Effect of Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Freshwater Mussel Elliptio complanata Filtration on the Phytoplankton Community of Partitioned Aquaculture System Units

Growers produce over 2.8 million kg of catfish (over $350 million wholesale revenue) annually in the United States. The microbiology of the phytoplankton community in culture water affects the growth and flavor of the catfish and is a consideration for growers. Filter feeders, like silver carp and freshwater mussels, in controlled growth systems are used to adjust the phytoplankton species. Our goal was to successfully control the algal populations with filter feeders in catfish production. We used silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix as a filter feeder in Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) water. Silver carp completely eliminated the cyanobacteria Microcystis by size and biovolume reduction. This created the desired effect of small green algae dominating the algal community. A significant but opposite change was observed when freshwater mussels Elliptio complanata filtered PAS water resulting in Microcystis biovolume and size dominance in the PAS; a less desirable algal community. This study also showed an immediate shift in the phytoplankton community when silver carp and mussels were interchanged between PAS waters. The size-selective filtration by the two filter-feeding taxa was important in determining the composition of the PAS phytoplankton community, and it was apparent that filtration with silver carp successfully depleted undesirable algae.     

分隔池塘养殖系统研究进展与发展趋势

分隔池塘养殖系统是绿色高效池塘养殖设施研究发展的重点方向之一。提出了分隔池塘养殖系统的定义,阐述了系统设计的原理和国内外发展历程,归纳了标准分隔池塘、简易分隔池塘和流水槽池塘3种国外发展的主要系统模式类型,通过文献收集和实地调研对3种系统模式的研究进展和发展趋势进行了系统的梳理,比较了国内外发展模式的养殖品种、水循环方式、研究概况和产业应用情况,通过进一步讨论分级序批养殖池塘、跑道池养殖池塘2种在国内具备良好发展前景系统模式的优缺点,提出了下一步的研究重点和发展方向,为分隔池塘养殖系统的结构优化和技术提升提供参考。     

藻类在养殖水体中的作用

目前国内外开展了藻类对污水净化的研究.国外利用某些藻类治理水体富营养化的研究取得一定进展[1-2],如日本科学家经过广泛的调查发现水网藻的繁殖能力比形成水华的蓝、绿藻更强,在其生长过程中可以大量吸收水体中的N和P,使N、P含量恢复至正常水平.     

Comparative Nile tilapia and silver carp filtration rates of Partitioned Aquaculture System phytoplankton

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) held in timed-pulse feeding chambers were provided water dominated either by green algae (Scenedesmus, Ankistrodesmus and Tetraedron) or by cyanobacteria (Microcystis) to compare filtration rates (FRs). FRs were expressed as suspended particulate organic carbon (POC)/kg wet fish weight/h and as phytoplankton units filtered based on counts. Nile tilapia and silver carp filtration significantly reduced phytoplankton number of both taxonomic groups with the larger phytoplankton being filtered proportionally more than the smaller phytoplankton. Nile tilapia FR of green algae was significantly higher than silver carp; however, silver carp FR of cyanobacteria was higher than Nile tilapia. Ivlev's 90% saturation FRs (FR₉₀) in green-algal and cyanobacterial water sources were 702 and 812 mgC/kg/h for Nile tilapia and 414 and 1028 mgC/kg/h for silver carp, respectively. Silver carp were observed to reach these FR₉₀ values at lower POC concentrations than Nile tilapia with both green algae and cyanobacteria.     

Production Characteristics of Channel Catfish,Ictalurus punctatusStocked at Two Densities in the Partitioned Aquaculture System

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine if channel catfish could be cultured at an increased density in the Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) without significantly affecting performance. Channel catfish fingerlings (36.53±6.76 g; mean ±SD) were initially stocked into six 9.15 m³ sections at 3,461±317 fish per section, twice the designed carrying capacity, and fed twice daily to satiation. After 75 days, the density of three units was reduced by approximately 50% and all six units were fed for another 97 days. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in mean growth rate, feed conversion ratio, or production between fish grown at the low- and high-density treatments. Also, length variation (CV) and condition factors (K) were similar (P > 0.05) between fish grown at the low and high-density. Increasing density by twice the designed carrying capacity did not affect performance of channel catfish in the PAS.     

