ｍ－Ｂｔ孢子５００亿个／Ｌ＋ＰｓＮＰＶＰＩＢ５×１０１０／Ｌ＋白僵菌孢子１０００亿个／Ｌ．复合杀虫剂中添加低浓度化学农药有明显增效作用,但对ＰｓＮＰＶ的传代不利．林间防治以隔行带状喷洒较好．     

5种生物药剂防治烟田烟青虫药效试验

通过室内和田间小区药效试验对5种防治烟青虫的生物杀虫剂进行筛选,结果表明,供试生物杀虫剂防治效果都优于对照药剂2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油2000倍液,其中0.5%甲维盐微乳剂1500倍液对烟青虫的防效最好,施药后第3天的室内和田间防效均达到80%以上。施药后第7天,除16000 IU/mg Bt可湿性粉剂750倍液的室内防效为73.70%外,其他4种生物药剂的室内和田间防治效果均超过90%。     

12种化学杀虫剂对3种虫生真菌孢子萌发影响的研究

本文报道了１２种化学杀虫剂对１４株球孢白僵菌、１株金龟子绿僵菌和２株粉拟青霉分生孢子发芽的影响,发现种种上杀虫剂皆对孢子发芽有程度不同的抑制,浓度愈高,影响愈大,总的来看,对绿僵菌影响最大,白僵菌次之,对拟青霉影响最小,灭幼脲３号对白僵菌和绿僵菌孢子萌发抑制作用最小,是菌药混用的较好候选杀虫剂。     

印楝生物农药在食品安全方面的应用·问题及对策

阐述当前实施食品安全战略的迫切性,介绍印楝生物农药解决食品安全问题的发展现状和存在的问题,提出发展印楝生物农药、缓解食品安全压力的建议。     

BIOINSECTICIDES AS FUTURE MAINSTREAM PEST CONTROL AGENTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

•Wide use of botanical insecticides is limited by the availability of certain plants. •Studies are needed to improve RNAi efficiency and to assess their safety risk. •Microbial insecticides are promising, but they only control a narrow range of pests. •Multitarget approach should be a promising strategy in future pest control. •Nanoformulation could enhance stability and control the release of bioinsecticides. Bioinsecticides are naturally-occurring substances from different sources that control insect pests. Ideal bioinsecticides should have low toxicity to non-target organisms. They should also be easily degraded in sewage treatment works and natural environments, highly effective in small quantities and affect target pests only. Public concerns about possible side-effects of synthetic pesticides have accelerated bioinsecticide research and development. However, to develop bioinsecticides into mainstream products, their high production costs, short shelf-life and often uncertain modes of action need to be considered. This review summarizes current progress on bioinsecticides which are categorized as biochemical insecticides and their derivatives, plant-incorporated protectants, and microbial bioinsecticides. The current constraints that prevent bioinsecticides from being widely used are discussed and future research directions are proposed.     

常用化学杀虫剂对白僵菌孢子生活力的影响

报道了常用6种化学杀虫剂对2种白僵菌孢子活力的影响。结果表明:6种化学杀虫剂对2种白僵菌孢子活力抑制率不同,杀虫剂不同浓度对白僵菌孢子活力的抑制率差异显著。在高致死浓度和致死浓度下,对卵孢白僵菌孢子的抑制率显著高于球孢白僵菌。在亚致死浓度下,多数化学杀虫剂对白僵菌孢子活力无抑制。     

7种药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧的室内毒力测定

为筛选出防治扶桑绵粉蚧的理想药剂在室内选用1种化学药剂和3种植物源药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧成虫进行了药剂处理试验,试验结果表明？种药剂对扶桑绵粉蚧成虫的致死作用均与浓度成正比即浓度越高杀虫效果越好各药剂均对扶桑绵粉蚧均具有良好的触杀杀虫效果且扶桑绵粉蚧成虫对？种供试药剂的敏感程度依次为：5%啶虫脒乳油〉5.7%氟氯氢菊酯乳油〉0.3%印楝素乳油〉18%氧化乐果乳油〉1%鱼藤酮乳油〉1.3%苦参碱水剂〉1.9%甲氨基阿维菌素·苯甲酸盐乳油;比较？种药剂触杀和内吸处理条件下发现啶虫脒和印楝素的杀虫效果明显好于其他3种植物源药剂的药效持续性明显好于化学药剂,啶虫脒、印楝素均可以作为防治扶桑绵粉蚧的备选药剂其中印楝素可作为扶桑绵粉蚧绿色防治的首选药剂。     

微生物降解拟除虫菊酯类农药研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类农药的大量使用,其残留问题及危害越来越严重,已成为人们亟待解决的问题。综述了拟除虫菊酯类农药生物降解、降解菌、降解机制及其降解途径,并简述了微生物降解的影响因素及展望,旨在对菊酯类杀虫剂残留的生物修复研究和应用提供理论依据。     

Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa (aphids and thrips) were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt. In addition, the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined. Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides. The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame. The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides, and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50% at 14 days after application. The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period. The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei. The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments. Compared with chemical insecticides, the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments. Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides. This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China, and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.     