Ecology of Blue-Green Algae in Aquaculture Ponds

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Oscillatoria often form extensive and persistent blooms in freshwater aquaculture ponds. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are undesirable in aquaculture ponds because: 1) they are a relatively poor base for aquatic food chains; 2) they are poor oxygenators of the water and have undesirable growth habits; 3) some species produce odorous metabolites that impart undesirable flavors to the cultured animal; and 4) some species may produce compounds that are toxic to aquatic animals. Development of cyanobacterial blooms is favored under conditions of high nutrient loading rates (particularly if the availability of nitrogen is limited relative to phosphorus), low rates of vertical mixing, and warm water temperatures. Under those conditions, dominance of phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria is the result of certain unique physiological attributes (in particular, N₂ fixation and buoyancy regulation) that allow cyanobacteria to compete effectively with other phytoplankton. The ability to fix N₂ provides a competitive advantage under severe nitrogen limitation because it allows certain cyanobacterial species to make use of a source of nitrogen unavailable to other phytoplankton. The ability to regulate cell buoyancy through environmentally-controlled collapse ad reformation of intracellular gas vacuoles is perhaps the primary reason for the frequent dominance of aquaculture pond phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria that can regulate their position in the water column gain a distinct advantage over other phototrophs in poorly mixed bodies of water. In addition to the physicochemical interactions that influence phytoplankton community dynamics, cyanobacterial-microbial associations may play an important regulatory role in determining community structure. Cyanobacteria are always found in close association with a diverse array of microorganisms, including eubacteria, fungi, and protozoans. These associations, which in the past have often been viewed as antagonistic, are increasingly seen as mutualistic and may function in a positive manner during bloom development.     

我国虾类淡水养殖概述

介绍了淡水虾罗氏沼虾、日本沼虾、淡水龙虾和海水淡化虾南美白对虾、刀额新对虾以及斑节对虾的养殖概况。养殖中存在的问题主要是苗种生产不配套、病害防治技术薄弱和产品质量不高。提出了相应的对策。     

封闭式循环流水养鱼系统水质循环过滤单元概述

封闭式循环流水养鱼又称工业化、工厂化养鱼，是水产养殖业在向现代化、企业化、规模化方向发展过程中产生的一种新的养殖方式，它充分运用现代先进技术和手段，可以人工控制鱼类的生活环境，使养鱼过程完全摆脱自然环境条件的限制，从而实现了高密度、高产量和高效率的渔业生产。我国从20世纪70年代开始研究工厂化养     

淡水养殖鱼类病原菌药敏实验

25种抗菌药物对淡水鱼类6种病原菌分别表现出敏感、中度敏感和耐药3种结果。测定14种抗菌药物对淡水鱼类6种病原菌的最小抑菌浓度,结果显示,不同药物对同一病原菌和同一药物对不同病原菌均具有不同的MIC。在淡水鱼类细菌病防治过程中,应选择药敏反应敏感或MIC较低且吸收较好的抗菌药物,并交替使用,以防止耐药菌株的产生。     

Development of a Model for Describing Accumulation of Color and Subsequent Destruction by Ozone in a Freshwater Recirculating Aquaculture System

The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model to assist in the determination of design numbers for color destruction by ozone as a function of feed rate. A mass balance model was developed that takes into account methods of introduction and removal of color, including removal by ozone. Because direct measurement of color mass or concentration is difficult, a representative unit was developed during this study called the color mass equivalent (CME). The CME represents a direct measurement of absorbance at 436 nm, which is a unitless measurement, multiplied by the system volume. The CME is directly proportional to the true concentration of color causing compounds at that wavelength. Once the model was developed, two studies were run to test the model. A 1,500-L recirculating fish system was set up with a 57-L bead filter and six 1-L fluidized sand beds. Approximately 45 kg of channel catfish Ictalurus puncfatus were placed in the system and fed 0.25 kg of 32% protein feed per day (0.55% body wt.). Once the system reached stable conditions, the system was flushed with clean water and samples were taken to estimate the accumulation rate of color in the system. After 5 wk, an ozone unit was activated and samples were taken to determine the destruction rate for color. Once an accumulation rate had been determined, a second study was performed to corroborate this value. The same ozone unit was installed on a 5,000-L recirculating fish system being fed 0.49 kg per day with a 171-L bead filter. Samples were taken to determine the destruction rate for color. The accumulation rate for color was 12.6 CME/kg feed and the destruction rates were 1.7 CME/g O₃ in the first study and 0.82 CMWg O₃ in the second study. This calculates to a range of 7 to 15 g O₃/kg feed to remove the color produced by the feed.     

3种淡水贝类对藻类消除作用的初步研究

本实验比较了褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌与河蚬等3种淡水贝类24h内对水族箱中藻类的消除量、消除率及0～4h对藻类的消除效率(Ki)。结果表明:褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌与河蚬第24h对藻类的消除率分别达到(74.3±2.9)%、(75.6±2.1)%、(88.4±3.1)%,3种淡水贝类对藻类的消除效果显著;t检验表明,24h内河蚬对藻类的消除率、消除量显著大于褶纹冠蚌和三角帆蚌(P<0.05);河蚬实验组0～4h消除效率(Ki)显著大于褶纹冠蚌和三角帆蚌(P<0.05);三角帆蚌对藻类的消除量随着贝类密度的增加显著增加,河蚬、褶纹冠蚌对藻类的消除效果受密度制约,12h后河蚬20g/L实验组对藻类的消除量最大,褶纹冠蚌40g/L实验组对藻类的消除量最大。     

海藻酸钠固定化微生物处理淡水水产养殖废水可行性研究

通过海藻酸钠固定化微生物小球对淡水养殖废水中活性磷、氨态氮、硝态氮、亚硝氮、化学需氧量质量浓度的影响,研究海藻酸钠固定化微生物处理淡水养殖废水的可行性。结果显示,海藻酸钠小球在养殖废水中极易溶解,不仅造成水体浑浊,且原生动物等可能以海藻酸钠为营养基而大量繁殖,进而导致水体缺氧,化学需氧量、氨氮等质量浓度不降反升,固定化微生物对废水的净化作用则难以显现。由此可见,以海藻酸钠为材料进行微生物固定化不适用于淡水养殖废水的净化处理。     

三角帆蚌对藻类滤食及消化的研究

研究了三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cum ingiiLea)对藻类的滤食和消化能力。通过对三角帆蚌生活的池塘以及三角帆蚌的胃、中肠、直肠中所含藻类的鉴定和含量的对比发现,三角帆蚌能滤食环境中大部分的藻类;对于滤取到消化道中的藻类,除一些结构复杂的外,都能很好的消化。其中,蓝藻门的总消化率为78.8%,消化度为+4;硅藻门的总消化率为90.0%,消化度为+5;隐藻门的总消化率为41.1%,消化度为+3;裸藻门的总消化率为46.5%,消化度为+3;绿藻门的总消化率为49.1%,消化度为+3。研究结果为利用滤食性贝类治理富营养化水体中的水华污染提供了可行的路径。     

池塘半封闭淡化养殖斑节对虾试验

探讨了在池塘条件下半封闭式淡化养殖斑节对虾的技术,成功地将斑节对虾养殖环境的盐度下限控制在1～2。通过培养基础饵料、科学驯养和使用微生物制剂等手段,使对虾的平均单产达到了3812kg／hm^2,产值达到10．8万元／hm^2。     

Geosmin Production by Cyanobacteria (Blue-green Algae) in Fish Ponds at Auburn, Alabama