菜园常用杀虫剂对蝶蛹金小蜂存活和卵巢发育的影响

采用药膜法测定了10种菜园常用杀虫剂对蝶蛹金小蜂Pteromalus puparum雌成虫存活的影响, 以及其中4种杀虫剂对该蜂卵巢发育的影响. 结果表明, 辛硫磷和乐斯本对该蜂雌成虫的杀伤力极强, 处理后2h所有个体死亡, 属有害类杀虫剂;敌杀死、除尽和杀虫双处理后48 h死亡率达到95%以上, 表现出中等毒性;杀灭菊酯处理后48 h死亡率为60.0%, 为轻度有害类杀虫剂;而万灵、虫螨光和奥绿蔬虫净处理后48 h死亡率均不到10%, 经抑太保处理的则无个体死亡, 表明四者对该蜂的杀伤力较小, 均属安全杀虫剂. 万灵对该蜂卵巢发育及卵子发生均有较强的抑制作用, 虫螨光、奥绿蔬虫净和抑太保三者也有抑制作用, 但相对较弱. 从充分发挥蝶蛹金小蜂自然控制作用的角度考虑, 抑太保、虫螨光和奥绿蔬虫净应是防治菜粉蝶的首选药剂.     

Insecticide resistance: challenge to pest management and basic research

The agricultural use of synthetic insecticides usually protects crops but imposes strong selection pressures that can result in the development of resistance. The most important resistance mechanisms are enhancement of the capacity to metabolically detoxify insecticides and alterations in target sites that prevent insecticides from binding to them. Insect control methods must incorporate strategies to minimize resistance development and preserve the utility of the insecticides. The most promising approach, integrated pest management, includes the use of chemical insecticides in combination with improved cultural and biologically based techniques.     

4种鱼类肝脏细胞色素P450对毒死蜱、对硫磷及马拉硫磷的脱硫代谢

以毒死蜱、对硫磷及马拉硫磷为供试农药,以斑马鱼、剑尾鱼、麦穗鱼及太阳鱼为供试生物,研究了3种农药对4种鱼的急性毒性,4种鱼肝细胞色素P450对3种农药的脱硫代谢作用及两者之间的相关性。结果表明,毒死蜱对于上述4种鱼的96hLC50分别为1.94、0.171、0.0273、0.0681mg·L-1;对硫磷为2.6、0.0559、1.78、1.02mg·L-1;马拉硫磷为7.07、0.907、6.03、0.172mg·L-1。4种鱼肝脏P450对于毒死蜱代谢的Vmax/Km值分别为1.67×104、2×104、5×104、2×104min-1;对于对硫磷代谢的Vmax/Km值分别为2×104、5×105、1.11×105、1.43×105min-1;对于马拉硫磷的值分别为5×103、5×104、2.5×103、1.67×104min-1。96hLC50值与Vmax/Km值大体呈负相关,其中毒死蜱的相关性较弱,对硫磷及马拉硫磷的相关性较强(R2值分别为0.2181、0.8490、0.5102)。研究结果说明P450在鱼类耐药性形成过程中发挥了阻碍作用。     

安徽虫瘟霉强毒菌株对桃蚜的毒力测定

通过“孢子浴”方法,选择安徽虫瘟霉F97029菌株对桃蚜的2～3龄若蚜进行毒力测定。接种后第3～7天的LD_(50)为3.09～1.26个孢子/mm~2,在1.31～16.48个孢子/mm~2时的剂量范围内LT_(50)为2～5d。时间—剂量—死亡模型的剂量效应参数β值高达1.82,几乎与一些化学杀虫剂对害虫的同一参数估计值(1.2～4.5)接近。这表明该菌株对桃蚜具有极高的毒力,杀蚜活性强,是较为理想的杀蚜菌株。     