Studies on production of geosmin, the compound responsible for earthy-muddy flavor in water and fish, were carried out at the Auburn University Fisheries Research Station. Water was collected from ponds during 44 cyanobacterial bloom periods from April to September. Geosmin ( trans -1, 10-dimethyl- trans -9-decalol) was detected at levels averaging 4.77 μg/L when Anabaena species with straight trichomes were predominant. Lower geosmin concentrations were associated with blooms of Anabaena species with coiled trichomes, Microcystis aeruginosa , and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae , and averaged 0.24, 0.12, and 0.07 μg/L, respectively. Study of four Anabaena blooms over a period of 4–8 weeks showed that changes in geosmin were correlated significantly with changes in trichome abundance. Geosmin disappeared from the water in seven days when Anabaena died. Comparison of geosmin concentrations in raw and filtered water showed that, on average, 90% of the geosmin could be associated with the particulate fraction. Dissolved geosmin concentrations ranged from 0.07–0.85 μg/L.     

淡水池塘养殖虾蟹蓝绿藻的危害及防治

介绍了近年来淡水池塘养殖虾蟹的主要有害藻类青泥苔、水网藻及微囊藻的生态习性、危害性和用草木灰、生石灰及硫酸铜等的传统防治方法,提出了用有益水生植物、贝类、鱼类以及益生菌的综合生物防治方法。     

Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Soils from Freshwater and Brackishwater Aquaculture Ponds

Soil chemical analyses were conducted on samples from 358 freshwater fish ponds and 346 brackishwater shrimp ponds. Freshwater ponds were located in Honduras, Rwanda, Bhutan, and the United States. Ponds in the United States were in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina. Brackishwater ponds were in Thailand, Ecuador, Philippines, and Venezuela. Soils of freshwater and brackishwater ponds did not differ greatly in average concentrations and concentration ranges for carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and pH. Concentrations of copper and barium tended to be higher in freshwater soils than in brackishwater ones. All other measured chemical constitutents tended to be more abundant in the soils of brackishwater ponds than in those of freshwater ponds. For the most part, ranges of pond soil chemical properties were similar to those of terrestrial soils, with freshwater pond soils resembling terrestrial soils from humid areas and brackishwater soils being similar in many respects to soils of arid regions. However, some brackishwater pond soils were highly acidic, acid-sulfate soils. Data were arranged into concentration categories (very low, low, medium, high, and very high) to facilitate comparisons of the present data set with other data on soil chemical properties for aquaculture ponds. All ponds included in the present study were used for aquaculture, showing that it is possible to rear fish and shrimp across an extremely wide range of soil chemical properties.     

按照市场经济规律调整淡水养殖结构

调整淡水养殖结构。是当前我国渔业生产部门研究的新课题，如何调整好淡水养殖结构，涉及到市场经济规律的问题，作者按照市场经济规律，做好淡水养殖结构调整，以飨生产部门。     

2种淡水蚌类对水环境中Cu、Zn和Cd的去除与累积

2007年10月,在室内模拟条件下初步研究了成年背角无齿蚌和三角帆蚌对水环境中的Cu、zn和cd的去除与累积.随着暴露时间的延长,2种淡水蚌在不同重金属浓度处理下.对水体中Cu、Zn、Cd的去除率均呈下降趋势.相同重金属浓度处理下,背角无齿蚌对水体中Cu、Zn、Cd的去除率分别为三角帆蚌的1.2、1.9、1.5倍.统计分析结果表明,淡水蚌种类、重金属浓度、蚌不同组织对其体内Cu、Zn、cd含量的影响均存在显著效应(P<0.05).2种淡水蚌各组织对Cu、Zn、Cd的富集系数平均值均随处理中重金属浓度的增加而下降,且不同浓度处理下淡水蚌鳃对Cu、Zn,Cd的富集系数平均值远高于足、外套、壳.     

工厂化水产养殖污水处理的植物性滤器研究及应用

工厂化水产养殖排放的污水已引起环境状况的日益恶化。利用植物性滤器处理养殖废水能达到节能,节水,治理与利用相结合的效果,可改善农业生态环境,提高水产养殖综合实力,实现农业的可持续发展,为寻求经济,适用,高效,环保的工厂化水产养殖污水处理方法提供借鉴作用。