新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性测定与分析

[目的]对近年来新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性特征及其发展变化进行了研究,为该害虫在新疆的化学防治及抗药性治理(IRM)策略提供科学依据.[方法]应用着卵叶片浸渍法和浸叶法比较测定了新疆部分地区B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性.[结果]由于长期用药防治烟粉虱,在新疆不同区域和寄主上B型烟粉虱对杀虫剂的敏感性出现了分化.[结论]被测种群对毒死蜱、噻虫嗪及天然除虫菊酯的敏感度低,LC50值分别为71.662～330.855、223.028～242.420和107.117～164.639 mg/L,属于抗性治理的重点品种;对吡虫啉、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈的LC50值分别为43.47～67.496、27.881～61.688和21.808～43.768 mg/L,具有较高的抗药性风险,应当重点监测其抗性发展程度;对吡虫清、苦参·烟碱乳油等药剂敏感性高,属于重点保护的农药品种,可以在新疆烟粉虱的化学防治使用.另外,除了大剂量、高频率使用杀虫剂的温室烟粉虱品系ZH-O对吡丙醚产生了超过3 000倍的抗性外,其余各品系对吡丙醚表现敏感,该药剂仍可作为烟粉虱治理的重要品种之一.     

苏云金杆菌和昆虫杆状病毒增效因子的研究进展

苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）、昆虫杆状病毒作为杀虫剂是害虫生物防治中不可缺少的重要组成部分.文章就如何提高该两种杀虫剂的杀虫效果,从两种生物农药间的混合应用、与化学农药的混合应用、在生物农药中添加其它增效因子3个方面,对近年来的研究进展进行了综述,并对研究和应用中存在的问题提出了解决对策.     

杀虫剂及农业害虫化学防治的展望

论述了杀虫剂和农业害虫化学防治理论和实践的现状及展望,着重论述了昆虫生长调节剂和植物性杀虫剂的研究进展。作者指出为了解决害虫抗药性这一严重问题,必须把实验室测试和农田调查分析,即作者早先提出的“田间毒理学”,结合起来进行研究。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药微生物修复回顾与展望

拟除虫菊酯类农药为3大类农药之一,其残留给生物和环境带来了巨大的危害,而微生物修复技术因其高效、绿色的特点已成为解决农药污染的重要技术。本文综述了拟除虫菊酯农药微生物修复的研究进展,客观地分析了微生物修复的优缺点。此外,还讨论了苏云金杆菌在农药残留的微生物修复领域的研究现状,并针对性地提出了一些研究思路。     

3种植物源杀虫剂防治蚜虫效果研究

[目的]为有效防治蚜虫危害,减轻杀虫剂对环境的污染,实现科学防治和可持续发展。[方法]用神雨、神麻和百麻3种植物源杀虫剂对各种蚜虫进行室内杀虫效果试验,并以氧化乐果和喷可杀2种化学农药做杀蚜效果对比。[结果]3种植物源杀虫剂能够达到与化学农药相当的防治效果。其中,神雨对槐蚜、菊花蚜、桃大粉蚜、禾蚜和麦蚜等蚜虫的杀虫效果尤其显著。[结论]神雨可在生产上推广应用。     

10种化学杀虫剂对金龟子绿僵菌生物学性状的影响

研究了10种杀虫剂对金龟子绿僵菌生物学性状的影响。结果表明,杀虫剂对金龟子绿僵菌分生孢子萌发、菌落生长及产孢均有不同程度的影响,且抑制作用随着杀虫剂浓度的下降而减弱。阿维菌素对大部分菌株分生孢子萌发的抑制作用较小。阿维.灭幼脲、灭多威和辛硫磷对菌落生长的抑制作用较小,在低浓度水平上有出现负抑制率,说明低浓度的该3种杀虫剂有促进金龟子绿僵菌菌落生长的可能。辛硫磷对显著抑制多数菌株产孢,而某些低浓度杀虫剂(如联苯菊酯、敌百虫、灭多威、阿维菌素和虫酰肼)对金龟子绿僵菌产孢有负的抑制作用。另外,不同菌株对同一种杀虫剂的敏感度也不一样。Ma208菌株分生孢子对多数杀虫剂较敏感,但对氯氰菊酯较不敏感。Ma336菌株菌落生长受杀虫剂的影响较大,其他菌株受影响较小。Ma202、Ma103菌株的产孢量受杀虫剂的影响较大,而其他菌株受影响程度较低。     

微生物农药研究的现状及展望

综述了国内外微生物农药研究的现状，重点评述了微生物杀虫剂、家用抗生素和微生物除草剂等方面的研究应用及进展情况，展望了其应用前景。